DESIGN OF BEAM COLUMN

Lecture No. 3

1
 Beam Column

DESIGN OF BEAM COLUMN

• DIRECT ANALYSIS METHOD
[Chapter C of AISC Specifications]

• APPROXIMATE SECOND ORDER ANALYSIS METHOD

[Appendix 8 of AISC Specifications]

• ALTERNATE METHODS OF DESIGN FOR STABILITY

[Appendix 7 of AISC Specifications]

• First Order Analysis Method

• Effective Length Method

2
 Beam Column

DESIGN OF BEAM COLUMN

Notional Loads
• Notional loads are horizontal forces added to the structure to account for the effects
of geometric imperfections. Figure 1 illustrates a simple version of the concept. The
notional loads (Ni ) are calculated as a portion of the gravity loads (Yi ) and applied
at each level (Figure 2).

Figure 1: AISC Code of Standard Practice Figure 2: Notional Loads

Tolerance for column out-of-plumbness

Ref: J. Ericksen, (2011). Modern Steel Construction 3

 Beam Column

DESIGN OF BEAM COLUMN

Magnitude of Notional Load [Direct Analysis Method & Effective Length Method]
• The notional load, Ni, is 0.2% of the total factored gravity load at each level, Yi, and
can be written as:
Ni = 0.002 αYi
Note that the value 0.002 is equal to L∕500, which is the maximum tolerance for out-
of-plumbness in steel structures as indicated in the AISC Code of Standard
Practice (see Figure 1). Note that a smaller value can be used if the actual out-of-
plumbness of the structure is known.
Ni = (Δ/L) α Yi
• Gravity loads are defined in the AISC Specification as “Load such as that produced by dead
and live loads, acting in the downward direction.” The value Yi is the total factored gravity
load in each load combination. Therefore, the value of the notional loads will change from
combination to combination. Also, the total factored gravity load includes all gravity loads on
a level, not just those loads that are vertically supported by lateral framing members.
Therefore the effect of leaning columns is included in the notional loads.

Ref: J. Ericksen, (2011). Modern Steel Construction 4

 Beam Column

DESIGN OF BEAM COLUMN

Direction of Notional Load
• The requirement in the AISC Specification is to apply the notional loads in the
direction that adds to the destabilizing effects.
• For gravity load combinations you will
generally not know which direction is
critical and different directions will be
critical for different members within the
framing. Therefore you will have to apply
the notional loads in two directions in both
the positive and negative sense. See
Figure 3. You can apply the notional loads
in the same direction on all levels.
Therefore, you will now have four load Figure 3: Notional Load Direction for Gravity
Load Combinations
combinations for each gravity load
combination each with the notional loads
applied in a different direction.

Ref: J. Ericksen, (2011). Modern Steel Construction 5

 Beam Column

DESIGN OF BEAM COLUMN

Direction of Notional Load
• For lateral load combinations, the
notional loads are applied in the
direction that adds to the destabilizing
effects. This would be in the same
direction as the resultant of all lateral
loads. So if you are adding notional
loads to a wind load case where the
wind loads are applied in the +X
direction, the notional loads would also
be placed in that direction. If you have a
combination of X and Y wind loads, then Figure 4: Notional Load Direction for Wind
Load Combinations
you would apply the notional loads in the
resultant direction of the wind loads. See
Figure 4 for an illustration of simple
examples.

Ref: J. Ericksen, (2011). Modern Steel Construction 6

 Beam Column

DESIGN OF BEAM COLUMN

First Order Analysis Method
It is a method of designing a frames using first order elastic analysis with the effective
length Lc, taken as the laterally un-braced length (K=1.0)
Magnitude of Notional Load [First Order Analysis Method]

The minimum value of Ni of 0.0042 Yi is based on the assumption of a minimum

first order drift ratio of Δ/L = 1/500

7
 Beam Column
Example 1
DESIGN OF BEAM COLUMN
Example 1: Design the columns in a single-bay multi-storey un-braced
frame shown in Figure 1, where P is the load from the top stories. Ratio
of moment of inertia of beams with respect to columns may be assumed
as shown in the figure. Assume that sway is not allowed about the y-
direction and column is braced at mid height about this direction.
Solution: P
P

Total Factored Loads 6.0 m I w I

1. Load Combination 1, H
Gravity Load Combination 1.4 I

(1.2 D + 1.6 L) 6.0 m

I I

2. Load Combination 2,
Wind Load Combination
(1.2D+0.5L+1.3W)
8.5 m

Figure 5
8
 Beam Column
Example 1
DESIGN OF BEAM COLUMN
Load Combination 1

Pu = 1.2(1025) + 1.6(410) 1886kN 1886kN

= 1886 kN 43.96kN/m
wu = 1.2(7.3) + 1.6(22.0)
= 43.96 kN/m 227 kN-m
75.8 kN-m
P = 1025 kN dead load
= 410 kN live load
w = 7.3 kN/m dead load 37.9 kN-m

= 22.0 kN/m live load

H = 345 kN wind load Figure 6: Gravity Load Analysis Results

9
 Beam Column
Example 1
DESIGN OF BEAM COLUMN
Load Combination 1
Notional Load, Ni = 0.002x1x(2x1886+43.96x8.5)
= 8.30 kN

Figure 7: Notional Load Analysis Results

10
 Beam Column
Example 1
DESIGN OF BEAM COLUMN
Load Combination 2
Pu = 1.2(1025) + 0.5(410) = 1435 kN
Hu = 1.3(345) = 448.5 kN
wu = 1.2(7.3)+0.5(22.0) = 19.76 kN/m
oh

1435kN 1435kN

448.5kN
19.76kN/m
93.7 kN-m
586 kN-m 586 kN-m
51.2 kN-m
759 kN-m
759 kN-m

25.6 kN-m
138 kN
138 kN

( No Sway Part ) ( Sway Part )

Figure 8: Lateral Load Analysis Results

11
 Beam Column
Example 1
DESIGN OF BEAM COLUMN
Value of Kx
 I L  for columns 2I 6
Gtop = = = 2.02
 I L  for beams 1.4 I 8.5
Gbotton = 1.0 for sway columns

K1x = 1.0 for braced frame

K2x = 1.45 for un-braced conditions

Value of Ky
No data of connected elements is given for y-direction and hence the
approximate value may conservatively be assumed for no sway in this
direction.
Ky = 1.0
12
 Beam Column
Example 1
DESIGN OF BEAM COLUMN
Design is made for the wind combination and check is then made for the
gravity combination.
Design for Combination 2:
Pr = 1435 + 138 + 19.76  8.5/2
= 1656.7 kN
According to AISC, Max. moments for different types of loading (nt or lt case), acting
at different locations or of different signs, are to be added magnitude-wise in any
combination.  oh

1435kN 1435kN

448.5kN
19.76kN/m
93.7 kN-m
586 kN-m 586 kN-m
51.2 kN-m
759 kN-m
759 kN-m

25.6 kN-m
138 kN
138 kN

( No Sway Part ) ( Sway Part )

13
 Beam Column
Example 1
DESIGN OF BEAM COLUMN
oh

1435kN 1435kN

448.5kN
19.76kN/m
93.7 kN-m
586 kN-m 586 kN-m

Mntx = 51.2 kN-m

51.2 kN-m
759 kN-m
759 kN-m

Mltx = 759 kN-m

25.6 kN-m
138 kN
138 kN

Mnty = Mlty = 0
( No Sway Part ) ( Sway Part )

K2xLx = 1.45  6 = 8.7 m for lt-case

K1xLx = 1.00  6 = 6.0 m for nt-case
K1yLy = 1.00  3 = 3.0 m
mx (for first trial) = 8.5  0.7K1xLx = 8.5  0.7  6 = 4.3
Assume 15% magnification of moments.
Peq = Pu + 1.15 Mux (m)

= 1656.7 + 1.15 (51.2 + 759.0) (4.3)

= 5663 kN

14
 Beam Column
Example 1
DESIGN OF BEAM COLUMN
Using column tables of Reference 1 for this Peq and KyLy = 3.0 m;
Trial Section = W360  216

Revised mx = 10  14(d / 1000)2  0.7K1xLx

= 10  14  0.362  0.7  6 = 3.99
Peq = Pu + 1.15 Mux (m)
= 1656.7 + 1.15 (51.2 + 759.0) (3.99)
= 5374 kN
(Kyly)eq = K2xLx/(rx/ry) = 8.7/1.59
= 5.47 m

15
 Beam Column
Example 1
DESIGN OF BEAM COLUMN
Trial Section-1: W360  237
A = 30,100 mm2
rx = 162 mm, ry = 102 mm
rx/ry = 1.60, Ix = 79,100  104 mm4
In effective length method of design for stability, K2 factor for calculation of Pn in moment
frame may be determined by the storey Stiffness Method and Storey Buckling Method

16
 Beam Column
Example 1
DESIGN OF BEAM COLUMN
K2x value obtained by Storey Buckling Method = 1.389

K 1 x Lx 6.0 1000
= = 37.04 ( for nt case)
rx 162
K 2 x Lx
= (1.389x6000)/162 = 51.44 (for lt-case)
rx
K1 y L y
= 3000/102 = 29.41
ry
R  52 < 200 OK
cFcr = 194.95 MPa
Pc = cFcr Ag = (194.95x30100)/1000) = 5,868 kN
17
 Beam Column
Example 1
DESIGN OF BEAM COLUMN
M1 / M2 is positive because of reverse curvature
M1
Cmx = 0.6 – 0.4
M2
 25.6 
= 0.6 – 0.4   = 0.4
 51.2 

 2  200,000  79,100  10 4
Pe1x = 2 EI / (K1x L)2 = 6000 2  1000
= 43,371 kN for nt-case

18
 Beam Column
Example 1
DESIGN OF BEAM COLUMN
 2  200,000  79,100  10 4
Pe2x = 2 EI / (K2x L)2 =
8700 2  1000
= 20,628 kN for lt-case
C mx 0.4
B1x = = 1  1  1656.7 43,371
1  Pr Pe1, x

= 0.42  B1x = 1.0

Pnt = 1435  2 + 19.75  8.5 = 3038 kN
Pe2,x = 2  20,628 = 41,256 kN

19
 Beam Column
Example 1
DESIGN OF BEAM COLUMN

(AISC A-8-6)

20
 Beam Column
Example 1
DESIGN OF BEAM COLUMN

21
 Beam Column
Example 1
DESIGN OF BEAM COLUMN
1 1
B2x = = = 1.08
  Pnt 1
1.0  3038
1
 Pe 2, x 41,256

Mrx = B1x Mntx + B2x Mltx

= 1.0 (51.20) + 1.08(759.00)
= 870.9 kN-m
Pr = Pnt + B2 Plt
= 1518.98 + 1.08(138)
= 1668.02kN
From column selection table:
Lp = 5.06 m, Lr = 25.43 m

22
 Beam Column
Example 1
DESIGN OF BEAM COLUMN
Check conditions of compact section:

bf
= 6.5 < p = 10.8 OK
2t f
h
= 15.3 < r = 42.1 OK
tw

23
 Beam Column
Example 1
DESIGN OF BEAM COLUMN

Lb = 6.00m > Lp, bending strength is to be calculated using the

inelastic LTB formula.
Mp = 250  4700  103 / 106 = 1175.0 kN-m
bMp = 0.9  1175 = 1057.5 kN-m
Mr = 0.7  Fy  Sx / 106
= 0.7  250  4160  103 / 106
= 728.0 kN-m
M p  Mr  1175  728 
BF =    = 21.94 kN
Lr  L p  25.43  5.06 

24
 Beam Column
Example 1
DESIGN OF BEAM COLUMN
Mcx = b[Mp  BF(Lb  Lp)]
= 0.9 [1175  21.94(6.0  5.06)]
= 1038.9 kN-m
Check Interaction Equation:

Pr 1668.02
= = 0.296 > 0.2
Pc 5,631
Pr 8  M rx  8  870.92 
   = 0.296 +  
Pc 9  M cx  9  1038.9 
= 1.041 > 1.00 NG
25
 Beam Column
Example 1
DESIGN OF BEAM COLUMN
Trial Section-2: W360  262
A = 33,400 mm2
rx = 163 mm, ry = 102 mm
rx/ry = 1.60
Ix = 89,100  104 mm4

26
 Beam Column
Example 1
DESIGN OF BEAM COLUMN
Cmx = 0.4 (as before)

K 1x L x 6.0 1000
= = 36.81 ( for nt case)
rx 163
K 2 x Lx
= (1.389x6000)/163 = 51.13 ( for lt case)
rx
K1 y L y
= 3000/102 = 29.41
ry

R  52 < 200 OK

cFcr = 194.95 MPa

27
 Beam Column
Example 1
DESIGN OF BEAM COLUMN

Pc = cPn = cFcr Ag = 6,511 kN

Pe1x = 2 EI / (K1x L)2

 2  200,000  89,100  10 4
=
6000 2  1000
= 48,854 kN for nt-case
Pe2x = 2 EI / (K2x L)2
 2  200,000  89,100  10 4
=
8700 2  1000
= 23,236 kN for lt-case

28
 Beam Column
Example 1
DESIGN OF BEAM COLUMN
C mx
B1x =
1  Pr Pe1, x
0.4
= = 0.41  B1x = 1.0
1  1  1656.7 48,854

Pnt = 1435  2 + 19.75  8.5

= 3038 kN
Pe2,x = 2  23,236 = 46,472 kN

1 1
B2x = = = 1.07
  Pnt 1.0  3038
1 1
 Pe 2, x 46,472
29
 Beam Column
Example 1
DESIGN OF BEAM COLUMN
Mrx = B1x Mntx + B2x Mltx
= 1.0 (51.20) + 1.07(759.00)
= 863.33 kN-m
Pr = Pnt + B2 Plt
= 1518.98 + 1.07(138)
= 1666.64 kN
From column selection table:

Lp = 5.08 m, Lr = 30.44 m

30
 Beam Column
Example 1
DESIGN OF BEAM COLUMN
Check conditions of compact section:
bf
= 6.0 < p = 10.8 OK
2t f
h
= 13.7 < r = 42.1 OK
tw

31
 Beam Column
Example 1
DESIGN OF BEAM COLUMN
Lb = 6.00m > Lp, bending strength is to be calculated using the inelastic
LTB formula.
Mp = 250  5240  103 / 106
= 1310.0 kN-m
bMp = 0.9  1310 = 1179 kN-m
Mr = 0.7  Fy  Sx / 106
= 0.7  250  4600  103 / 106
= 805.0 kN-m

32
 Beam Column
Example 1
DESIGN OF BEAM COLUMN
M p  Mr  1310  805 
BF =   
Lr  L p  30.44  5.08 

= 19.91 kN
Mcx = b[Mp  BF(Lb  Lp)]
= 0.9 [1310  19.91(6.0  5.08)]
= 1162.5 kN-m
Pr 1666.64
= = 0.267 > 0.2
Pc 6,248

33
 Beam Column
Example 1
DESIGN OF BEAM COLUMN
Check Interaction Equation:

Pr 8  M rx  8  863.33 
  
 = 0.267 +  
Pc 9  M cx  9  1162.5 
= 0.927 < 1.00 OK

Section Selected For Wind Load

Combination: W360  262
Check for Combination 1:
Pr = Pu = 1886 + 43.96  8.5/2
= 2073 kN
Mntx = 75.8 kN-m
34
 Beam Column
Example 1
DESIGN OF BEAM COLUMN
Cmx = 0.4 same as before

C mx 0.4
B1x = =
1  Pr Pe1, x 1  1  2073 48,854

= 0.42  B1x = 1.0

Mrx = B1x  Mntx = 75.8 kN-m

Pr 2073
= = 0.332 > 0.2
Pc 6,248

35
 Beam Column
Example 1
DESIGN OF BEAM COLUMN
Check Interaction Equation:

Pr 8  M rx  8  75.8 
   = 0.332 +  
Pc 9  M cx  9  1162.5 

= 0.39 < 1.00 OK

Final Selection: W360  262

36
 Beam Column
Example 2
DESIGN OF BEAM COLUMN
Example 2: Design the column for the following data:
Braced frame in boh x and y directions
Pu = 1750 kN
Mntx = 330 kN-m
Mltx & Mlty = 0
Mnty = 105 kN-m
K1x = K1y = 1.0 (as the frame is braced in two directions)
Lb = 7.3 m
Cm = 0.85
Fy = 250 Mpa
K1xLx = K1yLy = 7.3 m

37
 Beam Column
Example 2
DESIGN OF BEAM COLUMN
Solution:
Peq = Pu + Mux mx + Muy my
For first trial: mx = 8.5  0.7 K1xLx
= 8.5  0.7  7.3 = 3.39
my = 17  1.4 K1yLy
= 17  1.4  7.3 = 6.78
Assume 15% magnification.
Peq = 1750 + 1.15  330  3.39 + 1.15  105  6.78 = 3855 kN
KyLy = 7.3 m

38
 Beam Column
Example 2
DESIGN OF BEAM COLUMN
From column load table, the trial section is: W360  196
mx = 10  14 (d/1000)2  0.7 K1xLx
= 10  14 (0.36)2  0.7  7.3 = 3.08
my = 20  28 (d/1000)2  1.4 K1yLy
= 20  28 (0.36)2  1.4  7.3 = 6.15
Peq = 1750 + 1.15  330  3.08 + 1.15  105  6.15
= 3661 kN
From column load table, the trial section is: W360  179
rx/ry = 1.67
(KyLy)eq = K1xLx / 1.67 = 4.37 < KyLy
 KyLy is critical
Trial Section No. 1: W360  179 39
 Beam Column
Example 2
DESIGN OF BEAM COLUMN
Trial Section No. 1: W360  179

Ag = 22,800 mm2 Zy = 1,671  103 mm3

rx = 158 mm Sx = 3,110  103 mm3
Mp = 868.5 kN-m
ry = 95.0 mm
Mr = 544.25 kN-m
Lp = 4.73 m BF = 19.70 kN
Lr = 21.20 m Mcx = bMnx = 736.43 kN-m
Ix = 57,400  104 mm4
Iy = 20,600  104 mm4
Zx = 3,474  103 mm3

Cm = 0.85 (given)

40
 Beam Column
Example 2
DESIGN OF BEAM COLUMN

K1x Lx 7.31000
 = 46.20
rx 158
K1 y L y 7.31000
 = 76.84
ry 95.0
R  77 < 200 OK
cFcr = 164.32 MPa
164.32
Pc = cFcrAg =  22,800 = 4108 kN
1000

41
 Beam Column
Example 2
DESIGN OF BEAM COLUMN
 2  200,000  57,400  10 4
Pe1,x = = 21,262 kN
7300  1000
2

 2  200,000  20,600  10 4
Pe1,y = = 7,630 kN
7300  1000
2

Cm 0.85
B1x =  = 0.93
P 1  1750
1  nt 1
Pe1, x 21,262

 B1x = 1.0
0.85
B1y =
1  1750 = 1.10
1
7,630
Pr is not magnified as Plt = 0.
42
 Beam Column
Example 2
DESIGN OF BEAM COLUMN
Mrx = B1x  Mntx = 330 kN-m
Mry = B1y  Mnty = 1.10  105 = 115.5 kN-m

0.9  250  1,671  10 3

Mcy = bMpy = = 375.98 kN-m
10 6

bf / 2tf = 7.8 < 10.8 OK

h / tw = 19.3 < 42.3 OK

Pr 1750
= = 0.467 > 0.2
Pc 3746

43
 Beam Column
Example 2
DESIGN OF BEAM COLUMN
Interaction Equation:

Pr 8  M rx M ry  8  330 115.5 
  = 0.467 +   

Pc 9  M cx M cy   9  736.11 375.98 

= 1.139 > 1.0 NG

Trial Section No. 2: W360  196
Ag = 25,000 mm2 Zy = 1,852  103 mm3
rx = 160 mm Sx = 3,420  103 mm3
ry = 95.5 mm Mp = 958.75 kN-m
Ix = 63,700  104 mm4 Mr = 598.50 kN-m
Iy = 22,800  104 mm4 BF = 19.74 kN
Zx = 3,835  103 mm3 Mcx = bMnx = 817.79 kN-m
44
 Beam Column
Example 2
DESIGN OF BEAM COLUMN

K1x Lx 7.31000 K1 y L y 7.31000

 45.62  76.44
rx 158 ry 95.0
R  77 < 200 OK

Pc = 4108 kN Pe1,x = 23,595 kN Pe1,y = 8,445 kN

B1x = 1.0
B1y = 1.07
Mrx = 330 kN-m
Mry = 112.5 kN-m Mcy = bMpy = 416.7 kN-m
Pr 1750
= = 0.426 > 0.2
Pc 4108

45
 Beam Column
Example 2
DESIGN OF BEAM COLUMN
Interaction Equation:
Pr 8  M rx M ry  8  330 112.5 
  = 0.426 +   
Pc 9  M cx M cy 
 9  817.57 416.7 

= 1.025 > 1.0 NG

46
 Beam Column
Example 2
DESIGN OF BEAM COLUMN
Trial Section No. 3: W360  216

Ag = 27,500 mm2 Zy = 2,180  103 mm3

rx = 161 mm Sx = 3,800  103 mm3
ry = 101 mm Mp = 1065 kN-m
Lp = 5.03 m Mr = 665 kN-m
Lr = 25.43 m BF = 19.61 kN
Ix = 71,200  104 mm4 Mcx = bMnx = 918.96 kN-m
Iy = 28,200  104 mm4
Zx = 4,260  103 mm3

47
 Beam Column
Example 2
DESIGN OF BEAM COLUMN
K1x Lx 7.31000 K1 y L y 7.31000
 45.34  72.28
rx 158 ry 95.0
R  73 < 200 OK

Pc = 4665 kN Pe1,y = 10,446 kN

B1x = 1.0
B1y = 1.02
Mrx = 330 kN-m
Mry = 107.3 kN-m Mcy = bMpy = 490.5 kN-m

bf / 2tf = 7.1 < 10.8 OK

h / tw = 16.8 < 42.3 OK

48
 Beam Column
Example 2
DESIGN OF BEAM COLUMN
Pr 1750
= = 0.375 > 0.2
Pc 4665

Interaction Equation:

Pr 8  M rx M ry  8  330 107.3 
 
Pc 9  M cx M cy 
= 0.375 + 9  918.44  490.5 
 
= 0.889 < 1.0 OK

Final Selection: W360  216

49