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A Multilevel Settlement On Mala Hora at
A Multilevel Settlement On Mala Hora at
A Multilevel Settlement On Mala Hora at
A Jósa András Múzeum Évkönyve XLI. 1999. 936. 9
Mikhailo Potushniak
Test excavations also have been conducted by V. investigated at the settlement. Unfortunately, we miss
Titov in 1970. We have only a short information on the drawings from the field reports, and the
the results of this investigation. According to V. Titov descriptions are not proper to define the form, function
two levels were observed in trench of 40 m2. The upper and chronology of the features.
level belonged to a cremated burial in an urn(?), the The analysis of the pottery material shows that the
lower one included a 6 m long, 3 m wide pit filled settlement is a multilevel site with at least 67 cultural
with cultural deposit. The cultural attribution of these chronological levels. In the frames of the Neolithic
levels has not been defined by the excavator. Copper Age 3 culturalchronological levels can be
Ceramic material was dated to the end of the more or less clearly defined (POTUSHNIAK 1990.42
Copper or the beginning of the Bronze Age (TITOV 43.). These levels are the following:
1971.238239., TITOV 1980.300.). According to the
short description of the pottery, the find assemblage Mala Hora I. The early period of the site belongs
of the lower level, from the pit can be probably dated to the Middle Neolithic and can be connected to the
to the Baden Culture. The author did not say anything Painted Pottery Culture (PPC).
on the cultural attribution of the cremation grave. Collection of pottery belonging to this period
Anyway, we have some information according to includes about 50 fragments. It differs significantly
which the urn was decorated with a corded pattern. from the rest of finds from technological and
Finally, test excavations at the settlement have been typological point of view. We can separate two
conducted at the beginning of the 1990s by O. technological groups: coarse ware with thick walls
Dzembas (archaeological expedition of the Uzhhorod and fine pottery with thin walls.
State University). We had an opportunity to study this The clay of the pots with thick walls contains
material. This is a ceramic material belonging to organic ingredients, chamot and sand. Outer surfaces
different ages, but not going further than the Neolithic
are smoothed, but uneven, their color is different: from
Aeneolithic periods and is analogous to the ones found
dark brown to redgray, polychrome because of the
in the previous excavations.
frequent being on a fire. The interior walls of the most
Todate in the collection of the Transcarpathian fragments have got traces of black smoothing. The
Museum of Local History a small assemblage of
core of the fragments is black or ashy, sometimes
archaeological material is stored from the excavations
porous because of the organic ingredients burnt out.
by J. Böhm, J. Jankovich, the Zatlukal brothers and
The thickness of the walls is uneven, 12 cm in
K. Berniakovich. We have data according to which a
average, the thickness of the bottoms reaches 2.5 cm.
part of the material was sent by T. Lehoczky to the
They are well fired.
National Museum in Budapest for an exhibition. A
part of the material coming from the investigation by Among the forms we can separate fragments of
Zatlukal brothers have not been deposited in the barrel shaped pots with a narrow neck (PI. 1.4) and
museum. V. Titov's finds have been taken to Moscow. pots with a widening upper part (PI. 1.3), deep conical
bowls (PI. 1.5) and large, thick walled amphora like
In the previous publications the site was not defined
pots with high, cylindrical neck. One fragment
properly from chronological and cultural point of view
and was dated to different periods: Late Neolithic or belonged to a basin shaped pan. The latter could be
Copper Age. Todate in the archaeological literature restored: the diameter at the rim was about 44 cm, the
the settlement of Mala Hora is considered to be the diameter of the bottom: 33 cm, height: 8.5 cm. The
site of the Tisza Culture. thickness of the walls increases from the rim to the
We have analyzed the whole archaeological bottom from 1 to 2 cm (PI. 1.1).
collection from the Mala Hora kept in the Transcar In the ornamentation of the coarse ware we meet
pathian Museum of Local History. Judging from the mainly notches and finger imprints at the rim.
literature and field reports a relatively interesting Sometimes there are finger impressions on the relief
archaeological material had been collected at the site ribbon under the rim (PI. 1.3). On a pot fragment there
including pottery, clay objects and a rich collection of is a pattern of deeply incised zigzag lines (PI. 1.4). On
stone industry (obsidian, flint, andesite). However, the the fragments of pots and bowls we find handles of
material has not been stratified and preserved only practical and ornamental function. They are massive,
fragmentary. On the basis of the technological and conical or square shaped, placed symmetrically, 2 or
typological features this pottery belongs to different 4 in the middle part of the body or nearer to the rim.
ages. Thin walled pottery was made of well cleaned clay
From the previous publications we know that tempered mainly with small ground chamot, that
several dwelling and farm features have been appears on the exterior and interior reddish surfaces.
10
A multilevel settlement on Mala Hora at Mukachevo/MunkácsKishegy
The clay includes natural contents of talc. The surface paint flaked off. That leads to the illusion of the
of the majority of the thin walled pots was smoothed polychrome painting. So, the concept that this pottery
and slipped with a thin layer mixed also with chamot. was ornamented by red, brown and rose paint, as it
The thoroughly polished surfaces were ornamented was stated by the Zatlukal brothers and K. Bernia
by painting. The core of the walls is grayishash kovich (ZATLUKALZATLUKAL 1937.41, BERNIAKOVICH
colored. Most of the pottery was poorly burned, the 1966.166167) proved to be a mistake. A detailed
fragments are fragile. The thickness of the walls is microscope study of painted pottery form Mala Hora
0.50.8 cm, with a thickening at the bottom. There and other settlements of the same age has shown that
are many fragments the utmost thickness of which is almost the whole of pottery was ornamented by black
0.20.3 cm. paint.
Judging from the fragments the group of the fine The motif of the ornamentation from Mala Hora is
ware is represented by mainly semiglobular vessels. rather monotonous. The basis of the ornament is
Among them there are pieces with a slightly profiled composed by a wide and a narrow band, that make
edge of the rim. On the most widening part of the mainly patterns reminding the so called "endless
body we sometimes see applied semispherical handles spiral". Wide bands were used at patterns reminding
with a vertical hole. Anthropomorphic handles also "Y" and "X", vertical and rectilinear. The space
occur in the shape of a human leg or hand (PI. II.3 between them depending on the form of the vessel
5,8,9). The latter have direct analogies in the Zseliz/ was filled with ranges of parallel, thin stripes. As a
Zeliezovce type of the Linear Pottery Culture ceramic whole this motif is typical for the PPC.
from SouthWest Slovakia (PAVÚK 1960.4357. tab. Taking into consideration the higher than 700°
XVI.3.). Celsius temperature of firing (KOREK 1977.4142),
The second most frequent shape is represented by the painted ornament must had been applied on the
bowls with oviform profiled walls. There are tulip surface after the firing, because in the process of firing
shaped bowls in the form of a "semiopen" or an it must had been burnt out. However, we can not
"entirely open tulip", the rim shows quadrangular form exclude that the paint was "hardened" under a lower
as seeing from above like pieces that underlines the temperature.
rhomboidal shape of the neck of the bowl (PI. II. 1, S. Siska published interesting data considering the
111.2,26). chemical ingredients of the paint and the techniques
There are fragments of an amphora with a of painting in connection with the material from
narrowing neck and semispherical handles applied Kopcany/Kopcsány (East Slovakia). The basis of the
on the transition between the neck and body (PI. II.2, black paint was soot mixed with casein. Casein was
III.8). applied to the surface of the vessel or added into the
Among different forms fragments of vessels on slip to be better adhered to the surface. The vessels
high, bell shaped pedestals deserve a special attention. were painted by brush of good quality (SISKA
Their upper parts probably were bowls or tulip shaped 1989.144). The high percentage of protein in the paint
cups (PI. II.7). A number of fragments probably can be explained by the use of casein and not by the
belonged to high, drinking glass shaped vessels or cups use of animal blood, as it was stated by J. Korek
with conical walls narrowing toward the bottom (PI. (KOREK 1977.49).
III.3,5,7). We also have a miniature vessel in the There are small clay objects used in the everyday
collection (PI. XIII. 1) that appears relatively frequently life and cults, found in the Middle Neolithic level of
on the settlements of this age. the settlement of Mala Hora. Among them we can
The majority of the fine ware was decorated by mention a pyramidal loom weight with a hole made in
painted ornaments (PI. III. 125) and only on one its upper, narrow part (PL 1.6). Its connection with
fragment we observed a linear ornament consisting of this layer is supported by an analogous in its size
short incised meandric (PL III.26). and shape weight in a Middle Neolithic feature 1/82
Painted ornament was made on a thoroughly of settlement Zastavne/ZápszonyKovadomb I.
smoothed, brown, cherry red, red, rose and cream Among the finds collected by J. Böhm a hollow
colored surface. The ornament was made exclusively clay object in the form of a bird head, shoe or a human
with black paint. Unfortunately, the pattern remained leg is of special attention. It could be a part of an
only as a negative imprint. It came out that the color anthropomorphic or zoomorphic vessel (PL II.9).
of the negative imprint depended on the original A thin walled, possibly anthropomorphic vessel has
surface. That is to say, the original color of the surface three holes situated as angles of a triangle. Inside the
had been retained better under the layer of the black triangle we see a reliefreminding a human face with
11
Mikhailo Potushniak
12
A multilevel settlement on Mala Hora at Mukachevo/MunkácsKishegy
the utmost thickness of its wall is 1 cm, that of the rim and at the largest width of the body there are
bottom0.5 cm (PI. IV. 1). symmetrically applied halfspherical miniature knobs.
The second dish has got an irregular, rectangular, The surface of the cup was decorated with incised
also a little deformed shape. Both the interior and ornament that can be poorly traced. The decorated
exterior surfaces are of light brown in color with the surface of the cup seems to be separated into 6
traces of light smoothing. On the walls, in the middle independent panels filled with different rectilinear
part of its height, there is a miniature knob, and on compositions. Its sizes are the following: diameter of
the opposite side we see an oblong handle. The upper the rim 10.511 cm, that of the bottom 8 cm,
part of the wall is narrowing and slightly everted. On height9.5 cm (Pl. VI.8).
the cut of the rim there are oblique cuts. The sizes of It seems to us that the majority of ornamented
the dish are the following: rim 13.514x11 cm, fragments belonged to cups. The ornament consists
bottom 8.5x5.7 cm, height 5^4.8 cm. The utmost of thin lines incised before the firing. There are
thickness of the wall and bottom 1 cm (Pl. IV.3). different rectilinear compositions: rhombs, triangles,
b. Among the bowls two variants occur: the one of squares, hatched ribbons drawn into each other (PI.
conical and another one of biconical shape. Judging V.35,1011,1315,1820, VI.1,5,7,10).
from the fragments, conical bowls are not deep, they Sometimes we meet an ornament consisting of pa
had got arched walls and a pair of handles applied rallel lines forming a composition reminding a chess
close to the rim (Pl. IV.4). Biconical bowls with a table (PI. VI.2). Such an ornament can be met on the
light break of the shoulder have walls inclining in the pottery form feature 1/86 of the Cicarovce settlement
middle or straight in the upper part, conically (VIZDAL 1993. obr. 15,3,7).
narrowing towards the bottom. On the break of the Rectilinear ornamented compositions sometimes
shoulder a pair of oblong handles with two or three were filled with roundish impressions (PL V. 15, VI.7).
vertically perforated holes were applied (PI. IV.2,8). On four fragments we see ornaments with the
c. The majority of shapes belongs to the group of "Tordos band" in the center: a band composed by two
the pear shaped cups. Among them two variants can parallel incised lines filled with rows of parallel
be found. To the first one belong the vessels with bodies notches. This band was used for different rectilinear
strongly widening at the belly with narrowing compositions, sometimes it embraced only the neck
elongated neck. A partly restored piece have a grayish of the vessel or separated its surface into different
reddish brown, engobed, slightly rough exterior surface ornamented panels (PI. V.12,16, VI.3,9).
and black polished interior one. Restored sizes of the Composition with incised ornament also had
vessel are the following: the diameter of the rim ca. plastical halfspherical knobs with a deep hollow in
11 cm, that of the bottom ca. 56 cm, height is ca. the center (Pl. V.l 1) or a tube shaped knob with a
11 cm, the thickness of the walls 0.5 cm (Pl. IV.5). hole going through the wall of the vessel (Pl. V.12).
The second variant is represented by cups with walls At one of the fragments there are four wart shaped
narrowing at shoulders and widening rims, and, as a knobs in one line. The edge of the rim is decorated
rule, a spherical body. Some fragmented, restored with small notches. Under the line of the knob there is
examples give us an idea of the shape of these vessels a hole in the wall of the vessel (PI. V. 18).
which differ mainly in their sizes. Judging from the fragments especially that of the
A small, half cup with a smooth, reddish smoothed cups in the ornamentation of the vessels the panel
exterior and black polished interior surface. Limestone system was used. That means that the surface was
and sand temper was added into the clay. The diameter separated into some (24) independent panels filled
of the rim 8 cm, that of the bottom 4.85 cm, in a different way. In the ornamentation of the vessels
height 6 . 5 cm (Pl. IV.9). from Mala Hora II we can trace a recurring regularity
A fragment of a light brown cup with a thoroughly which was characteristic for other settlements of the
polished plain surface. Reconstructed sizes: diameter Transcarpathian region. Incised ornament is met al
of the rim ca. 9 cm, that of the bottom — 3.7^4 cm, most exclusively at certain forms of vessels: cups and
height910 cm (Pl. IV.6). glass shaped vessels. The ornaments from Mala Hora
Fragment of a thin walled cup with a polished red II are typical for the settlements of the Tisza Culture.
brown exterior and black polished interior surface d. Drinking glass shaped vessels are represented
andwith sharpened rim (PI. IV. 10). by only a few fragments. These are high vessels with
Restored low cup with a narrowing neck and everted slightly widening walls. Their form resembles modem
rim with a slightly biconical body breaking closer to flower pots. Under the rim we usually find applied
the bottom. Its bottom is slightly profiled. Under the ovoid handles, sometimes with two vertical holes.
13
Mikhailo Potushniak
Among the glass shaped vessels we have both anthropomorphic vessel. On the exterior side of the
ornamented and plain ones. The motif of the ornament bowl a part of plastical human depiction remained.
is the same as on the cups different rectilinear The arms of the human being are bent in elbows and
compositions keeping the panel system of ornamen turned upward. The head is accented, but the features
tation (Pl. IV.7, V. 17, VI.4,6). of the face were not contoured. The depiction
e. In the collection of the Late Neolithic pottery we resembles a moving man. The exterior and interior
have some fragments ofbowls standing on high conical surface of the fragment and that of the figure is of
or cylindrical pedestals. There is a significant amount reddish brown color, plain, smoothed. The clay of the
of ground limestone in the clay. Some pieces of it vessel was tempered with limestone and chamot (PI.
appear on the rough surface of brickred or brownish VI.12).
color. The interior of the pedestals is gray or black, Finally we have to underline that the assemblage
sometimes even smoothed. Judging from the analogies, from Mala Hora II must be included into the circle of
the upper part of the vessels was modeled in the shape the PC and put to end of its early period that
of a deep or biconical bowl. The average height of the according to our inner periodization of this culture
pedestals is 812 cm (Pl. V.67). corresponds to the end of the Late Neolithic.
f. A characteristic form of the Late Neolithic vessels The settlement on Mala Hora II conditionally can
is represented by a beaker. We have one piece of a be synchronized with the material from the settlement
bottom part of a beaker from the excavations by J. of Zemplín/Zemplén in East Slovakia. The latter must
Böhm. These were vessels with a wide bottom. Walls have come from the late stage, but because of its one
are slightly narrowing from the bottom up to the middle phase character, it is earlier. Here some corrections
of the body and then start to widen towards the neck. can be made, because only a selected material from
The piece from Mala Hora II was made of clay Zemplin was published and we do not get a full picture
tempered with small ground limestone. The exterior on the whole assemblage. Besides, the material from
is light red, the interior is black polished. The diameter MukachevoMala Hora II is represented by not
of the bottom is 14 cm, the height of the remained stratified collection. However, it is undoubtable that
part is 9 cm, the whole vessel could have been 2530 the material from Zemplin is later than the settlements
cm high (PI. V.l). of the early stage: ZastavneKovadomb II and
Rich collections of partly preserved beakers were BeregovoArdivska Hora. Materials from Mala Hora
found at the settlements of DrisinoMala Hora II and II chronologically are earlier than the ones from
ZastavneKovadomb II. Fragments were met at the Cicarovce.
settlement Beregovo/BeregszászArdivska Hora The materials from Mala Hora II must be put after
(PELESHISHIN 1979. ris. 2.6; 3.8). The piece from Mala settlements of DrisinoMala Hora II, ZastavneKo
Hora II is the largest example among the ones found vadomb II and BeregovoArdivska Hora.
at the mentioned sites.
g. Among the Late Neolithic vessels there were also Mala Hora III. The third period of inhabitation of
lids evidenced by a mushroom shaped handle, that the site can be put to the late Copper Age and connected
probably belonged to a lid (PI. VI. 11). from ethnocultural point of view with the Baden
h. Miniature vessels are represented by two restored Culture (POTUSHNIAK 1972.89).
pieces. The first one is a bowl like cup of grayish Collection dated to the Baden time is represented
brown color. Its sizes are the following: the diameter by about 200 units of pottery, some clay objects and
of the rim 7.5 cm, that of the bottom 3.3 cm, stone tools. According to the inventory numbers, the
height 5.8 cm (Pl. V.2). The second one is a barrow majority of the finds of this time come from the
shaped cup with a smoothed brownish surface. Its wall excavations of the Zatlukal brothers. Fragments of
is gray in the middle, there is a significant amount of medium size ornamented vessels dominate. There is
organic temper. Its sizes are the following: the diameter no rough, not decorated coarse ware in the collection.
of the rim 4.5 cm, that of the bottom 2.8 cm, The majority of ceramics is made of well processed
height7.5 cm (Pl. V.9). clay. In the clay we find quartz sand, chamot. The
A fragment of a female clay statuette also belonged surface of the fragments is smoothed, its color is black,
to the Late Neolithic level of the settlement. It was grayishblack, brownishred and dark brown. The
probably found by the Zatlukal brothers. The surface interior surface is usually thoroughly smoothed, black
of the statuette is smoothed, reddish brown and is or dark brown.
covered by vertical incised lines (PI. VI. 13). There can be separated a small group of ceramic
A fragment of a bowl also belonged to an with exclusively sand in its clay. The vessels of this
14
A multilevel settlement on Mala Hora at Mukachevo/MunkácsKishegy
15
Mikhailo Potushniak
16
A multilevel settlement on Mala Hora at Mukachevo/MunkácsKishegy
17
Mikhailo Potushniak
following: diameter 1825 m, height 1.52 m. unfortified. The mounds were up to 18 m wide and 1
One of them was investigated by T. Lehoczky in 1893. 1.5 m high, the ditches were 810 wide and 68 m
Under the barrow fragments of pottery and several deep. According to T. Lehoczky the plateau surround
obsidian blades had been found. ed by mounds and ditches occupied a territory of about
A topographic map sketch of Mala Hora made by 18 hectares.
the Zatlukal brothers has been preserved. On this map In his report J. Böhm wrote that during the detailed
barrows were placed at the southwestern part of the study of the top of the hill he did not find any traces of
site. In the 1930s barrows have been investigated by fortification, and it was only an illusion created by
J. Jankovich and the Zatlukal brothers, and in 1946 the natural, uneven relief of the landscape and the
two barrows were excavated by A. Pastor. According strong erosion of the soil the consequence of
to the oral information of the latter they proved to be deforestation preceding the T. Lehoczky's activities
cenotaphs. at Mala Hora.
Judging from the situation of the barrows, the As far as we know, the last investigator of the site
character of the finds of this kurgan group can be put did not find any traces of a fortification either.
to the East Slovakian Barrow Culture. The ethno However, it is noticeable that Hallstatt pottery of the
cultural attribution of the barrows must have been 1110th cent. B.C. was found at Mala Hora that can
supported by a vessel with cord ornament mentioned refer to the existence of a Hallstatt horizon here and
above. K. Berniakovich dated the barrow cemetery of possibly that of a Hallstatt fortified settlement. Traces
Mala Hora to the Early Iron Age referring to the reports of the fortifications could be observed in the time of
by J. Böhm and A. Pastor. Lehoczky, but after a time they were leveled. A similar
According to T. Lehoczky the top of Mala Hora situation can be observed at other Transcarpathian
was fortified by mounds and ditches. Two rows of fortified settlements.
mounds with ditches were traced by him at the eastern The finds of Mediaeval pottery on Mala Hora refer
part of the site and one row from the southern side of to the existence of also a Mediaeval settlement level.
the site. Only the steep sides of the hill remained Translated by Valéria Kulcsár
R e f e r e n c e LEHOCZKY 1892.
Lehoczky Tivadar: Adatok hazánk archaeolo
BERNIAKOVICH 1952. giájához különös tekintettel Beregmegyére és kör
K.B. Бе р н я к о в и ч : А р х е о л о г и ч е с к и е и с ледо nyékére I. Kárpát Könyvnyomda és Kiadóüzlet,
ван и я в Закарп ать е в 19481949 г . In: Munkács 1892.
Научн ы е з апи ск и У ж г о р о д с к о г о Г осударст LEHOCZKY 1895.
вен н ог о Ун и в ерси тет а 6. И с т о р и к о ф и л о Lehoczky Tivadar: Ásatások a munkácsi Kishe
л о г и ч е с ка я сери я . У ж г о р о д 1952.3756., т а б л . gyen. ^ É 15.1895.315317.
1Й . LEHOCZKY 1896.
BERNIAKOVICH 1966. Lehoczky Tivadar: Beregmegyei régiségek. AÉ
К . В . Бе р н я к о в и ч : Е н е о л г и ч н е поселен и я н а 16.1896.304310.
Мал ш Topi б ш я м . М у к а ч е в е . [Э н е о л и LEHOCZKY 1910.
ти ч е с ко е поселен и е н а Мало й Г ор е бли з г . Lehoczky Tivadar: Kőkorszaki leletek Beregme
М у ка ч е в о . ] Apxeonozin 20.1966.163170. g y é b e n . ^ 3 0 . 1 9 1 0 . 1 5 4 1 6 4 .
BÖHM 1929. LEHOCZKY 1912.
Böhm, J.: Sidliste na Male Hofe u Mukaceva. Lehoczky Tivadar: Adatok hazánk archaeolo
Manuscript (3.5 typed pages and a table of giájához különös tekintettel Beregmegyére és kör
illustrations). Field report in the Prague Archaeo nyékére II. Kárpát Könyvnyomda és Kiadóüzlet,
logical Archive 1929. Munkács 1912.
KOREK 1977. P A V Ú K 1 9 6 0 .
József Korek: Die frühe und mittlere Phase des Juraj Pavúk: Zeliezovsky typ. [Die Zeliezovce
Neolithikums auf dem Theissrücken. AAH 29. Typus.] In: Slovensko v mladsej dobé kamennej.
1977.352. [Die Slowakei in der jüngeren Steinzeit.] Red.
KOREK 1983. Anton Tocik. Vydavatel'srvo Slovenskej Akademie
Korek József: Adatok a Tiszahát neolitikumához. Vied, Bratislava 1960.4356., 250251.
[Beiträge zum Neolithikum auf dem Theissrücken.] PELESHISHIN 1979.
NyJAMÉ 1820.19751977. (1983) 860. M. А . П е л е ш и ш и н : Е н е о л г и ч н е поселен и я
18
A multilevel settlement on Mala Hora at Mukachevo/MunkácsKishegy
19
Mikhailo Potushniak
Többrétegű telep
Mukacsevo/MunkácsKishegyen
A lelőhelyet Lehoczky Tivadar fedezte fel 1877 női idol töredéke, egy antropomorf ábrázolás az egyik
ben és kisebb megszakításokkal 1913ig kutatta. Az edény oldalán (IV. tábla 112., V. tábla 120., VI.
1930as években J. Böhm, Jankovich J. és a Zatlukal tábla 113.).
testvérek végeztek feltárásokat a Kishegyen. 1948ban Áttérve a Kishegy II. leletanyag kronológiájának
K. Bemjakovics szondázó ásatást folytatott, 1970ben kérdésére, meg kell jegyeznünk, hogy a késő neolit
V. Tyitov, a 90es évek elején pedig O. Dzembasz leletanyagot szelektált, rétegekre nem bontott anyag
folytatott itt ásatásokat. képviseli, ami nehezíti a telep szóban forgó horizont
A lelőhelyet a neolitikumra és a rézkorra keltezték jának pontosabb datálását. Egészében az adott együt
és a régészeti szakirodalomba a Tiszai kultúra telepe tes a késő neolit végére keltezhető. Ide kapcsoljuk még
ként vonult be. a keletszlovákiai Zemplín/Zemplén telep anyagát,
A Kishegyen folytatott ásatások kizárólag szondá amely kronológiailag megelőzi a Cicarovce/Csicser
zó jellegűek voltak. Az anyagot nem választották szét A telep (1/86. objektum) anyagait. A Kárpátalján is
rétegenként. Az ásatási dokumentáció hiányos, a le mert késő neolit lelőhelyek között a Kishegy II.
letanyag egy része elveszett. Napjainkban az uzsgorodi leletegyüttese a DriszinoKishegy II., Zasztavne/
Kárpátaljai Honismereti Múzeumban kb. 300 kerá ZápszonyKova domb II, Beregovo/Beregszász
miatöredéket őriznek, valamint viszonylag gazdag Ardivszka hóra utáni kronológiai fázisban helyezke
kőeszközgyűjteményt, amelyben obszidián, kova, dik el.
andezittárgyak találhatók, valamint néhány tucat csi Kishegy III A lelőhely betelepítésének harmadik
szolt kőbalta. periódusa a késő rézkorra tehető, és etnokulturálisan
Tanulmányomban feldolgoztam a múzeumban őr a Badeni kultúrához kapcsolható.
zött teljes kishegyi anyagot. Kiderült, hogy a Kishe A Badeni leletanyag 200 kerámiaegységből, vala
gyen lévő lelőhely többrétegű telep hat kulturális mint gazdasági rendeltetésű agyag és kőtárgyból áll.
kronológiai rétegződéssel (POTUSHNIAK 1990.4244.). A kerámia jól iszapolt agyagból készült, amelyet
A kerámia elemzése alapján különálló kulturáliskro kvarchomokkal és samottal soványítottak. Felülete si
nológiai periódusokat választottam szét. mított, fekete, barna, barnásvörös. Jól égetett.
Kishegy I. A leletanyagból jól kiválasztható tech A formák között megkülönböztethetők az amfora
nológiai és tipológiai jellege alapján a középső neoli és a körte alakú edények. Előfordul egyegy töredék a
tikum kerámiája, amely a Festett Kerámia Kultúrájá következő típusokból: kónikus és medence alakú tá
nak felel meg (FKK). A kerámiaformák között elkü lak, egyszerű fazekak, ovális testű fazekak, amelyek
lönül a serpenyő, az egyszerű és a hordó alakú fazék, vállban szűkülnek és peremük ívesen kihajlik, mericék
a félgömbös csésze, a tulipán alakú tál, a magas cső és egyenes falú poharak (VII. tábla 2.,5.,78.,10., VIII.
talpas edény töredékei. Ugyanide tartozik a fekete fes tábla l.,34.,7., XI. tábla l.,4.,17., XII. tábla
téssel díszített kerámia kis csoportja (I. tábla 16., II. l.,3.,15.).
tábla 110., III. tábla 127.). Többségben vannak a bekarcolt díszítésű töredé
A szóban forgó kerámiaegyüttes minden tipológiai kek. Több típusú díszítést különböztethetünk meg a
jellege alapján az FKK középső, Raskovce fázisához kompozíción belül egy sor variánssal (ah. típus), a.
tartozik, amelyen belül a végső fejlődési fázis jeleit típus: VII. tábla l.,34., VIII. tábla l.,3.,5.,8., IX:
hordozza. tábla 45.,7ll.,1314.,16., XI. tábla 17.,20., b. tí
Kishegy II. A lelőhely betelepítésének második pe pus: VIII. tábla 67., X. tábla 3., XII. tábla 12., c.
riódusa a késő neolitikum végéhez tartozik és etnokul típus: X. tábla 7.,9.,11., d. típus: X. tábla 13., 15., e.
turális szempontból a Polgári kultúrához (a további típus: VIII. tábla4.,13.,X. tábla l2.,46.,10.,14.,17.,
akban PK) kapcsolható. A kerámiát kisebb tálakser XI. tábla 14., XII. tábla 6 , 1 6 , / típus: VIII. tábla 1
penyők, csészék, poharak, csőtalpas edények, kupák, 3.,1012., IX. tábla 3., X. tábla 8., 16., XII. tábla 3
fedők, miniatűr edénykék töredékei képviselik. A dí 4.,710., g. típus: XI. tábla 113., XII. tábla 12
szítésben jellemzőek a bekarcolt ferde vonalas kom 13.,1517., h. típus: IX. tábla l.,12., X. tábla 12.,
pozíciók, az ún. Tiszai stílusban készített minták. Úgy XI. tábla 1819,21.
tűnik, hogy kizárólag a csészéket és poharakat díszí Egyes esetekben a bekarcolt díszítést különböző
tették. A késő neolitikus anyaghoz tartozik még egy plasztikus díszítésekkel egészítették ki, gyakrabban
20
A multilevel settlement on Mala Hora at Mukachevo/MunkácsKishegy
pedig az edény pereme alatt elhelyezett rövid plaszti Lehoczky T. adatai szerint a Kishegy csúcsát sán
kus bordapárral (IX. tábla 413., XI. tábla 16., XII. cokkal és árkokkal erődítették meg. A hegynek csak a
tábla 4.,710.). meredek oldalai maradtak erődítés nélkül. A földvár
A rézkori horizonthoz tartozik 5 orsógomb (XIII. mintegy 18 haon terült el. Ugyanakkor J. Böhm cá
tábla 36.,8.), valamint 2 kő mozsáredény vagy mé folta a védművek létét. Az erődítés nyomait a lelőhe
cses (XIII. tábla 9., 10.). lyen folyt utóbbi kutatások nem igazolták. Ugyanak
A Kishegy III. leletanyagát a Badeni kultúra kö kor figyelemre méltó a K. Bernjakovics által a tele
zépső, fejlett szakaszához soroljuk. Egyben nem zár pen talált XIX. századi kerámia (amelyet tévesen réz
hatjuk ki, hogy a telep a Badeni kultúra középső fázi korinak tartottak), amely Hallstatt horizont és talán
sának végén késői fázisának az elején is létezett. földvár létezésére utal (Kishegy V.).
A telepen gazdag kőeszköz (obszidián, kova és an A Zatlukal fivérek és K. Bernjakovics által össze
dezit) anyagot sikerült összegyűjteni, kb. 50 csiszolt gyűjtött leletek között szerepel még IXXIII. századi
kőbaltát, amelyek külön publikációt érdemelnek (XIV. kerámia is, amely egy középkori horizont meglétére
tábla 112., XV. tábla 111.). utal a Kishegyen (Kishegy VI.).
Röviden emlékezzünk meg a Kishegyen megfigyelt Kulcsár Valéria fordítása
egyéb kultúrrétegekről!
A lelőhely DNyi részén található egy kilenc kur Ми хай л о ПОТУШ НЯ К
gánból álló csoport. Ezek egy részét különböző évek 1ниуст т у кр а ш о з н а в с тв а
ben kutatták. A halomsírok topográfiájából, elhelyez ÍM. I. Кр и п ' яке в и ч а ' HAH У кр а ш и
kedéséből és leleteiből ítélve a keletszlovákiai kurgá Уж г о р дс ь к а г руп а вщ ц ш у археол г и
nok kultúrájához sorolhatjuk őket (Kishegy IV.). 294000 У кр а ш а
З а к р п а тс ь к а обл . м . У ж г о р д
вул . За г о р с ь к а 30.
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Mikhailo Potushniak
y^CTWwyff!^^
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Mikhailo Potushniak
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Mikhailo Potushniak
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Mikhailo Potushniak
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Mikhailo Potushniak
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