Physics Paper

Solutions
B.Tech. I Sem. (Main) Examination, April/May – 2022
 1FY2-02 Engineering Physics (Solution) PART
–A
Q.1. What will be the effect on Newton’s rings if a plane mirror is placed instead of the glass
plate below the plano-convex lens?

Sol. In conventional Newton’s rings experiment, the circular dark and bright fringes will be
observed when the glass plate is used below the plano-convex lens due to the interference
between the reflected light rays from the upper surface and lower surface of the air thin film.
But if a glass plate is replaced by the plane mirror below the plano-convex lens then all
reflected light rays from the mirror will be cancelled to each other resulting a bright spot will
be observed. Therefore there will not be produced any type of interference.

Q.2. What is the role of compensatory plate in Michelson interferometer?

Sol. When the light waves are incident on the beam splitter then the incoming light rays will be
divided in to two parts. One part of the incoming light waves is reflected light wave which is
moving towards the moveable mirror (M2) and another part of the incoming light waves is
transmitted light wave which is moving towards the fixed mirror (M1).
So the reflected light waves are passed twice time through beam splitter while the transmitted
light waves are passed in a once through the beam splitter without compensatory glass plate.
Therefore, the optical path difference will be different for reflected and transmitted light waves
without compensatory glass plate. So, the compensatory glass plate in Michelson
interferometer is used to make the equal optical path difference between the reflected and
transmitted light waves.

Q.3. Define optical fiber. What is the working principle of optical fiber?
Sol. The optical fiber is thin as human hair and it is guided to the light ray means the light rays
are travelling along the length of the optical fiber that’s why it is also called optical wave
guide. It is made by core and cladding surface. The core layer is the inner most layer which is
surrounded by the cladding layer. The refractive index of core must be greater than the
refractive index of the cladding surface.
The principle of the optical fiber is total internal reflection (TIR). TIR means the incoming
light rays will be travelled within the core.

Q.4. Define coherence length and coherence time?

Sol. Coherence length:- The length in which the electric field is remain in the sinusoidal form is
called the coherence length. It is defined by Lc = cτ
 Coherence time:- The time duration in which the electric field is remain in the form of
sinusoidal is called the coherence time. It is defined by ∆τ = Lc / c or ∆τ = 1/∆ν Q.5. What are
the essential requirements for producing laser action.
Sol. There are three essential requirements for producing laser action.
(i). Active medium
(ii). Pumping Source:- There are three types of pumping source
(a). Optical Pumping Source
(b). Electrical Pumping Source
(c). Chemical Pumping Source
(iii). Optical resonator cavity

Q.6. What are intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors?

Sol. Intrinsic semiconductor:- The intrinsic semiconductor is also called the pure semiconductor
for example Si, Ge. At the zero temperature the conductivity of the intrinsic semiconductor is
zero, it means it is behave like insulator. The number of electrons in conduction band is equal
to the number of holes in valence band by giving the thermal energy. That’s why the electrical
conductivity of intrinsic semiconductor is very low.
Extrinsic semiconductor:- The extrinsic semiconductor is also called the impure
semiconductor. It means when some other atom is doped in pure semiconductor then the
conductivity of semiconductor will be increased. There are doped as impurity from
pentavalent atom or trivalent atom. On the basis of impurities, there are two type of extrinsic
semiconductor. One is n-type semiconductor and other is p-type semiconductor. In n-type
semiconductor, there are majority of charge carriers are electrons and in p-type semiconductor,
there are majority of charge carriers are holes.

Q.7. What is zero point energy for a particle trapped in one dimensional box?
Sol. The eigen energy value for one dimensional box is given by

For n = 1

It is called the zero point energy.

Q.8. Define divergence of electrostatic field and its physical significance?

Sol. Divergence of electrostatic field:- The electrostatic field flux per unit volume emerging out
of the closed surface is enclosing a volume element placed in a electrostatic field is known as
the divergence of electrostatic field.
 Therefore, the divergence of electrostatic field is a scalar quantity and it is defined as

Physical significance of electrostatic field:- The divergence of field is (+)ve as the field is
spread out from a point. If the field lines are converge at a point then divergence of field is (-)ve.
And if the magnitude of field remains same then divergence of field is zero. Q.9. Why visible light
cannot be used in diffraction by a crystal?
Sol. The wavelength of the visible light is vary from 400nm to 700nm and inter atomic distance
of the crystal is in angstrom. For diffraction pattern the wavelength of light used should match
with inter atomic distance but the wavelength of visible light does not match with inter atomic
distance of crystal. That’s why the visible light cannot be used in diffraction by crystal.

Q.10. What are the necessary conditions of physically acceptable wave function?
Sol. The wave function should be following the necessary conditions.
(i) The wave function should be finite values.
(ii) The wave function should be single valued function.
(iii) The wave function should be continuous.
(iv) The derivative of the wave function should also be continuous, single valued function
and finite.

PART – B
Q.1. LASER action occurs by stimulated emission from an excited state to a state of energy
30.5eV. If the wavelength of LASER light emitted is 690 nm, what is the energy of the
excited one?
Sol. The given values are
E1 = 30.5 eV
λ = 690 nm
The energy between two states for LASER action is given by
E2 – E1 = hν = hc / λ ……………………..(1)
Here, h = planck’s constant = 6.6 X 10 m2 kg / s
-34
c
= light speed = 3 X 108 m / s
Putting the all values in eq.(1) we have
E2 – E1 = {6.6 X 10-34 X 3 X 108} / 690 X 10-9
= 19.8 X 10-17 / 690
= 0.0286 X 10-17
E2 – E1 = 2.86 X 10-19
E2 – E1 = 2.86 X 10-19 / 1.6 X 10-19 {Here, 1.6 X 10-19 C = electron charge}
E2 – E1 = 1.78 eV
E2 = E1 + 1.78 = 30.5 + 1.78
E2 = 32.28 eV (Energy of the excited one) Ans
Q.2. For intrinsic silicon, at room temperature the electrical conductivity is 4 X 10-4 Ω-1m-1.
The electron and hole mobilities are 0.14 m2V-1s-1 and 0.040 m2V-1s-1 respectively.
Compute the intrinsic charge carrier density at room temperature.

Sol. The values are given

σ = 4 X 10-4 Ω-1m-1 {Electrical conductivity}
μe = 0.14 m2V-1s-1 {Electron mobility} μh
= 0.040 m2V-1s-1 {Hole mobility}

As we know, the electrical conductivity of intrinsic semiconductor is given by

σ = ne(μe + μh) ……………………..(1)
{Here, n is the intrinsic charge carrier density, e is electron charge (e = 1.6 X 10-19C)}
Putting the all values in eq.(1) we have
σ = n X 1.6 X 10-19 X (0.14 + 0.040)
4 X 10 = n X 1.6 X 10-19 X (0.18)
-4

4 X 10-4 = n X 0.288 X 10-19

4

𝐧 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟖𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟓 Electrons {Intrinsic charge carrier density} Ans

Q.3. A diffraction grating has total ruled width 5 cm for normal incidence. It is found that a
line of wavelength 6000 A0 in a certain order superimposed on another line of wavelength
4500 A0 of the next highest order. If the angle of diffraction is 300, how many lines are
there in the grating?
Sol. The following values are given
W = 5 cm {Width of the grating}
 𝜆1 = 6000 𝐴0
𝜆2 = 4500 𝐴0
𝜃 = 300 {Angle of diffraction}
The grating equation is given by

For first wavelength ……………(1)

For second wavelength ………..(2)

According to given condition (From eq.1 and eq.2)
𝑛𝜆1 = (𝑛 + 1)𝜆2
𝑛𝜆1 = 𝑛𝜆2 + 𝜆2
𝑛(𝜆1 − 𝜆2) = 𝜆2

Putting the all given values, we have

𝑛=3 ……………….(3)
From eq.(1) we have
𝑛𝜆1 = (𝑒 + 𝑏) sin 𝜃

(𝑒 + 𝑏) = 36 × 10−7 𝑚 = 36 × 10−5 𝑐𝑚 ………….(4)

As we know the total width of the grating is given by
𝑊 = 𝑁(𝑒 + 𝑏) {N is total no. of lines in the grating}

Putting the value of W and (e + b) we have

N = 13888 lines in the grating. Ans

Q.4. Find the probability that a particle in a box of width a can be found between x = 0 and
x = a/n when it is in the nth state.
Sol. The probability of a finding particle is given by

………………(1)
Here, the wave function for one dimensional box is given by

………………(2)
Putting in eq.(1) we have

{Probability of the particle in a box} Ans

B.Tech. II Sem. (Main) Examination, July – 2022
 2FY2-02 Engineering Physics (Solution) PART
–A
Q.1. What will happen if we use a lens (Newton’s Ring) of small radius of curvature?

Sol. In Newton’s ring, the diameter of Newton’s ring is given by

{Here, Dn = Diameter of nth Newton’s ring, R = Radius of curvature of plano-convex lens

,tn = Thickness of the air thin film}
From the given equation the diameter of the Newton’s ring is proportional to the root square
of the radius of curvature. So, we can say that if we use the small radius of curvature then the
diameter of the Newton’s ring will be reduced.

Q.2. What do you mean by “Q” factor for light?

Sol. Q factor is determined the quality of the light which is defined as

Where, λ is the peak wavelength of the spectrum and ∆λ is the bandwidth of the spectrum.
When decreased the bandwidth of the spectrum, the quality or “Q” factor of light will be
increased.

Q.3. State Rayleigh’s criterion of resolution.

Sol. According to Rayleigh’s criterion, two close point sources or images of nearly equal intensity
are said to be just resolved by an optical instrument, when the central maxima of the diffraction
pattern of one source coincide with the first minima of the diffraction pattern of other source.
In case of just resolution the distance or angular separation between two sources is called
resolution limit.

Q.4. What is the physical interpretation of wave-function?

Sol. The wave function is denoted by Ψ(r,t). It is explained the behavior of the particle in the space
domain at a time t and it is determined the probability of finding particle. Ψ(r,t) is a complex
quantity function which is defined as
 The probability of the finding particle is defined as

Q.5. Define spatial and temporal coherence.

Sol. Spatial Coherence:- It is defined as the correlation between the phases of waves at different
point at a time in the transverse direction of the propagation of the light. For example:-
Young’s double slit experiment. There are two types of spatial coherence, one is perfect spatial
coherence and another is partial spatial coherence.
Temporal Coherence:- It is defined as the correlation between the phases of the waves at
different time at a point along the direction of the propagation of the light. For example:-
Michelson’s Interferometer. There are two types of temporal coherence, one is perfect temporal
coherence and another is partial temporal coherence. Q.6. Write threshold conditions for laser
action.
Sol. The ratio of the spontaneous emission to the stimulated emission is given by

For laser action, the stimulated emission should be greater than spontaneous emission. For
that the following threshold conditions should be achieved.

(i). If hν << kT, then ; stimulated emission will be larger than spontaneous
emission.
(ii). Emission rate should be larger than absorption rate. It is possible only if population
inversion condition is achieved, it means N2 > N1.

Q.7. What is the difference between spontaneous and stimulated emission.

Sol.
Spontaneous Emission
1. There are no required to incoming
photon
2. There is no phase relationship
between the emitted photons.
3. All photons are emitted in random
direction
4. Photons are not amplified.
5. Low intensity at a spot.
Stimulated Emission
1. There are required to incoming photon
2. There is same phase relationship
between the emitted photons.
3. All emitted photons are in same
direction.
4. Photons are amplified.
5. High intensity at a spot.

Q.8. State Faraday’s Law and Bio-Savart Law.

Sol. Faraday’s Law:- According to the Faraday’s Law, an emf is induced in the closed loop at the
rate of change of magnetic flux. And Lenz law gives the direction information. So,

Bio-Savart Law:- According to the Bio-Savart Law, the magnetic field at a point due to small
current element is proportional to the current, length of small element, angle between the small
element and distance to the point from small element and inversely proportional to the distance
to the point from small element. Therefore, ;
{

Q.9. What do you mean by Maxwell’s equations?

Sol. Maxwell’s equations describe the electric and magnetic field due to distribution of charges
and current i.e. how these field changes with respect to the time. There are four types of
Maxwell’s equations. First Maxwell’s equation is from Gauss’s law for electric field.
Maxwell’s second equation is from Gauss’s law for magnetic field. Maxwell’s third equation
is from Faraday’s law and Maxwell’s fourth equation is from Ampere’s circuital law.

Q.10. What do mean by covalent and metallic bonding.

Sol. Covalent Bonding:- Covalent bonding is an electron-pair bond in which two atoms share their
electrons, therefore the atoms make stable configuration by completing their outer most sub
shell’s electrons. The covalent bonds are strong bond, so their melting point is high.
Metallic bonding:- In the atoms of metals, the electrons in the outermost orbits are loosely
bound as the ionization energy is low. These electrons are free to move around among all
atoms and are called the free electrons or conduction electrons. This way the metals have
residual positive ions. The electrostatic attraction between these positive ions and negative
electrons is responsible for holding the solid together. This type of bonding is called the
metallic bonding. Due free electrons, they have high electrical and thermal conductivity.

PART – B
Q.1. Calculate the conductivity of the intrinsic germanium at 300 K. Given
 𝒏𝒊 = 𝟐. 𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟗/𝒎𝟑, 𝝁𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟗 𝒎𝟐𝑽−𝟏𝒔−𝟏 and 𝝁𝒑 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟗 𝒎𝟐𝑽−𝟏𝒔−𝟏.

Sol. As we know that the conductivity of the intrinsic semiconductor (germanium) is given by

𝝈 = 𝒏𝒊𝒆(𝝁𝒆 + 𝝁𝒑) ……………. (1) Here,

the values are given

ni = 2.4 × 1019/m3 (Concentration of the charge carriers)

μe = 0.39 m2V−1s−1 (Mobility of the electrons) μp = 0.19
m2V−1s−1 (Mobility of the holes) e = 1.6 × 10−19 C
(Charge of the electron or hole)
Putting the given values in equation (1) we have

𝜎 = 2.4 × 1019 × 1.6 × 10−19(0.39 + 0.19)

= 3.84 × 0.58
σ = 2.2272 mho/m
Ans.
Q.2. An electron is confined to a one dimensional box of side 1 A0. Obtain the first four Eigen
value of the electron in eV.
Sol. As we know that the energy Eigen value of one dimensional box is given by

………………. (1)

Or } ………………. (2)

Or 𝑬𝒏 = 𝒏𝟐𝑬𝟏 ………………. (3)

Here, the values are given

𝑛 = 1, 2, 3, 4 {Quantum No.}
ℎ = 6.6 × 10−34 𝑚2𝑘𝑔/𝑠 {Planck’s constant} 𝑚
-
= 9.1 × 10 𝑘𝑔
−31 {Mass of the el } 𝑎=1
𝐴 = 1 × 10 𝑚 {Width of the box}
0 −10 Putting the given values in equation
(2) we have

For n = 1,
 𝑬𝟏 = 𝟑𝟕. 𝟑𝟗 𝒆𝑽 Ans {First Eigen Value of electron}

Now from equation (3) we have

For n = 2, 𝐸2 = 22 × 37.39

𝑬𝟐 = 𝟏𝟒𝟗. 𝟓𝟔 𝒆𝑽 Ans {Second Eigen Value of electron}

For n = 3, 𝐸3 = 32 × 37.39

𝑬𝟑 = 𝟑𝟑𝟔. 𝟓𝟏 𝒆𝑽 Ans {Third Eigen Value of electron}

For n = 4, 𝐸4 = 42 × 37.39

𝑬𝟒 = 𝟓𝟗𝟖. 𝟐𝟒 𝒆𝑽 Ans {Fourth Eigen Value of electron}

Q.3. A diffraction grating just resolves lines 4547.27 A0 and 4547.98 A0 in the third order. Will
it resolve lines 6437.48 A0 and 6437.95 A0 in the first order?

Sol. The resolving power of grating is given by

R. P. = nN

N= For 1st case

Given: λ1 = 4547.27 A0, λ2 = 4547.98 A0

λ= = 4547.625 A0

dλ = λ2 - λ1 = 4547.98 - 4547.27 = 0.71 A0

n= 3

N= = 2135.03 lines ……………… (1)

Given: λ1 = 6437.48 A0, λ2 = 6437.95 A0

= 6437.715 A0
For 2nd case
dλ’ = λ2 - λ1 = 6437.95 - 6437.48= 0.47 A0, n = 1
N’ 𝝀′
 N’ = 13697 lines ……………… (2)
From equation (1) and (2) it is cleared that in order to resolve these spectral lines, number of
lines are more required than number of lines are available. Hence the spectral lines will not
be resolved.

Q.4. In a He-Ne laser system, the two energy levels of Ne involved in lasing action have energy
value of 20.66eV and 18.76eV. Population inversion occurs between these two levels.
What will be the wave length of a laser beam produced?
Sol. As we know that the energy difference between the two energy levels is given by

……………… (1)
Here, E2 = 20.66eV

E1 = 18.76eV

Planck constant ℎ = 6.6 × 10−34 𝑚2𝑘𝑔/𝑠

𝑐 = 3 × 108 𝑚/𝑠
Putting the all values in equation (1), we have

𝝀 = 𝟔𝟓𝟏𝟑 𝑨𝒐 Ans (The wavelength of laser beam)

 B.Tech. I Sem. (Main/Back) Exam., 2023
1FY2-02 Engineering Physics (Solution)
PART – A
Q.1 Excessively thin film appears dark why?
Sol. The total effective path difference between the reflected light rays is 2𝜇𝑡 cos𝑟 ± 𝜆/2. So the
intensity of the reflected light depends effectively on 2𝜇𝑡 cos𝑟 and it is the proportional to the
thickness of the thin film (t). If the thin film is excessively thin then the reflected light will be
absent. Hence excessively thin film appears dark.

Q.2 What do you mean by resolving power of an optical instrument?

Sol. The resolving power of an optical instrument is its ability to separate far away objects that are
close together into individual images.

Rayleigh’s criterion of resolution:-

According to Rayleigh’s criterion, two close point sources or images of nearly equal intensity are
said to be just resolved by an optical instrument, when the central maxima of the diffraction pattern
of one source coincide with the first minima of the diffraction pattern of other source. In case of
just resolution the distance or angular separation between two sources is called resolution limit.

Q.3 What are the normalized and orthogonal wave function?

Sol. (i). Normalization Condition:- When the wave function Ψ(x,y,z,t) is multiplied by the its
complex conjugate over the volume gives the unity. It means

(ii). Orthogonal Condition:- When the wave function Ψ(x,y,z,t) is multiplied by the complex
conjugate of the another wave function over the volume gives the zero. It means
Q.4 Explain total internal reflection.

Sol. A light ray that enters the fiber does not travel straight down through the center of core. Instead
light rays within the core are reflected at the core / cladding boundary so that the rays remain within
the core. This process is called total internal reflection and is the means by which an optical signal
is confined to the core of fiber. Light pulse move easily down the fiber optic line because of
principal known as total internal reflection. This principle of total internal reflection states that
when the angle of incidence exceeds a critical value, light cannot get out of glass, instead the light
bounces back in.

Q.5 What are the relation between Einstein’s Coefficients? Explain them. Sol.

According to the Einstein theory, the energy density is given by

And according to the Planck’s radiation formula, the energy density is given by

Comparing both equations, Einstein coefficient is

It is cleared that the ratio is proportional to the cube of the frequency or the inversely
proportional to the cube of the wavelength. Q.6 What is Hall Effect?
Sol. When a magnetic field is applied perpendicular to a current carrying conductor or
semiconductor, a voltage is developed across the specimen in a direction perpendicular to
both the current and magnetic field. This phenomenon is called the Hall Effect & developed
voltage is called Hall voltage.

The Hall Coefficient is given by

Q.7 What is scalar and vector field?

Sol. Scalar Field:- Those fields have only magnitude is called the scalar field. For example:
Temperature, Length, Volume etc.

Vector Field:- Those fields have both magnitude as well as direction is called the vector
filed. For example: Electric Field, Magnetic Field etc.

Q.8 Define Curl and Divergence of a vector.

Sol. Divergence of Vector: The divergence of a vector field is its integral over the closed
(bound) surface by an infinitesimal volume divided by that volume as the volume shrinks to zero
i.e. It is defined as

div - bounded volume of the closed surface.

Curl of Vector: The closed line integral or flux per unit area is called the curl of vector field.
It is defined as

Here S is encloses a small area element dS

The unit vector is in accordance with the sense of traversing the contour S.

Q.9 What do you mean by spectral purity?

Sol. The monochromaticity of a source may be expressed in terms of Q-Factor or spectral purity.
It is defined as the ratio of central wavelength (λ) to the bandwidth of the source (∆λ). It can be
defined as
 ………….. (1)

For an ideal monochromatic source, the bandwidth of the source (∆λ) = 0 then the Q-Factor will
be infinite. But the bandwidth is increased the Q-Factor is decreased.

Q.10 What will be the effect on diameters in Newton’s ring experiment if film is of μ refractive
index?

Sol. The diameter of Newton’s ring is given by

4𝑛𝑅𝜆
𝐷𝑛 = √ 𝜇 For Dark Newton’s ring

And For Bright Newton’s ring

So, the diameter of Newton’s ring (Dark / Bright) is inversely proportional to the refractive index
of the thin film. If the refractive index of the thin film is increased than the diameter of the
Newton’s ring will be decreased.

PART-B
Q.1 Two coherent sources of intensity ratio α interfere. Prove that in the interference pattern.
Sol. The visibility of two coherent sources is given by

𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒙 − 𝑰𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝟐√ 𝑰𝟏 𝑰𝟐
𝑉=𝑰 =
𝒎𝒂𝒙 + 𝑰𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝑰𝟏 +𝑰𝟐 ……………. (1)

Here, I1 and I2 are the intensities of the two coherent sources. Now it is given that two coherent
sources of intensity ratio is . So from the equation (1) dividing by the I2 in numerator and
denominator we have

𝑰𝟐 𝑰𝟐

Proved

Q.2 A single slit is illuminated by light composed of two wavelength λ1 and λ2. One observes
that due to diffraction, the first minima obtained for λ1 coincides with the second diffraction
minima of λ2. What will be the relation between λ1 and λ2?

Sol. As we know that the minima condition for single slit diffraction is given by

𝑒 sin 𝜃 = 𝑛𝜆 ……………… (1)

For the first minima due to λ1 the equation (1) will be {n = 1}

𝑒 sin 𝜃 = 𝜆1 ……………… (2)

For the second minima due to λ2 the equation (1) will be {n = 2}

𝑒 sin 𝜃 = 2𝜆2 ……………… (3)

As the given condition, the first minima obtained for λ1 coincides with the second diffraction
minima of λ2. So from the equation (2) and equation (3) we have

𝝀𝟏 = 𝟐𝝀𝟐 Proved

Q.3 A laser beam has a power of 50 mW. It was an aperture of 5 × 10-3 m and wavelength
7000 A0. A beam is focused with a lens of focal length 0.2 m. Calculate the area spread and
intensity of the image.

Sol. The given values in problem are

Power of the laser P = 50 mW = 50 × 10-3 Watt

 Size of the aperture e = 5 × 10-3 m

Wavelength of the laser λ = 7000 A0 = 7000 × 10-10 m

Focal length of the lens f = 0.2 m

Intensity of the image I=?

Area spread of the image A = ?

We know that the distance from the center of the central spot (image) is given by

{Putting the given values}

𝑥 = 0.28 × 10−4 𝑚

The area spread of the image will be

𝐴 = 𝜋𝑥2

𝐴 = 3.14 × (0.28 × 10−4)2

𝐴 = 3.14 × 0.0784 × 10−8 𝑚2

𝑨 = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟔𝟏𝟕𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟎 𝒎𝟐 Ans

Intensity of the image is defined as the power per unit area. It means

{Putting the given values}

𝑰 = 𝟐𝟎𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝑾/𝒎𝟐 Ans

Q.4 An optical fibre has a numerical aperture of 0.2 and cladding refractive index of 1.59.
Determine the acceptance angle for the fiber in water which has a refractive index of 1.33.

Sol. Here, the given values are

NA = 0.2

𝜇𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑑 = 1.59
 𝜇𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 1.33

The acceptance angle in medium is given by

N.A =

𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑥 = sin−1(0.1503)

𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟖. 𝟔𝟒𝟎 Ans {It is the acceptance angle in water medium}

Q.5 An electric field of 100 V/m is applied to a sample of n-type semiconductor whose Hall
coefficient is -0.0125 m3/Coulomb. Determine the current density in the sample assuming
mobility of electrons is 0.36 m2/V/S.

Sol. The given values are

Electric Field E = 100 V/m

Hall Coefficient RH = - 0.0125 m3/Coulomb

Electron Mobility 𝜇𝑒 = 0.36 𝑚2/V/S

Current Density J = ?

The relation between the current density and applied electric field is given by

𝐽=𝜎𝐸 …………….. (1)

The relation between the conductivity and Hall coefficient is given by

………………. (2)

From the equation (1) and equation (2) we have

………………. (3)

Putting the all given values in equation (3) we have

 C/S m2

𝑱 = −𝟐𝟖𝟖𝟎 Amp/m2 Ans {Current density}

Q.7 Find the probability that a particle is in one dimensional box of length L can be found
between 0.45 L and 0.55 L for the ground and first excited states.

Sol. As we know that the probability of finding particle is given by

+∞
P = ∫−∞ |𝜳(𝒙)|𝟐 𝒅𝒙

The wave function is given by

P=

P=

P=

55𝐿

For the ground state n = 1

 𝑷 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟖𝟐 = 𝟗. 𝟖𝟐 %

For the first excited state n = 2 the probability will be

55𝐿

𝑷 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟖𝟐 = 𝟗. 𝟖𝟐 %