NG@NZLVG L^VZ\NV\ZMI CC

Fcslýmr li mremfg `lnlsmrcg pmrm ailxcþ` fl im igsm y fcjubmr li mremfg l` su pgscncþ` ngrrlntm y nminuimr im fcstm`ncm fl
nmfm mremfg, pmrm li tmjilrg ’6―, tgem`fg fl rlalrl`ncm
rl alrl`ncm igs scoucl`tls vmigrls2

A¶n 5 :=8ko/ne:

Ay 5 :,488ko/ne:

Nmrom eulrtm Amntgrczmfm 5 =,:88 ko/e:

ko/ e:

Nmrom vcvm Amntgrczmfm 5 >,=<8 ko/e:

Nmrom eulrtm + vcvm 5 6,><8 ko/e:

ko/ e:

Lsplsgr fl igsm 5 :8ne

Fljcfg m qul tcl`l ng`tc`ucfmf l` : imfgs imrogs

i mrogs y u` imfg ngrtg flac`cegs qul sl trmtm fl nmsg # 3
 

=.

e 5 imij 5 >.46  5 8.3< 
jusnmegs l` ims tmjims fl nglacncl`tls fl egel`tg pmrm nmrom uitcem, nmrom eulrtm y nmrom
vcvm y vlegs sc dmy qul c`tlrpgimr pmrm e g ls vmigr lxmntg fl tmjim.

Fl lstm tmjim gjtl`legs igs nglacncl`tls pmrm nmrom tgtmi (vcvm +eulrtm)2

Nm `lo5 8.81<

Nj `lo5 8.8:3

Ng` lstgs nglacncl`tls nminuimegs igs egel`tgs pmrm lsm nmrom tgtmi

Em `lo 5 Nm `lo * w (v+e) * mP: 5 (8.81<)*(6,><8

( 8.81<)*(6,><8 ko/ne:)*(>.4P:)5 6,84:.3= ko-e
Ej `lo 5 Nj `lo * w (v+e) * mP: 5 (8.8:3)*(6,><8 ko/ne:)*(6P:)5 :,8=4.68 ko-e
 

:.
Mdgrm vmegs m im tmjil pmrm egel`tgs pgsctcvgs pgr nmrom eulrtm

Nm pgs5 8.8:6

Nj pgs5 8.8=?
( eulrtm)) * mP: 5 (8.8:6)*(=,:88 ko/ne:)*(>.4P:)5 6=<.4? ko-e
Em pgs 5 Nm pgs * w (eulrtm

Ej pgs 5 Nj pgs * w (eulrtm

( eulrtm)) * mP: 5 (8.8=?)*(=,:88 ko/ne:)*(6P:)5 >:1.6 ko-e
 

>.
Mdgrm vmegs m im tmjil pmrm egel`tgs pgsctcvgs pgr nmrom vcvm

Nm pgs5 8.8>:

Nj pgs5 8.8:<

( vcvm)) * mP: 5 (8.8>:)*(>,=<8 ko/ne:)*(>.4P:)5

Em pgs 5 Nm pgs * w (vcvm ko/ne:)*(>.4P:)5 =,6<<.<< ko-e

( vcvm)) * mP: 5 (8.8:<)*(>,=<8 ko/ne:)*(6P:)5 =,:18.88 ko-e

Ej pgs 5 Nj pgs * w (vcvm

^\EM FL EGEL@VG^ XG^CVCQG^

Em pgs (e+v) 5 6=<.4? ko-e + =,6<<.<< ko-e 5 =4?=.6: ko-e

Ej pgs (e+v) 5 >:1.68 ko-e 5 =,:18 ko-e 5 =<41.68 ko-e 
 

6.  NMIN\IG FL MNLZG

Xmrm li níinuig fl egel`tg EM`lo 5 6,84:.3= ko-e m`miczm`fg u`m arm`bm fl j5 =e 5=88ne,
ng` d5:8ne, a–n5:=8ko/ne: y ay 5:,488ko/ne: gjtl`legs ig scoucl`tl2

f 5 d „ (rlnujrcecl`tg +=/: írlm fl vmrciim) 5 :8 ne- (:.< ne+ µ (=.:? ne:)) 5 =1.4? ne
f 5=1.4? ne

<.  nminuig fl Írlm fl mnlrg rlqulrcfm

Msrlq 5 ύ*j*f fg`fl ύ5 num`tåm fl mnlrg


Xmrm l`ng`trmr ύ (rg) usmrlegs im rlimncþ` ∌∟∟  y ng` lsl rlsuitmfg
rlsuitmfg jusnmrlegs li
li ύ l` im
tmjim M.4 fli icjrg fl ng`nrltg rlagrzmfg fl emngremn 4 lf pmo 1<>

6,84:.3==  √  ∟ >3.>? 

6,84:.3     ∟ (:.: )  5 ::1.>4 
>3.>? 
8.3∟  >3.>?
8.3∟     ∟ [( =1.4?  ) ∟ (  = )
:.<6
 

 
1.  C`tlrpgimegs l`trl lsgs : vmigrls y gjtl`legs u` ύ5 8.88<3>? y mdgrm nminuimegs li mrlm
fl mnlrg rlqulrcfm pmrm = e (=88 ne)

Msrlq 5 ύ*j*f

Msrlq 5 (8.88<3>?)*(=88ne)*(=1.4?)
(8.88<3>?)*(=88ne)*(=1.4?)
Msrlq 5 =8.8= ne:

?.  Ng` lsm írlm y li írlm fl im vmrciim #6 (=.:? ne:) nminuimegs li `òelrg fl
vmrciims

¸  5 .
.  5 .   

4.  Ng` li `òelrg fl vmrcii

vmrciims
ms nminuimegs im slpmrmncþ` l`trl vmrciims

 5  .
  5 8.=: 
Zlpltcr pmsg < mi 4 pmrm igs gtrgs egel`tgs
Zlsuel`
Egel`tgs Ms rlq nm`t.jmrrms slpmrmncg` (e)
Em(-) 6,84:.3= ko-e =8.8= ne: ?.44 8.=>
Ej(-) :8=4.6 ko-e 6.3< ne: >.38 8.:1
Em(+) =4?=.6: ko-e 6.<3 ne: >.1= 8.:4
Ej(+) =<41.6 ko-e >.43 ne: >.81 8.>>
 MZEM FG XMZVL C@AL ZCGZ
J56 J56

 M 5 >.4

Ej p g s #6
#6 H 8 .> > Em pg s #6
#6 H 8.:4

 MZEM FG XMZVL ^\ XLZC GZ

J56 J56

 M 5 >.4

Ej `lo #6 H 8.:1 Em `lo #6 H 8.=>