• - when you judge a person and attribute
• negative qualities to them based on known
• quality
•
•
•
An important component in the study of a
person’s self and identity
the concrete or tangible aspect or dimension of
the person which is primarily observed and
examined through the body
• product of a diverse mix of cultural and historical
influences
• “faces go in and out of fashion”
• people learn to live with these imperfections
BUT in several cases, the individual is too
dissatisfied with his/her physical attributes
• person’s perception of the level of
attractiveness of his/her body
• Our sense of how other people view our
bodies or mental image of the person’s own
body
• both internal (personal) and external (social)
• = inner qualities
• = physical characteristics
** – privileges and wealth
people receive from aesthetic traits
- “what is beautiful is also good”
- People who are considered to be attractive
tend to be rated higher on other positive traits
* – the practice of physically
enhancing the body; temporary (e.g. make-
up, wearing of jewelry, gym)
* – physical alteration of the
body
** culture of physical improvement trains us not
only to believe that all bodily processes are
under our control but to feel ashamed about
those parts of our flesh that refuse to comply
with the cultural ideal
- modern; culture widely accepted and
patronized by the public
- the way a person sees
himself; tied to self-esteem and confidence (critical
components of a healthy disposition)
- we are constantly
troubled with media images (esp.
advertisements)
** dissatisfaction with one’s appearance –
“stuff that fuels the fashion and beauty
industries”
Media plays a large role in how teenagers view
themselves by shaping the images of what
teenagers are supposed to be or do
(Javellana, 2014)
* Internet
* magazines - strong negative rel. with weight
* movies/TV shows
Teenagers are sensitive to and critical of his/her
physical self.
 - may produce a non- c. Individual development and self-
normative shift in the form of dieting practices - acceptance
> may lead to eating disorders
If body shape is far from the dominant cultural
ideal of slimness, teens are more likely to a. Talk back to the media
develop low self-esteem and negative body image. b. De-emphasize numbers
- mental health c. Stop comparing
disorder in which you can't stop thinking about one
or more perceived defects or flaws in your appearance d. Appreciate and enjoy our bodies
— a flaw that appears minor or can't be seen by
others. But you may feel so embarrassed, ashamed, e. Spend time with people who have a healthy
and anxious that you may avoid many social situations relationship with food,
(Mayo Clinic) activity, and their bodies
f. Appearance is not equal to happiness
– adolescence to adulthood
g. Broaden your perspective
- affects more women than men
- they generally view themselves as
overweight, even if they’re dangerously
underweight. an individual’s evaluation of his or her own
- restricting and purging sexual feelings and actions.

- they eat unusually large amounts of food until
they become full -> lack of control
- purge (forced vomiting, laxative, fasting)
-self-worth or self-respect; an
important part of success; personality trait;
stable and enduring
-how much do you appreciate yourself?
** - make bad choices, fall into
destructive relationships, not being able to live
up to their full potential
** - narcissistic personality
- recognition of sexual pleasure
- positive evaluations of one’s
sexuality
- tension, discomfort, and other
negative evaluations of the sexual aspects of
one’s life
- it is a lifelong process that starts at the moment
of conception
- people do not develop this in the same way

Self-esteem -people need both self-esteem

from other people as well as inner self-respect
1. Cultural pressures
2. Learning experiences are determined by the
a. Healthy, attractive bodies come in individual’s self
many shapes and sizes;
3. Attitude of parents and significant others
b. Physical appearance says very little about
our character and value as a person;
- Puberty in girls starts between ages 8-13 along
with the bodily changes
- = first menstrual period; signal the
female’s sexual Maturity
- Puberty in boys starts around 10-15 years old
🡪 All feelings, thoughts, and behaviors are
associated with being female or male, being
attractive and in love, and being in
relationships.
🡪 Also includes enjoyment of the world through
the five (5) circles.
Awareness and feeling about your own body
and other people’s bodies.
A person’s capacity to reproduce; behaviors
and attitudes that make sexual rel. healthy and
enjoyable
Ability to become close to another human
being and accept closeness in return.
The aspect of sexuality in which people
behave sexually to influence, manipulate, or
control other people
Person’s understanding of who he/she is sexual.
– holding stereotyped opinions
about people according to their gender
** prejudice and discrimination regularly
experienced by people identified as lesbian,
gay, or bisexual have been shown to have
negative psychological effects.
– biological aspects of maleness or
femaleness (male, female, intersex)
– the psychological, behavioral, social,
and cultural aspects of being masculine,
feminine, or neither.
- A person’s sexual and emotional attraction to
another person.
- “Who do you love?”
- Heterosexual, homosexual (gay, lesbian),
bisexual, pansexual, asexual
Sexual orientation is the result of
environmental, emotional, hormonal, and
biological factors.
?
- Emerge between middle childhood and early
adolescence.
- May arise without any prior sexual
experience.
- Experts agree that sexual orientation is not a
choice and can’t be changed. Some people
who are homosexual or bisexual may hide their
sexual orientation to avoid prejudice from
others or shame they may have been taught
to feel about their sexuality. (WebMD, n.d.)
• – life-long process of the
development of a positive gay, lesbian,
bisexual, or transgender identity
- one’s internal sense of being a man, woman,
or neither. May or may not correspond to a
person’s sex assigned at birth or to a person’s
primary or secondary characteristics.
- cisgender, transgender, genderqueer
- How you present yourself to the world
- May or may not conform to a person’s
gender identity
- Masculine, feminine, androgynous
● - feelings of intense sexual
arousal, attraction, affection, emotion, and a
strong urge to be with one another; short-lived;
6-30 months
● - feelings of attachment,
respect, trust, affection, and commitment
● - closeness, supporting one another,
sharing with one another, and feeling loved
● - feelings of sexual arousal and
attraction, and euphoria
● - the desire to remain loyal to
another person and stay in a long-term
relationship.
- One of the most common behaviors among
human.
- A behavior that may produce sexual pleasure
🡪 sequence of physical and emotional
changes that occur as a person becomes
sexually aroused and participates in sexually
stimulating activities (incl. sexual intercourse
and masturbation)
1. Desire
2. Arousal
3. Plateau
4. Orgasm
5. Resolution
- Sexual activity practiced by people who are
unmarried.
Current Statistics:
• 32% of young Filipinos aged 15-24 has
engaged in pre-marital sex (YAFS, 2013)
• 7.3% pinoy youths engage in casual sex
• 3.5% had FUBU experience. (YAFS, 2013)
- a.k.a Venereal Diseases (VD)
- Passed through sexual contact or genital-
through vaginal intercourse, oral sex, and anal
sex
- Sexually transmitted infection can be passed
even when an infected person has no
symptoms
Most common in the Philippines (Vista, 2018)
• Syphilis
• Genital Herpes
• Human papillomarvirus (HPV)
• HIV
- Pregnancy in human females under the age
of 20 at the time that pregnancy ends
- 196,000 Filipinos ages 15-19 yeas old get
pregnant each year (ABSCBN, 2019)
Risks:
- Low birth weight
- Premature labor
- Anemia • Aspects of identity that are constrained
in offline contexts may be expressed
- Pre-eclampsia and explored online
• Online interactions cannot reveal our
true feelings and can decrease
1. Education people’s happiness levels
2. Abstinence only education • We can control our self-presentations on
online interactions and this may be both
3. Family Planning/Responsible Parenthood beneficial and harmful to the individual

• – a.k.a birth control, fertility ● People are more willing to speak out and
misbehave
control
● Authority is minimized
1. – abstinence, fertility
awareness methods, calendar or standard ● Online disinhibition – lack of restraint one
days method, outercourse feels when communicating online

2. – contraceptive, birth
control pills, etc.

• Speaking about emotions, fears, and wishes

● Sum of your characteristics and interactions
● Because you interact differently with each
website you visit, each of those websites will
have a different picture of who you are and
what you represent
●
● Characteristics showing behaviors designed
to convey an image about ourselves and to
influence the perception of other people of
this image.
● We can select what we want to present and
impress to others
• Showing kindness and helping others
• Combating loneliness through
• Finding emotional support • Threatening,
humiliating, spreading rumors, making fun of
others.
• Rude language, harsh criticism, anger,
hatred, and threats
• Pornography and violence
• Cyberbullying
• Threatening, humiliating, spreading rumors,
making fun of others
• Cyber harassment or exploitation

● We carefully choose representation or

expression of one’s real world to the online ● Be careful about sharing
world.
● Do not hang with the wrong crowd online
● Consider your emotional state before posting
● Consider others’ possible reaction

This phenomenon suggests that one innocent
purchase can unexpectedly spiral into an
endless cycle of complementary consumption:
the kind which preys on one’s yearning for a
cohesive identity.
pertains to the objects, places, or even people
which have the label “mine”.
- Includes
- Body, clothes, family, home etc.
- Intimate part of who we are
- “my arms”, “my legs”
- Beyond the body
- Other people, pets, possessions, places,
products of labors
- putting so much value on making a lot of
money and having many possessions.
- according to researchers, the more people
watch TV, as well as the more they use social
media, the more materialistic their values are.
- Materialism is associated with:
a. low level of wellbeing
b. less prosocial interpersonal behavior
c. more ecologically destructive behavior
d. worse academic outcomes
“That's our entire economic system: buy things.
Everybody buy. It doesn't matter what you buy. Just
buy. It doesn't matter if you don't have money. Just
buy. Our entire civilization now rests on the
assumption that, no matter what else happens, we will
all continue to buy lots and lots of things. Buy, buy,
buy, buy, buy. And then buy a little more. Don't create,
or produce, or discover -- just buy. Never save, never
invest, never cut back -- just buy. Buy what you
don't need with money you don't have... Buy like you
breathe, only more frequently.”
According to Philip Kotler, there are 5 stages in
the
1) Needs Arousal/Recognition
2) Information Search
3) Evaluation Behavior
4) Purchase Decision
5) Post-Purchase Feelings
1. Foot-in-the-door
2. Door in the face
• Money can powerfully influence our thoughts
and actions in ways that we are often not
aware of, no matter what our economic
circumstances are(Greogoire, 2014)
• Cash can have a serious bearing on one’s
belief regarding the way a person views
himself/herself.
2 motivations for completing a task (Heyman &
Ariely, 2004)
– part of a social duty more
happy to help out
– money is offered
⮚ - money
conscious individuals are more self-sufficient
⮚ - the amount one earns have an
effect on how he/she views both
himself/herself and others
** class essentialism differences between
classes are basedupon identity and genetics
rather than circumstance.
⮚ Self-interest maximization those who
have the most money or occupy higher classes
are more likely to take a “what’s in it for me?”
attitude. (Piff,2012)
⮚ -Behavioral or process addiction
compulsive behavior not motivated by
dependency on an addictive substance but
rather by a process that leads to a seemingly
positive outcome.
- When a body part is more cathected, there is
greater use of grooming products to care for
this body part
- Loss of certain body parts – tantamount to
loss of self-identity

- work more to buy more

an adaptation-level phenomenon, which is a
term that describes how humans become
insensitive to new stimuli, and quickly readjust
to an emotional baseline. Therefore, the
stimulus needed to create an emotion—like
happiness or excitement—needs to be more
intense than the last stimulus in order for
someone to feel its effects.
• Unintentional loss of
possessions/nonvoluntary-loss/lessening of self
- the level of consumption is set mainly by
people’s choices about how much to work,
and therefore how much to earn.
** consumption – major form of reward
• Labor in capitalist societies is often imposed
and non- voluntary, hence why most
employees avoid it like the plague when
outside work premises.
• Thus, work becomes completely separate
from the individual as it contains little to no
need-satisfying value.

** when people lose things/people that are • Therefore, this leads to worker apathy and
considered to be an extension of the self, they alienation from one’s labor.
feel the loss as a threat to their self-identity. “Material possessions tell something of the
personality and social values of those who own
them.”
⮚
- Humans collect assemble of non-necessities
for distinction and self-definition
- Gifts, unintended acquisitions
- A “security blanket”

⮚
- Pets – representative of self
- Pets are instrumental to self identity that they
are often useful as
transition objects for children or surrogate
children for adults
- Pets – therapeutic

⮚
- Cathexis – investment of energy in ideas,
persons, or things