INDUSTRIAL BUILDING

 Components
 Foundations [Concrete]
 Connection between steel column and concrete foundation [Base plate
and anchor bolts]
 Steel columns [Beam-Column]
 Steel Beams
 Beam-Column Connection
 Roofing System
 Purlins Industrial building (Typical)

 Bracing System
 Crane Girder
 Steel Brackets

Base Plate & Anchor Bolts Column-Beam joint

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DESIGN OF BEAM COLUMN
Lecture No. 1

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 Beam Column

DESIGN OF BEAM COLUMN

• Beam columns are structural members that are subjected to a combination of bending
and axial stresses.
• The structural behaviour resembles simultaneously to that of a beam and a column.
• Majority of the steel building frames have columns that carry sizable bending
moments in addition to the usual compressive loads.

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 Beam Column

DESIGN OF BEAM COLUMN

 Sources of Bending Moment
• It is almost impossible to erect the columns perfectly vertical and
centre loads exactly on columns.
• Columns may be initially crooked or have other flaws with the result
that lateral bending is produced.
• In some cases, crane beams parallel to columns-line and other
perpendicular beams rest on brackets projecting out from columns.
This produces high values of bending moments.
• Wind and other lateral loads act within the column height and
produce bending.
• The bending moments from the beams are transferred to columns
if the connections are rigid.
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 Beam Column

DESIGN OF BEAM COLUMN

 Sources of Bending Moment
P
P e
e
P

M=Pe

a) Out-Of-Plumb b) Initial Crookedness c) Eccentric Load

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 Beam Column

DESIGN OF BEAM COLUMN

 Sources of Bending Moment
 Lateral Loads
 Heavy Point Load on Bracket

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 Beam Column

DESIGN OF BEAM COLUMN

 Member to be categorized as Beam-column
 Knowledge of Actual Forces

 Beam-column is a very common element in building structures

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 Beam Column

DESIGN OF BEAM COLUMN

 Second-Order Effects

 Approaches to include Second-Order Effects

• An approach that is consistent with normal design office practice and with how
beam-columns have been handled for many years uses a first-order elastic
analysis to approximate the second-order conditions. This approach applies
multipliers to the results of the first-order analysis to obtained the second order
effects.

Ref: Unified Design of Steel Structures by L. F. Geschwindner 12

 Beam Column

DESIGN OF BEAM COLUMN

 Second-Order Effects
• Two different deflection components that could occur in a beam-column influences the
moments in that beam-column.

Ref: Unified Design of Steel Structures by L. F. Geschwindner 13

 Beam Column

DESIGN OF BEAM COLUMN

 Second-Order Effects
 Member Effect
• The deflection along the length of the member that
results from the moment gradient along the
member is shown in Figure 1. In this case, the
member ends must remain in their original position
relative to each other, thus no sway is considered.
The moment created by load P, action at an
eccentricity, δ, from the deformed member is
superimposed on the moment gradient resulting
from the applied end moments. The magnitude of
this additional, second-order moment depends on
the properties of the column itself. Thus, this is
called the member effect.
Figure 1

Ref: Unified Design of Steel Structures by L. F. Geschwindner 14

 Beam Column

DESIGN OF BEAM COLUMN

 Second-Order Effects
 Structural Effect

Figure 2
Ref: Unified Design of Steel Structures by L. F. Geschwindner 15
 Beam Column

DESIGN OF BEAM COLUMN

INTERACTION EQUATION AND INTERACTION DIAGRAM
The combined stress at any point in a member
P 
subjected to bending and direct stress, as in M
Figure 3, is obtained by the formula:

P Mxy M yx
f =-   Extra Moment
A Ix Iy
M = P
For a safe design, the maximum compressive
stress (f) must not exceed the allowable material P
stress (Fall) as follows: Figure 3.
A Deflected Beam-Column.
P Mxy M yx
f =-    Fall
A Ix Iy

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 Beam Column

DESIGN OF BEAM COLUMN

INTERACTION EQUATION AND INTERACTION DIAGRAM

P Mx My
+ S F +  1
AFall x all S y Fall
P Mx My
+ +  1
Pmax M x , max M y , max

This equation is called interaction equation showing interaction of

axial force and bending moment in an easy way.

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 Beam Column

DESIGN OF BEAM COLUMN

INTERACTION EQUATION AND INTERACTION DIAGRAM
If this equation is plotted against the various terms selected on different
axis, we get an interaction curve or an interaction surface depending on
whether there are two or three terms in the equation, respectively.

1.0

1.0
0,0
A Typical Interaction Curve. A simplified interaction surface.

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 Beam Column

DESIGN OF BEAM COLUMN

INTERACTION EQUATION AND INTERACTION DIAGRAM

Pr = required axial compressive strength (Pu in LRFD)

Pc = available axial compressive strength
= cPn, c = 0.90 (LRFD)
= Pn / c, c = 1.67 (ASD)

Mr = required flexural strength (Mu in LRFD)

Mc = available flexural strength
= bMn, b = 0.90 (LRFD)
= Mn /  b, b = 1.67 (ASD)

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 Beam Column

DESIGN OF BEAM COLUMN

INTERACTION EQUATION AND INTERACTION DIAGRAM
AISC INTERACTION EQUATIONS
The following interaction equations are applicable for doubly and singly symmetric
members:

Pr
If  0.2, axial load is considerable, and following
Pc
equation is to be satisfied:

Pr 8  M rx M ry 
   1.0
Pc 9  M cx M cy 

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 Beam Column

DESIGN OF BEAM COLUMN

INTERACTION EQUATION AND INTERACTION DIAGRAM
AISC INTERACTION EQUATIONS

Pr
If < 0.2, axial load is lesser, beam action is
Pc
dominant, and the applicable equation is:

Pr  M rx M ry 
   1.0
2 Pc  M cx M cy 

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