Despite these challenges, many Italian workers settled in
Canadian cities like Toronto and Montréal, allowing Italian
In 2013, only 22 out of the league's 690 players were Black.
The Coloured Hockey League of the Maritimes was founded to
provide opportunities for Black hockey players, and the
National Hockey League (NHL) has since seen a slow increase
in Black hockey players.
Segregated schools, poor farmland, and lower wages were
common experiences for Black children.
In cities, Black people faced restrictions in dining, theaters, and
neighborhood living.
In Canada, Black people faced discrimination in both rural and
urban areas from the late 1800s onwards.
CREATING BLACK COMMUNITY ORGANIZATIONS
CREATING CHINESE COMMUNITY ORGANIZATONS
n 1914, a group of young Chinese men founded the Chinese
Canadian Club, providing activities for Chinese youth, including
sports and book clubs, marking the first time the term was
used to identify Canadian-born people of Chinese descent.
They spoke the language, understood their parents' culture,
and adapted to Anglo-Canadian culture through English-
speaking schools.
Chinese youth in Canada faced racism and discrimination, but
grew up in Canada, integrating into two societies.
Chinese Canadian Club
Black Churches help railways
In February 1912, male sewing machine operators were told
they would have to sew in coat linings, but they were not paid
for this extra task. In protest, 65 machine operators went on
strike.
Toronto's Timothy Eaton Company, a powerful employer, had
Jewish garment workers make up 80% of its workforce.
Jewish garment workers faced workplace challenges like low
pay and unsafe conditions, affecting male, female, and child
workers.
However, unions like the Canadian branches of the
International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union helped maintain
their culture.
n the early 1900s, Canada's garment industry employed many
Jewish immigrants, who faced anti-Semitism when seeking jobs
outside the industry.
JEWISH GARMENT WORKERS PROTEST
SONGHEES REFUSE TO SELL THEIR LAND
communities to grow and establish businesses.
From 1902 to 1912, Italian dock and freight workers frequently
fought strikes, often violently, due to harsh working conditions
and job security.
Their relationships with employers grew tense due to their
lower-end jobs and limited pay.
Stereotypes and discrimination against Italian workers were
evident, as they needed to survive and send money back
home.
They were given temporary jobs in railway, mining, shipping,
Jewish workers' actions raised public awareness about and lumber industries, but faced seasonal work and poor
sweatshops and introduced a generation to the labour treatment from their employers.
movement, but Canadians still held prejudices against non-
northern European immigrants.
Thousands of Italian immigrants, including Greeks and Italians,
arrived in Canada seeking better opportunities.
Struggling workers quit, Eaton Company refused to hire Jewish
workers, only a few allowed.
Canada's economy improved in the early 1900s, prompting the
government to hire temporary workers.
In 1912, 65 male sewing machine operators went on strike due SuUnion strike pay ran out by mid-April; little support in media
to unpaid coat linings. and business.btopic
n the early 1900s, First Nations families fought against
Moblizing a Commuinty CONSEQUENCES OF THE PROTESTS ITALIAN WORKERS GO ON STRIKE
RESISTING THE POTLATCH LAW NEGOTIATING WITH THE GOVERNMENT residential school policies, gaining consent from chiefs in 1902.
Topic 1
They organized their own union, but white unions refused their
membership until 1919.
The Liberal government was accused of racism, and some
Black workers were rehired but not compensated.
They were not allowed to join unions, leading to their firing in
1898.
In the late 1800s, the Intercolonial Railway (ICR) employed
Black men as porters, working in harsh conditions and with
limited sleep.
Working in cites
Eventually, the Black workers organized their own union, as
white unions continued to refuse their membership until 1919.
Only some Black workers were rehired, but they received no
compensation.
The Liberal government was accused of racism for not
supporting the Black porters.
They rallied behind the workers, contacting newspapers and
politicians to make the discrimination public.opic
In 1898, the railway fired Black workers, causing outrage
among Black churches.
They were paid lower wages and had longer hours, often
working with only three hours of sleep. Despite their harsh
working conditions, Black porters were not allowed to join
unions that could have protected them.
In the late 1800s, the Intercolonial Railway (ICR) employed
many Black men as porters, working on first-class passenger
cars.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE YOUNG WOMEN’S CHRISTIAN
ASSOCIATION
The government proposed removing their First Nations status
and making them Canadian citizens, dividing the reserve land
among Songhees families.
In Victoria, a Songhees reserve was located near Victoria's
inner harbor, where they hunted, fished, and canoed.
Sir Richard McBride, the premier, sought control of all First
Nations reserve land to create more settlement and
development areas.
British Columbia's First Nations reserves were limited to a
small portion, often near growing cities or mineral-rich land.
IMPROVING SOCIAL STATUS
Support from Christian missionaries helped maintain
traditions.
First Nations communities resisted the ban by secretly holding
potlatches, including the Haida, disguised as European
holidays.
The event included feasts, dancing, and singing, often involving
host destruction to show superiority.
Potlatch, a gift-giving ceremony, strengthened relationships
and allowed communities to pass on meaningful traditions to
younger generations.
First Nations communities defied federal laws banning
traditional ceremonies, such as potlatch, in 1884.
SOCIAL GOSPEL, WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE, AND TEMPERANCE:
COMMON GOALS
Topic 2
In 1911, the deal was finalized, and Chief Cooper made
McBride an honorary Songhees chief.
The 43 Songhees families received cash payments for their
reserve land, moving to a new reserve, and receiving land,
fishing, and hunting rights.
SUPPORTING BLACK WOMEN
Chapter 8
The TRC continues to work to build respectful relationships
between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal communities.
The Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (TRC)
gathered evidence from 2008 to 2015 and educated
Canadians on the experiences of residential school survivors.
The last residential school in Canada closed in 1996, but the
effects of abuse still affect former students today.
Many died from abuse, abuse, or forced escape.
Students faced abuse, lack of food, and isolation from their
families.
The government continued to open more residential schools,
teaching household, farming, and trade skills but not providing
much academic education.
However, schools often did not respect or cooperate with their
families.
PARTICIPATING IN SPORTS
RESISTANCE FROM FAMILIES
Industrialization and urban growth led to more working-class
women seeking city jobs, often as domestic servants or
factories.
WORKING TOGETHER
Established in Saint John, New Brunswick, it provided safe,
affordable housing, supervised boarding houses, and job
training schools.
The Canadian Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA)
was formed in 1870 to address the growing number of single
young women in cities.
FOLLOWING THE SOCIAL GOSPEL MOVEMENT
They provided care during high-risk situations and during
wartime. In 1899, the Canadian Army Nursing Service was
established, with women receiving the same rank and pay as
army lieutenants.
The Victorian Order of Nurses was created to address the
healthcare crisis in rural areas, training young women to
become visiting nurses.
Lady Aberdeen, wife of Governor General Lord Aberdeen,
founded women's organizations like the National Council of
Women of Canada.
Stowe, who was denied medical school admission in Toronto,
pledged to improve Canadian women's lives.
The Canadian Women's Suffrage Association, led by Dr. Emily
Stowe, aimed to help women gain the right to vote and study in
universities.
ESTABLISHING THE DOMESTIC SCIENCES
The Woman's Christian Temperance Union emphasized the
importance of banning alcohol to address family violence and
crime rates.
Women's suffrage and alcohol abuse were key goals, as
national church conferences supported them by 1914.
The social gospel movement aimed to improve society by
securing government funding for social gospel programs.
THE WOMEN’S INSTITUTES
The club provided winter clothing, volunteered, and helped
found the Union United Church, Montréal's oldest Black
church. These organizations raised the profile of Black women
in Montréal.
n the 1890s and 1900s, women's organizations primarily
focused on white, upper- and middle-class women, with few
reaching out to Black women. Toronto's Young Women's
Christian Association provided housing for single Black
women, while the Coloured Women's Club of Montréal was
founded in 1902 to fight poverty and discrimination.
Clifford Sifton's plan
Topic 3
Gentle sports like rowing, skating, and golf were considered
appropriate, while team sports like hockey, field hockey,
baseball, and lacrosse were considered unsuitable.
Typically, only middle-class women or female students had the
opportunity to participate.
Suffragettes encouraged women to participate in sports by the
1800s, focusing on health benefits.
Escaping poverty
Diverse perspectives from other groups also hindered unity.
Unity with other women's groups was challenging, as
temperance movement members criticized NCWC for allowing
wine at dinners, while temperance women sought suffrage and
alcohol bans.
Lady Aberdeen believed the National Council of Women of
Canada should support Hoodless's domestic science, arts, and
help society by working together on these issues.
Despite social gospel, suffrage, and temperance movements,
disputes remained on empowering women.
The Doukhobors
The All People's Mission in Winnipeg, a Methodist organization,
provided free kindergarten and English classes to Eastern
European immigrants in a poor neighborhood.
Leaders like Reverend Woodsworth influenced Canada's social
and political landscape, with organizations like the Canadian
Woman's Christian Temperance Union supporting the
movement.
The social gospel movement gained popularity in English
Canada, promoting the idea that society could be improved by
working together and applying Protestant values.
Early 1900s saw women's church involvement in social lives,
but societal changes led to poverty, crime, and unemployment,
impacting church importance.
Seeking workers
Hoodless devoted her life to educating the public about food
safety, nutrition, and hygiene, forming a new area of study
called domestic science.
Unpasteurized milk was not common during this time, leading
to many deaths.
n 1889, Adelaide Hoodless's son John died from meningitis
from contaminated milk.
Seeking a better future
He made people give speeches in England about all the
opportunities Canada provided
He helped moving people from England to Canada
Hoodless founded the first Women's Institute in 1897, leading
to over 500 institutes and colleges in Canada, promoting
domestic science education for women. He had a big role with immigration getting alot
Jewish Immigrants Feeling persecutions
HISTORY
Between 1896 and 1914, around 170,000 Ukrainian
immigrants settled in Canada.
Dr. Joseph Oleskiw, a Ukrainian man, aimed to promote
Canadian homesteads and encourage Ukrainians to settle in
the Prairies.
Canada attracted immigrants from various countries by
offering free land, attracting people from Britain, Ukraine,
Hungary, Romania, Germany,
There was need for more farmers
In 1899, over 7500 Doukhobors arrived in Canada, highlighting
their desire to escape their oppressive situation in Russia.
They faced persecution and faced threats, including
imprisonment or exile.
The Doukhobors, farmers in Russia, were pacifists who
opposed military service due to religious and political beliefs.
Jewish Commuintes
Peter Svarich's memoir compares the journey to Canada's
advertising.
The first Doukhobors arrived in Canada in 1900. The Svarich
The advertisement in Figure 7.7 differs from the government's family from Ukraine immigrated to the Canadian Prairies in
promotion of Canada in other European regions. 1900, arriving in Winnipeg in April.
From 1900 to 1911, over 90,000 British and European women The journey from Europe to Canada was long, requiring
immigrated to Canada for work as domestic servants. multiple boats, trains, and wagons.
Ukraine Commuinties Challenges on settling on farms
Topic 1
These violent riots resulted in the deaths of around 50 people,
prompting some Jewish people to leave Russia.
Europe experienced growing anti-Semitism, leading to mob
attacks on Jewish neighborhoods in Russia in 1881.
Broken Promises
Immigrants in Canada hoped for better opportunities and
freedom of religion.
Rising political and social tensions in Europe led to violence
and discrimination based on heritage or religion.
Doukhobors
The Canadian government used immigration posters to get
people from other countries to settle in Canada
The government offered 160 acres of free farmland to settlers
The population of Canada grew and more people needed food
LIVING IN BLOC SETTLEMENTS
the overpopulated place they lived in became know as New
Jerusalem
Many Jewish people ended up living in slums
They also faced a lot of discriminations because of their
religion
New Jewish immigrants couldn't speak English or French and
had difficulties in communication
Home children
This allowed new immigrants to help each other start their
farms and be surrounded by familiar people, languages,
religions, and customs.
Farmland in the Prairies was divided into 65-ha land grants,
with bloc settlements allowing groups of people from the same
cultural group to settle on farms.
Immigrants in Canada often farmed communally or
cooperatively before arriving.
Komagata maru
Canadian immigrants often farmed communally or
cooperatively before arriving, with 65-ha land grants and bloc
settlements allowing cultural group cooperation and
familiarity.
THE CONTINUOUS JOURNEY REGULATION
The government opened up the cleared land to new settlers,
impacting the Doukhobors and their established communities.
James Mavor protested, leading to the Doukhobors' relocation
to British Columbia in 1908.
Oliver began reclaiming land from the Doukhobors in
Saskatchewan, but their communal farming practices led to
land confiscation.
He claimed the Doukhobors refused to sign an oath of
allegiance and were not allowed to settle in communities.
In 1905, Frank Oliver replaced Sifton as minister of the interior,
aiming to reclaim farmland cleared by Doukhobors.
The immigration act
Topic 2
Good relations with the Cree helped the Doukhobors
overcome new settlement challenges.
The Doukhobors arrived in Canada without horses, but Cree
farmer Jim Greyeyes provided four horses and a worker to
help the women.
In 1909, a friendship between the Cree and Doukhobors in
Saskatchewan began in 1909.
The Chinese Head Tax
Chapter 7
This allowed new immigrants to help each other start their
farms and be surrounded by familiar people, languages,
religions, and customs.
Farmland in the Prairies was divided into 65-ha land grants,
with bloc settlements allowing groups of people from the same
cultural group to settle on farms.
Immigrants in Canada often farmed communally or
cooperatively before arriving.
Criticizing Immigration policy
They work and earn money from farms in Canada and then
send it to their families at home
They were taken from orphanages
They were between the age of 8 and 16
Between 1867 and 1984 100 000 British children's were sent
to live in Canadian's farm
Discouraging immigration
When arrived at Canada they were not allowed entry
The continuous journey made it nearly impossible for Asian
immigrants to come to Canada
The passengers were mostly sikh and male
The Komagata Maru was a Japanese steam ship
Responding to black immigration in Alberta
In 1911, a Black farmer in Oklahoma requested entry to
Canada, but the superintendent denied his request.
The Immigration Act did not explicitly ban specific nationalities
or ethnic groups from entering Canada, but parts like the
"continuous journey" regulation could be used to bar certain
immigrants. In 1908, the regulation required immigrants to
travel by continuous journey from their country of origin to
Canada.
Protesting immagration
Topic 3
Oliver used the Act to take farmland from the Doukhobors in
1908.
Frank Oliver introduced the Immigration Act in 1906,
increasing government power to restrict immigration, deport,
and target undesirable groups.
Sifton's immigration policy encouraged diverse immigration to
Canada.
Mostly only one of the family members could afford to come to
Canada because of the head tax, leaving the rest of the family
at China.
Chinse workers only earned $1.00 per day for a life
threatening job
The head tax was $50 in 1855 but increased steadily
Head tax was a fee chinse immigrants had to pay before
entering Canada
They began to discriminate and be racist
Many Canadians British though they posed threat in their life.
When immigration flooded into Canada from different parts of
the world, not only did immigrates speak British, French and
Aboriginal but many other languages and practiced different
religions.
This unofficial approach to immigration was based on personal
belief rather than government policy.
Some government agents, including W.D. Scott, admitted to
ignoring requests and spreading information to discourage
Black immigrants.
Riot began in China town
The Canadian government did not enact any official
regulations against immigration, but some government
employees used indirect methods to discourage it. people were protesting on immigration and targeting Japanese
and Canadians
By 1912, Black immigration to Alberta had halted, but
established communities like Amber Valley grew, with 300
Between 1905 and 1911, 1500 US Black farmers settled in Oklahoma immigrants immigrating in 1910 to escape
Western Canada. discrimination. Japanese Canadian grocery store was destroyed
Topic 4