Teaching &

Assessment Resource Time

Intended Learning Outcome Course Content / Subject Matter Learning
Task Material Frame
Activities

A.1. School Officials 1st

 The Executive Committee Meeting
 The Graduate Studies and Faculty Members
 Institutional Philosophy and Program Objectives and Outcomes

A.2. Rules and Regulations

 Proper Decorum
 Attendance
 Evaluation Criteria
General Orientation  Grading System

A.3. Academic Requirements and Concerns

 Reports and Projects
 Academic Prompts and Examination

A.4. Classroom and Online Class Management

 The Use of Learning Management System
 Individual Counseling

A.5. Submission of Outputs

Anatomy and Physiology 1. Anatomy – study of body structure https://youtu.be/ Create a digital Books 2nd
8IlzKri08kk model of cell Meeting
At the end of the topic, the students 2. Physiology – study of functions of each body structure Laptop
can: https://youtu.be/ Answer the
3. Pathology – is the study of diseases in the body URUJD5NEXC8 following Internet
 Define Anatomy and question: Connection
Physiology 4. Terms of Direction: Week 1 – Cell.pptx
 Superior - means uppermost or above 1. Define Cell
 Visualize the significance of 2. List the
 Inferior – means lowermost or below
each body systems on daily major
 Anterior / Ventral – means towards the front
activities of life points of
 Posterior / Dorsal – means towards the back the modern
 Cephalad / Cranial – towards the head cell theory
 Medial – means nearest the midline of the body
 Lateral – means toward the side or away from the midline of the
body

Animal Cell
At the end of the topic, the students
can:
 Explain the definition of cell
 Differentiate prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells
 Discuss the different
functions of the cell
membrane
 Explain the function of
cytoplasm
 Discuss the importance of
nucleus in the cell
 Explain the role of cell
nucleus in the genetic
composition of an organism
 Proximal – means nearest the point of attachment or origin
5. Planes Watch the video
 Midsagittal– vertically divides the body through the midline into on Cell
two equal left and right portions or halves Structure and
 Sagittal – is any plane parallel to the midsagittal or median plane write a 300
vertically dividing the body into unequal right and left portions word reflection
 Horizontal / Transverse – any planes dividing the body into to be submitted
superior and inferior portions on review/
 Frontal / Coronal – divides the anterior and posterior portions of follow up
meeting.
the body at the right angles to the sagittal plane
https://
6. Cell – the basic structural and function unit comprising the body of all living
things youtu.be/
URUJD5NEXC
 Eukaryotic cells contain membrane – bound organelles, including
nucleus 8
 Eukaryotes can be single – celled or multi – celled
 Prokaryotic cells do not contain a nucleus or any other membrane
bound organelle. Bacteria are an example of prokaryotes
7. Major Parts of the Cell
A. Cell Membrane
 It has 2 main functions which are regulating which molecules
go in and out of the cell and separating incompatible processes
occurring within organelles
 Without the cell membrane, toxins would inevitably enter the
cell and cause damage.
B. Cytoplasm
 It holds and contains a structure called the cytoskeleton. This
cytoskeleton provides structure to the cell and helps maintain
cell’s shape. The cell’s cytoplasm is usually clear even though it
contains numerous dissolved salts and other substances.
 Comparatively little research has been conducted regarding the
pattern of inheritance that controls the construction of
cytoplasm. The maternal gamete, or egg cell, contributes the
cytoplasm, mitochondria and most of the other organelles to the
cell.
 C. Nucleus
 It is considered to be one of the most important structures of the
eukaryotic cells as it serves the function of information storage,
retrieval and duplication of genetic information. It is a double
membrane – bound organelle that harbours the genetic material
in the form of chromatin.

 The nucleus contains chromatin molecules and chromosomes;

these are the important genetic material that the body uses to
determine exactly how it function. For a multi – cellular
organism like a human being, the entire body’s genetic code is
stored in the nucleus and found in every cell.

Cell Organelle 1. Cell Organelle https:// Create an Books 3rd

 These are small organs of the cell. These functions are needed to www.slideshare.net inforgraph that Meeting
At the end of the topic, the students maintain the normal cellular metabolism as follows: /kristenaoconnor/ will signify the Laptop
can: a. Cell Membrane cell-organelles- importance of
b. Nucleus 3555994 each cell Internet
 Enumerate the different cell c. Mitochondria organelle Connection
organelles d. Golgi bodies Cell
e. Endoplasmic reticulum Organelles.pptx Create a
 Discuss the function of cell f. Lysosome cryptogram that
organelles g. Centrosome will signify the
h. Microvilli function of the
i. Cilium specific cell
j. Flagella organelle

2. Membrane Bound Organelles Answer the

following
 The nucleus is the largest organelle in a cell. It contains a dense question.
structure called the nucleolus and is surrounded by the nuclear
envelope, a structure composed of two membranes, separated by 1. Why is the
fluid, which contain a number of nuclear pores that can allow nucleus
relatively large molecules through. The nucleus contains nearly considered
all of the cell’s genetic material. The nucleolus creates the control
ribonucleic acid and ribosomes, which can travel out of the center of
nucleus through the nuclear pores, to the cytoplasm where they the cell?
are involved in protein synthesis.

 The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is found near the nucleus

and is made up of a number of flattened sacs called cisternae,
 which are continuous with the nuclear envelope. The Rough
Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) is called so because it has a lot 2. Based on
of ribosomes on its outer surface. The Smooth Endoplasmic their
Reticulum (SER), however, does not have ribosomes. The RER structure,
transports the proteins that are synthesized in the ribosomes and why are
the SER synthesize the lipids. mitochondri
a called the
 The Golgi Apparatusis a stack of membrane bound flattened powerhouse
sacs, and are responsible for the modification of proteins of the cell?
received from the ER. These proteins are then transported in
vesicles around the cell. Review the
summary of the
 Lysosomes are membrane bound spherical sacs which contain lesson and
digestive enzymes used to break down materials, such as non – create your own
self microorganisms engulfed by phagocytes. outline of the
lesson
 Mitochondria are round double membrane bound organelles
responsible for aerobic respiration. Their inner membrane is
folded inside to form cristae, which are folded in the matrix(the
central part of the mitochondrion). During aerobic respiration,
ATP is produced in the mitochondria.

3. Non – Membrane Bound Organelles

 Ribosomes are small spherical organelles, composed of two
subunits, which can be found on the rough endoplasmic
reticulum and also in the cytoplasm and mitochondria and other
places. It translates genetic information in the form of mRNA
into proteins.

 Centrioles are microtubules found next to the nucleus of animal

cells and some protest. They move chromosomes around by
forming fibrescalled spindle, during cell division.

Cell Cycle 1. Cell Cycle https://youtu.be/ Create a poster Books 4th

 It is the process by which a cell divides into two and duplicates U5vAO_f2LDQ that will present Meeting
At the end of the topic, the students its genetic material. the difference of Laptop
can: Cell cyle.pptx mitosis and
 It is divided into three stages: meiosis Internet
 Define the stages of cell Interphase, Mitosis and Cytokinesis Connection
cycle
A. Interphase
 Explain the significance of  It is the time between divisions. It is divided into three
 mitosis in the survival of the substages: G1 (growth one), S (synthesis) and G2 (growth
cell and growth in the two). Answer the
human body  The major portion of the life of the cell is spent in G 1. following
During the S phase, the genetic material or DNA duplicates question:
 Understand the significance itself. During the G2 phase, mitochondria replicate and the
of meiosis as a reduction of chromosomes condense and coil. Tubulin is synthesize. 1. Name the
the genetic material and for three main
the formation of the sex cells B. Mitosis stages of the
 It is the cellular division in the nucleus, has four stages: cell cycle
prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.
 4 Stages 2. Compare the
i. Prophase major
 The duplicated chromosomes shorten, thicken differences
and become visible as two sister chromatids between
hold together at the middle area called the mitosis and
centromere. The two kinetochores are found at meiosis
the centromere. The centrioles move to opposite
poles of the cell and form the spindle and asters Create a poster
in animal cells. The nuclear membrane breaks that will present
down and the nucleolus disappears. The the difference of
mictrotubules attach the kinetochores to the mitosis and
spindle. meiosis

ii. Metaphase
 The sister chromatids align themselves in a
circle at the equator of the cell held in place by
the microtubules attached to the kinetochores of
the centromere. The centromere divides.

iii. Anaphase
 Each divided centromere pulls a sister chromatid
to an opposite pole. Cytokinesis begins.

iv. Telophase
 The chromosomes begin to uncoil and
decondense. The spindle apparatus breaks down.
A new nuclear membrane forms around the
cluster of the chromosomes at each pole.
Cytokinesis is nearly complete.

C. Cytokinesis
 In animal cells, a cleavage furrow forms by a pinching in of
 the cell membrane, resulting in two daughter cells.

2. Meiosis: A Reduction Division

 It is a reduction division of the nuclear material; it occurs only in
the gonads. It reduces the genetic material from 46 (diploid or
2n) to 23 (haploid or n) chromosomes.

 Meiosis consists of two divisions, resulting in four cells. The

first meiotic division reduces the number of chromosomes in
half. The second meiotic division corrects their duplicated
nature.

 The Stages of Meiosis:

i. Prophase I
 Homologous chromosomes pair and crossing over
may occur. Spindle fibers form, the nuclear
membrane breaks down and the chromosomes are
attached to the spindle by their centromeres.

ii. Metaphase I
 Microtubules attach to the kinetochore on one side
of the centromere. Homologous pairs of the
chromosomes align along the equator of the spindle.

iii. Anaphase I
 The centromeres do not divide. The microtubules of
the spindle shorten and pull the centromeres of the
chromosomes to opposite poles, one member of
each pair to a pole.

iv. Telophase I
 A member of each pair of homologous
chromosomes is at each pole. The number of
chromosomes have been reduced in half. They are
now haploid but still duplicated. The spindle
disappears and a new nuclear membrane forms
around each group of chromosomes at the pole. The
chromosomes uncoil and decondense. Cytokinesis
occurs and two new daughter cells are formed.

v. Prophase II
 In each daughter cell a spindle forms, centrioles
 move to opposite pole, and the chromosomes coil
and thicken. The nuclear membrane disappears.

vi. Metaphase II
 The chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell
attached by the microtubules of the spindle.
Microtubules bind to both kinetochores of the
centromere.

vii. Anaphase II
 The centromere divides. The spindle fibers contract
pulling chromatids apart, one to each pole of the
spindle.

viii. Telophase II
 The chromatids arrive at each pole, where they
uncoil and decondense. A new nuclear membrane
forms around the chromatids, and the spindle
disappears. Four haploid cells are formed as the
cytokinesis is completed.

Tissues 1. Epithelial Tissue https://youtu.be/ Watch the video Books 5th

 It has four basic functions. It protects the underlying tissues; it EXnCEegLXgg and reflect on it Meeting
At the end of the topic, the students absorbs nutrients; it secretes hormones, mucus and enzymes; and using a 250 Laptop
can: it excretes waste like urea in sweat. The basement membrane Tissues.pptx words.
acts as an anchor and adhesive for epithelial cells. It is made of https://youtu.be/ Internet
 Classify epithelial tissue cells closely packed together with very little intercellular O0ZvbPak4ck Connection
based in the shape and material.
arrangement
 It can be named according to shape, arrangement or function.
 Name the types of glands in
the body i. Classification based on Shape
a. Squamous Epithelial Cells are flat and serve a protective
 Define connective tissue and function like the lining of our mouths and our skin
its functions
b. Cuboidal Epithelial Cells are shaped like cubes and
 Contrast between epithelial function in protection and secretion
and connective tissue
c. Columnar Epithelial Cells are tall and rectangular. They
 Differentiate the three types function in secretion and absorption.
of muscle tissues based on
 their structure and function ii. Classification based on Arrangement
a. Simple Epithelium is one cell layer thick Answer the
 Explain the anatomy of following
neuron and the function of b. Stratified epithelium is several layers of cells thick questions:
nervous tissue
c. Pseudostratified epithelium looks like it is several layers 1. Name the
thick, but, in reality, all cells extend from the basement three cell
membrane to the outer surface shapes of
epithelial
d. Transitional epithelium consist of several layers of tissue
closely packed, easily stretched cells. When stretched
they appear flat; when relaxed they looked ragged or 2. Name the fie
saw – toothed. functions of
connective
iii. Classification based on Function tissue and
a. Mucus membrane produces mucus, It protects, absorbs give
nutrients and secretes enzymes and bile salts in addition examples
to mucus.
Watch the video
b. Simple exocrine glands such as sweat and sebaceous and reflect on it
glands have single unbranching ducts. using a 250
c. Compound exocrine glands are made of several words.
branching lobules with branching ducts. https://youtu.be/
O0ZvbPak4ck
d. Endocrine glands are ductless and secrete hormones
directly into the bloodstream.

e. Endothelium lines in the blood and lymphatic vessels.

The endothelium of the heart is called the endocardium.

f. Mesothelium or serous tissue lines the great cavities of

the body.

2. Connective Tissue
 It is made of cells with lots of intracellular material called
matrix. Fibers of tough collagen or fibers of flexible elastin can
be embedded in this matrix.

 It functions specifically; it supports other tissues; it provides

nourishment: blood carries nutrients; it transports, blood
transports enzymes and hormones; it connects tissues various
tissues to one another; it provides movement via bones; it
 protects the vital organs; it insulates and maintains temperature;
it provides storage areas; and it attaches and separates other
tissues of the body

 There are three subgroups of connective tissue namely, loose

connective tissue, dense connective tissue and specialized
connective tissue.

i. Loose Connective Tissue fills the space between and

penetrates into organs.

a. Areolar is the most widely distributed type of loose

connective tissue. It contain three types of cells:
fibroblast, which make fibrils for repair; histocytes or
macrophages, which do the phagocytosis; and mast
cells, which produce the anticoagulant heparin and
histamine, an inflammatory substance

ii. Dense Connective Tissue are classified into regular and

irregular arrangement. The regular arrangement of
embedded fibers are tendons, ligaments and aponeuroses.
The irregular arrangement of embedded fibers are muscle
sheaths, joint capsules and fascia.

iii. Specialized Tissue

a. The cells of cartilage are called chondrocytes. The three

types of cartilage tissue are hyaline, fibrocartilage and
elastic.

b. Hyaline cartilage is found in the coastal cartilages that

attach the ribs to the sternum, in the septum of our nose
and in the rings of our trachea and bronchi open.

c. Fibrocartilage is very strong; intervertebral disks are

made of fibrocartilage.

d. Elastic cartilage is easily stretched and flexible. It is

found in the ears, epiglottis and auditory tubes.

e. The two types of bone tissue are compact or dense and

cancellous or spongy. Bone cells are the osteocytes.
 They are embedded in a matrix of calcium and
phosphorous, the mineral salts responsible for the
hardness of bone.

f. Our teeth are made of dentin; the crown of the tooth is

covered with enamel.

g. Blood is composed of liquid portion called plasma and

the blood cells. Blood cells are formed in the red bone
marrow, a hematopoietic tissue.

h. Lymphoid tissue makes up our lymph glands, thymus,

spleen, tonsils, and adenoids.

i. The reticuloendothelial (RE) system is involved in

phagocytosis in connective tissue. Kupffer cells line in
the liver; RE cells also line the spleen and bone marrow.
Macrophage is a term for any phagocytic cell of the RE
system. Neuroglia or microglia cells do phagocytosis in
the nervous system.

j. Synovial membranes line joints and bursae. They

provide synovial fluid, which lubricates joints and
nourishes cartilage.

3. Muscle Tissue
 Due to the interaction of two proteins, actin and myosin, muscle
cells can shorten their length and contract. Some pull on bones
and bring about movement.
 The three types of muscle tissues; Smooth, Striated or Skeletal
and Cardiac.

i. Smooth muscle cells are long, unicellular and nonstriated.

They are involuntary and are arranged in two layers around
hollow organs; an outer longitudinal layer and an inner
circular one. They are found in the digestive tract, arteries
and veins and the ureters of the kidney.

ii. Striated or Skeletal muscle cells are long, multinucleated

and striated. They are voluntary and pull on bone causing
movement.
 iii. Cardiac muscle cells are only found in the heart. They are
striated, uninucleated and cylindrical in shape with branches
that connects intercalated discs. These cells are responsible
for pumping blood through the heart.

4. Nervous Tissue
 It is composed of two types of nerve cells; neurons are conding
cells and neuroglia are supporting cells.

 A neuron is composed of a cell body with a nucleus, extensions

of the cell body called dendrites and a long axon with axon
endings. Nervous tissue controls and coordinated the activities of
the body.

Integumentary System 1. Integumentary System https://youtu.be/ Answer the Books 6th

 It is made up of the skin, hair, nails, sebaceous glands, p4hnFf_jmvU following Meeting
At the end of the topic, the students ceruminous or wax glands in the ear canal and sweat glands questions: Laptop
can: Integumentary
 The skin is waterproof, it protects is from ultraviolet radiation, System.pptx 1. List and Internet
 Define Integumentary and though sweating it dissipates water and helps regulate the describe Connection
System and explain its body temperature four
function functions of
2. Function of Integumentary System the
 Describe the anatomic parts  Sensation integument
of the hair a. Receptor sites for changes in temperature (hot and cold) ary system
and pressure (pleasure and pain) are found in the skin
 Analyze the importance of b. Combination of stimulations results in the sensations of 2. Differentiat
sweat to survive itching, burning and tickling e each layer
of the skin
 Visualize how skin regulates  Protection
body temperature a. The skin prevents the entrance of harmful physical and Create a
chemical agents into the body conclusion on
b. Melanin protects us from the harmful ultraviolet rays of the question.
the skin “If all people
c. The lipid content of skin prevents excessive water and have the same
electrolyte loss number of
d. The acidic pH of skin kills most bacteria and melanocytes in
microorganisms that come in contact with our skin their skin, how
e. Hair acts as an insulator, protects our eyes and filters out do we explain
foreign particles in our nose the differences
 in color among
 Thermoregulation various races?”
a. Normal body temperature is regulated by blood vessel
dilation and constriction in the dermis of the skin Reflect on the
b. Sweating is an evaporation process that cools the body question “Why
would a person
 Secretion born with an
a. Sebum has antifungal and antibacterial properties absence of sweat
b. Sweat contains waste products such as urea, uric acid glands be very
and ammonia, so it is also as an excretion susceptible to
c. The skin helps manufacture Vitamin D through exposure death by
to ultraviolet rays of the sun exposure to
heat?”
3. Layers of the Skin
 Epidermis
a. The epidermis is composed of stratified, squamous,
keratinized epithelium
b. As cells move up to the surface of the epidermis they lose
water, and their nuclei change chemically, a process of
keratinization

c. The five layers of epidermis are as follows:

i. Stratum Corneum
 It is consist o dead cells converted to protein or
keratinized cells that constantly are being shed
 It is a barrier to light and heat waves, most
chemicals and microorganisms

ii. Stratum Lucidum

 This layer is the only one or two flat and
transparent layers of cells thick. It is difficult to
see.

iii. Stratum Granulosum

 This layer is two or three layers of cells very
active in keratinization

iv. Stratum Spinosum

 This layer is consist of several layers of spiny –
shaped polyhedron – like cells
 The interlocking cellular bridges are found in
 this layer

v. Stratum Germinativum
 This layer rests on the basement of membrane. Its
lowermost layer of cells is called startumbasale.
 This layer is the layer that produces new
epidermal cells by mitosis
 Melanocytes of this layer produce melanin. This
pigment is responsible for skin color and
protection from the harmful ultraviolet rays of
the sun

 Dermis
a. The dermis is also called the corium or true skin and is
composed of dense connective tissue
b. Clood and lymph vessels, nerves, muscles, glands, and harir
follicles are found in the dermis
c. It is divided into two portions: the papillary portion below
the epidermis and the reticular portion above the
subcutaneous tissue
d. The subcutaneous tissue can be called the hypodermis

4. Appendages of the Skin

 The appendages of the skin includes the hair, nails,sebaceous
glands, ceruminous or wax glands and sweat glands

 Hair
a. It covers the entire body except the palms of the hands,
soles of the feet and parts of the external genitalia
b. Each individual hair is made of three parts: the outer
cuticle, the cortex, which is the principal portion with
pigment granules, and the inner medulla with air spaces.
c. The visible portion of a har is called the shaft
d. The root of a hair is in a hair follicle
e. When the arrectorpili smooth muscle contracts, it causes a
hair to stand on the end and produces “goose flesh”

 Nails
a. A nail is a modification of epidermal cells made of very
hard keratin
b. The lunula is the white crescent at the proximal end of a
nail caused by air mixed with the keratin
 c. The nail body is the visible portion of a nail. The nail root
is the part covered by skin.
d. The nail grows from the nail bed
e. The cuticle is startumcorneum that extends over the nail
body.

 Sebaceoous glands
a. Sebaceous glands produce sebum and are found along the
walls of hair follicles
b. Sebum, an oil, gives a cosmetic gloss to the skin and
moisturized it.
c. Sebaceous secretion is controlled by the endocrine system,
increasing during puberty and late pregnancy and
decreasing with age

 Sweat glands
a. Sweat glands are most numerous in the palms od our hands
and in the soles of our feet
b. The secretory, blind tube portion of a sweat gland is in the
subcutaneous tissue. The excretory portion goes through the
dermis to the surface
c. The odor of sweat is produced by the action of bacteria
feeding on the sweat
d. Sweating is an important physiologic process that helps
cool the body

The Skeletal System 1. Skeletal System https://youtu.be/f- Answer the Books 7th
 The skeleton is the supporting structure of the body; it allows FF7Qigd3U following Meeting
At the end of the topic, the students muscles to effect movement and breathing questions: Laptop
can: Skeletal 1. Name five
 The solid appearance of bone is due to mineral salts that form
System.pptx functions of Internet
inorganic matrix surrounding the living bone cells
 Discuss the functions of bones the skeleton Connection
2. Functions of Skeletal System
 Classify each bone according to 2. Name and
 Support surrounding tissues
regional basis describe the
 Protect vital organs and soft tissues three types
 Provide levers for muscles to pull on of joints
 Locate the cranial and facial
 Manufacture blood cells in red bone marrow by hematopoiesis found in
bones the skull
 Act as storage are for mineral salts, especially calcium and the human
phosphorus, and fat in yellow marrow body
 Enumerate the main parts of the Create a
skull conclusion on
3. Growth and Formation of Bone the question.
 Classify each vertebra  After 3 months, the fetal skeleton is completely formed and “Why should
made primarily of cartilage parents make
 Enumerate the types of joints  Longitudinal growth of bone continues until approximately 15 sure that their
years of age in girls and 16 in boys young child
 Bone maturation continues until 21 years of age in both sexes drinks milk,
exercises and
 Deposition of the Bone plays in the
a. Bone develops from spindle – shaped embryonic bone cells sunlight on a
called osteoblasts daily basis?”
b. Osteoblasts develop into mature bone cells called osteocytes.
They form under the fibrovascular membrane covering bone, Reflect on
called the periosteum, and under the membrane lining of the question “Why
medullary cavity, called the endosteum. must diarthroses
c. The more strain or pressure on a bone, the more the bone or synovial
will develop. joints be
d. Osteoclasts are large cells that are responsible for the constructed like
reabsorption of injured bone. They also reabsorb bone a capsule for
during remodeling. maximum
function?”
 Types of Ossification
a. Intramembranous ossification is a process in which dense
connective membranes are replaced by deposits of inorganic
calcium salts
b. Endochondral ossification is the process whereby cartilage is
the environment which the bone cells develop.

 Maintaining the Bone

a. The correct amount of calcium stored in the bones, the
proper amount of calcium in the blood and the excretion of
excess calcium is controlled by the endocrine system
b. The parathyroid glands secrete parathormone, which causes
calcium to be released into the bloodstream. Another
hormone, calcitonin, causes calcium to be stored in the
bones.

4. Histology of Bone
 There are two types of bone tissues namely; Compact or Dense
bone is strong and solid and Cancellous or spongy bone has
many open spaces filled with bone marrow
  Compact or Dense Bone
a. Haversian canals and osteons are small canals containing
blood vessels running parallel to the surface of compact
bone and are surrounded by concentric rings of solid bone
called lamellae.
b. In these rings of bone are cavities called lacunae; each
lacuna contain an osteocyte bathed in fluid
c. Lacunae are connected to one another and eventually to the
osteons by smaller canals called canaliculi
d. The tissue fluid that circulates in these canals carries
nutrients and oxygen to and waste away from the bone cells

 Cancellous Bone
a. Cancellous bone consists of a meshwork of bone called
trabeculae.
b. Trabeculae create the spongy appearance of cancellous bone
c. The spaces between the trabaculae are filled with bone
marrow

5. Bone Marrow
 There are two types of bone marrow
a. Red bone marrow’s function is hematopoiesis, the formation
of blood cells. In an adult the ribs, vertebrae, sternum and
pelvis contain red bone marrow in their cancellous tissue.
b. Yellow bone marrow s found in rge shafts of long bones
within their cancellous tissue. It also stores fat cells.

6. Classification of Bones According to Shape

 Long bones consist of a shaft or diaphysis, a flared portion at the
end of the diaphysis called a metaphysis and two extremities
called epiphyses.
 Short bones have somewhat irregular shape.
 Flat bones are flat and serve to protect or provide extensive
muscle attachment
 Irregular bones have a very peculiar or irregular shape
 Sesamoid bones are small rounded bones enclosed in tendon
and fascial tissue near joints

7. Divisions of Skeleton
 The human skeleton has 206 bones
  The skeleton can be divided into axial (skull, hyoid, vertebrae,
ribs and sternum) and the appendicular skeleton (bones of the
upper and lower extremities)

8. The Arches of the Foot

 The foot has three arches; the medial, longitudinal arch is the
highest, the lateral longitudinal arch and the transverse arch.
9. Joints
 The articulation or joint is a place of union between two or more
bones regardless of the degree of movement allowed by the
union

10. Classification of Joints

 It is divided into three main groups based on the degree of
movement they allow and their structure: synarthroses,
amphiarthroses and diarthroses

i. Synarthroses
a. It does not allow movement.
b. A suture is a joint in which the bones are joined by a thin
layer of fibrous connective tissue, like the stures of the
skull
c. A syndesmosis is a joint in which the bones are connected b
ligaments between the bones
d. A gomphosis consist of a conical process in socket held
together by ligaments

ii. Amphiarthroses
a. It only allows slight movement
b. A symphysis is a joint in which the bones are joined by a
disk of fibrocartilage, as in the pubic symphysis
c. A synchondrosis is a joint where two bony surfaces are
joined by hyaline cartilage.

iii. Diarthroses or Synovial Joints

a. These are freely moving joints
b. They are characterized by having a capsular structure with
an internal cavity

c. The capsule of a joint can be made up of a number of

different tissues
 d. It has several functions:
 Bear weight and allow movement
 The ligaments, tendons, muscles and articular
cartilage provides stability
 The synovial fluid lubricates surfaces and nourishes
the cartilage

e. Types of Synovial Joints:

 Ball and socket allows the widest range of
movement
 Hinge joint limits movement to flexion and
extension
 Pivot joint limits movement to rotation in one plane
 Condyloid or rllipsoidal joint allows motion in two
planes at right angles to each other
 Saddle joint, found only in thumb, allows
movement in two planes at right angles to one
another and is located at the carpal metacarpal
articulation in the thumb
 Gliding joint allows only gliding motion, as the
intervertebral joints in the spine

11. Bursae
 These are he closed sacs with a synovial membrane lining that
prevents friction between overlapping tissues

12. There are three types of bursae:

a. Subcutaneous bursae are found between skin and underlying
bony processes
b. Subfascial bursae are found where muscles overlie one
another
c. Subtendinous bursae are found where one tendon overlies
one another or overlies a bony projection

8th
PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION Meeting