er Me eftcear- ken TD) PL Ue WUBI) Ie ANE) NN coo ier ALLO ONDA A ‘DUONG KHANH LINH ~TRAN THI NHU MAI iN oT — eva GD} NHA XUAT BAN GIAO DUC VIET NAMHOA HOCCuén sach Hod hoc 11 nam trong bé sach Két néi tri thire vei cuéc séng ctia Nha xuat ban Gido duc Viét Nam. Cuén sach cé 6 chwrong, 25 bai hoc va duoc thiét ké thanh cdc hoat déng hoc tap. Cac hoat dng hoc tap trong méi bai hoc duoc chi dan cu thé nhu sau: MO BAU: Cau héi gai mé, thu hit sy quan tam. tim higu bai hoc moi. Zhe HINH THANH KIEN THUC MGI: Hoc sinh thuc hign cic hoat dng Khim phd, tim hiéu kéthop ac kin thuc da c6 va dug cung cp a rut ra drm cc Ndi dung hod hoc. Se 1) Hat dong nghien ettu: Hoc sinh thuc hin céc Rarrieentege wom tctmn nhiém vy hoc tap va tructiép tham gia vao qua ee ‘inh kham pha, phat hién, hinh thanh va van eee dung kign thucmdl, eae es => 9 Hoat déng thinghiém: Hocsinh thyc hign céc scomutiaccramgamr mere PT thi nghiém hod hoc d@ phat hién, hinh thanh. ee kign thie méi, phat trién nang Ic nghién ctu aeons khoa hoe, thye hanh thi nghiém, khang dinh = Near ecas are EM CO BIET: Mé rong kién thie, két nditri thac v6i cube s6ng. Bu HOI VA BAITAP: Gidp cic em hiéu r6 vn 48 cla bai hoc, nang cao néng ly tu duy, ding ‘dung kin thucda hoc ag. EMBAHOC: ign thu, ki ning co bin cia bai hoc. EM COTHE: Van dung kién thu, ki nang a hoc. Cui mai chong la bai Ontap. Cui sch 66 bang Gidithich mét sé thuét ngi ding trong sch, gitip cac em thuan tién trong viée tra ctvu. Hay bao quan, gil gin séch giéo khoa dé danh tang cdc em hoe sinh [6p saulTrong Chuong trinh giéo duc phé théng, Hoa hoc la mén hoc thuéc nhém mén khoa hoc ty nhién. © cép Trung hoc pho théng, hoc sinh Iva chon mén Hoa hoc theo dinh huéng nghé nghiép, 88 thich va néing lye cla ban than. Mén Hoa hoc gitip hoc sinh co durgc nhGing tri thee cét Idi vé hoa hoc va ting dung nhiing tri tht#e nay vao cudc séng, déng thoi cé méi quan hé voi nhidu linh vuc giao duc khac. Cung véi Toan hoc, Vat li, Sinh hoc, Tin hoc va Céng nghé, mén Hoa hoc gép phan thtic day giao duc STEM, mét trong nhitng xu huéng gido duc dang dug coi trong & nhiéu quéc gia trén thé gid Mén Hoa hoc hinh thanh, phat trién @ hoc sinh: nang lc dac thu bé mén; hung tht hoc tap, nghién ciru; tinh trung thyc; thai 46 t6n trong céc quy luat cua thién nhién, ting xtr v6i thién nhién phi hep voi yéu cau phattrién bén ving; kha nang va chon nghé nghiép phi hgp véi néng Iue va sé thich, diéu kién va hoan canh clia ban than. Noi dung cuén séch Hoa hoc 11 bam sat churong trinh gio duc phé théng 2018, dugc thiét ké thanh 6 chuong bao gém cdc kién thtre vé li thuyét phan ting hoa hoc, hoa hoc v6 co, hoa hoc hitu co viva bao dam cing c6 céc mach ngi dung phat trién kién thie va ki nang thyc hanh 4a hinh thanh ttr cap hoc dudi, vira gidp hoc sinh cé higu biét sau sc hon vé céc kién thie chung ctia hod hoc, lam co sé dé hoc tap, lam viée, nghién ciru. Cac hoat déng hoc tap trong sach dugc lwa chon sao cho cac em hoc sinh co thé truc tiép tham gia vao cac hoat dong phu hop voi sé trvong, nang lc, phat trién durgc nang luc ty hoc; thyrc hién phan hoa sau trong day hoe, tao digu kién 8 hoc sinh phat huy hét kha nang clia minh. Ching téi hi vong cudn séch sé la nguéi ban déng hanh, tin cay, gidp cac em nuéi duréng tinh yéu hoa hoc va cac em sé c6 nhGing dinh huréng a Iva chon nghé nghiép trong tuong lai. Cac tac giaTrang Huréng dan sir dung séch z Loi néi dau 3 Bai1 Khai niém vé can bang hoa hoc 6 Bai2 Can bang trong dung dich nudc 16 Bai3 On tap chuong 1 27 Nitrogen 29 Bai 5 = Ammonia - Mudi ammonium 33, Bai6 —Mét sé hop chat ctia nitrogen véi oxygen 38 Bai7 Sulfur va sulfur dioxide 42 Bai8 Sulfuric acid va mudi sulfate 48 Bai9 On tap chong 2 55 Hop chat hu co va hoa hoc hitu co 57 Phuong phap tach biét va tinh ché hop chat hiru co 63 Bai 12 Céng thtrc phan tl hop chat hiru co 70 Bai 13 CAu tao hoa hoc hop chat hitu co 74 Bai 14 On tap chuong 3 80Chuong 4. HYDROCARBON Bai 15 Alkane Bai 16 Hydrocarbon khong no Bai 17 Arene (Hydrocarbon thom) Bai 18 On tap chuong 4 ‘Chuong 5. DAN XUAT HALOGEN ~ ALCOHOL ~ PHENOL Bai 19 _D&n xuat halogen Bai20 Alcohol Bai21 Phenol Bai 22 On tap chuong 5 ‘Chuong 6. HOP CHAT CARBONYL - CARBOXYLIC ACID Bai 23. Hop chat carbonyl Bai 24 Carboxylic acid Bai 25 On tap chuong 6 Gidi thich mét sé thuat ngifdiing trong sch Trang 82 82 $2 102 110 12 12 19 129 134 136 136 145 153 155,CHUONG: CAN BANG HOA HOC KHAI NIEM VE CAN BANG HOA HOG MUCTIEU: — Tinh bay dugc khdi nigm phan dng thugn nghich va trang théi cin bing cla phan cng thugn nghich. — Vidtdugcbigu thtching s6 cin bing (K) ca phan cng thugn nghich, — Thychign dugc thi nghigm nghién ctu anh hung cia nhiét 6 ti chuyén dich cin bing: (1) Phan tng: 2N0, = NO, (2) Phan ting thuy phn sodium acetate. — Van dung duc nguyén Ii chuyén dich can bing Le Chatelier dé giaithich anh huting cia nit 46, niéng dé, dp suat én cén bing hod hoc. ‘cdc chdit san phém sinh 1a Igicé thé phan tng v6i nhau tgo thanh chét ddu. 865i véinhiing phan img Phdn ting hod hoc la qué trinh bién déi cdc chat déu thanh sén phdm. Tuy nhién, c6 nhiéu phén ting, | nay, lam thé ndo d@ thu duge nhiéu sén phém hon va kam téing higu sudt phén ting? @ Pan one mor cHiéU VA PHAN UNG THUAN NOHICH 1. Phan ung mét chigu X€t phan ing é6t chéy khi methane trong kil oxygen: CH, +20," >C05+2H,0 Khi dt chy khi methane, thu dugc san pham la khi carbon dioxide va hoi nuée. Trong diéu kién nay, cdc chat san pham khéng phan ting dug voi nhau dé tao thanh chat dau, Phan ting nhu trén dugc goi la phan dng mot chiéu. Phuong trinh hoa hoc clia phan ting mét chiéu dug biéu dign bang mét moi tén chi chiéu phan ung. Vidy: NaQH + HCl —> NaCl + H,0. 2. Phan eng thugn nghich (©) ai thi nghigm sau aéu auroc thie hign & ctng mét aidu kién (binh kin dung tich 10 L, nhiét a6 445 °C) Thl nghiém 1: Cho 1 mol H, va 1 mol |, vao binh kin. Két qua thi nghiém cho thay du théi gian phan ing kéo dai bao [au thi trong binh vn chi tao ra 4,6 mol Hl: con du 0,2 mol H, va 0.2 mol |pThi nghiém 2: Cho 2mol HI vao binh. Két qua thi nghiém cing cho thay du thoi gian phan tig kéo dai bao lau thi trong binh van chi tao ra 0,2 mol H, va 0,2 mol I; con du’ 1,6 mol HI Thue hién yéu cau sau: a) Viét phurong trinh hoa hoc clia cac phan tng xay ra trong thi nghiém 1 va thi nghiem 2, b) Trong ca hai thi nghiém trén, du thoi gian phan ung kéo dai bao lau thi cc chat du du con lai sau phan ung. Giai thich. G nhiét 46 445 °C, trong binh chtra hén hp H, va | xay ra déng thdi hai phan ung: Hg) + 1(g)—> 2HI(g) q) 2HI(g) —> Hg) + (9) (2) thi nghiém 1, khi H, tac dung voi |, tao thanh HI, déng théi HI lai phan huy tao thanh |, va H, nén dil théi gian kéo dai bao lau, phan tng van khéng thé xay ra hoan toan. Phan ting gira H, va |, trong diéu kién trén doc goi la phan ting thuan nghich va uroc biéu dién bang phuong trinh hoa hoc: H,(g) +1.(9) = 2HI(g) Turong tu, & thi nghiém 2 cling xay ra phan tng thuan nghich: 2HI(g) = H,(9) + l(9) Phan tng thuén nghich [a phan tng xay ra theo hai chiéu nguoe nhau trong cing ciéu kién. Phuong trinh hod hoc elia phan ting thuan nghich duoc bigu dién bang hai ndra moi tén nguge chiéu nhau. Chiéu ti trai sang phai la chigu phan tng thuan, chigu tle phai sang trai la chiéu phan ting nghich. Trong thue t8, cdc phan tng thuan nghich xay ra khéng hoan toan bai vi trong cng mét digu kién, cac chat phan ting tac dung véi nhau tao thanh cac chat san pham (phan tng thuan), déng th chat san pha lai tac dung voi nhau tao thanh cac chat ban dau (phan ting nghich). @, Qua trinh hinh thanh hang déng, thach nht la mét vi du dién hinh vé phan ung thuan nghich trong ty nhién. Nuc cé chtta CO, chay qua 4a véi, bao mén da tao thanh Ca(HCO,), (phan eng thuan) gép phan hinh thanh cac hang dong. Hop chat Ca(HCO,), trong nuéc lai bj phan huy tao ra CO, va CaCO; (phan Ung nghich), hinh thanh cac thach nht, mang 4a, cot da. \Viét phuong trinh hoa hoc cia céc phan ting xay ra trong hai qua trinh trén,2. Phan tg xay ra khi cho khi Cl, tac dung véi nud la mét phan tng thuan nghich. Viét phuong trinh hod hoe cia phan tg, xéc dinh phan ting thuan, phan ting nghich 3. Nh&n xét nao sau day khéng dling? A, Trong phan tng mot chiéu, chat san phdm khéng phan ting dug voi nhau tao thanh chat dau, B. Trong phan Ung thuan nghich, cae chat sin phém c6 thé phan Ung véi nhau aé tao thanh chat dau. C. Phan ting mét chiéu la phan teng lun xay ra khéng hoan toan. D. Phan ting thuan nghich la phan tng xay ra theo hai chiéu trai ngugc nhau trong cling diéu kién. @® cin ans HoA Hoc 41. Trang thai can bang 9 Xét phan ting thuan nghich: H,(g) + 1(g) == 2HI(g). S6 liu vé su thay déi s6 mol cc chat trong binh phan tg 6 thi nghiém 1 dugctrinh bay trong Bang 1.1 duéi day: Bang 1.1. Sé mol cae chat trong binh phan tng ctia thi nghiém 1 thay déi theo thdi gian 02 02 0.2 16 1.6 Thur hién cdc yéu cau: a) Vé dé thi bigu din su thay ddi sé mol cae chat theo thoi gian. b) Tu 46 thi, nhan xét vé sy thay ddi s6 mol clia cdc chat theo thoi gian c) Viét biéu thire dinh luat tac dung khéi luong éi véi phan (eng thuan va phan ung nghich, tt’ d6 du doan su thay aéi téc 46 cla méi phan tng theo thoi gian (biét cdc phan wng nay déu la phan tng don gian). d) Bat du tl thai dlém nao thi s6 mol cac chat trong hé phan ting khéng thay a6i nia? Trong thi nghiém trén, lie dau phan ung thuan cé téc d6 Ién hon phan Ung nghich va wu tién tao ra hydrogen iodide. Theo thoi gian, t6c d6 phan ting thuan gia dan, téc 6 phan ting nghich tang dan dén khi téc a6 hai phan Ung bang nhau (Hinh 1.1). Tai thoi diém nay, sé mol cia cae chat hydrogen, iodine, hydrogen iodide khéng thay adi ntra. ay lethal gém elias Ging thuaninghieh det Hinh aassignidn than od: oben ung {6f rang 'tnal can bSng. thuén va phédn ting nghich theo thei gian Trang thai cin bing ée9 phan ingTrang thai can bang cila phan ting thuén nghich [a trang thai tai &é t6c dB phan ting thudn bing téc 6 phan tng nghich. Can bang hoa hoc I mot can bang dong, céc cht tham gia phan ting lién tuc phan ting véi nhau 48 tao thanh sn pham va cac chat san pham cfing lién tuc phan ung voi nhau dé tao thanh cac chat dau nhung voi téc 4 bang nhau nén 6 trang thai can bang, néng 46 cac chat khéng thay adi. @, Cho phan Ung: 2HI (g) > H, (g) + 1(9) a) Vé dang 48 thi biéu din t6c 46 cila phan ting thuan va phan tng nghich theo thoi gian. ) Xe dinh trén 46 thi thei diém phan ting trén bat du dat dén trang thai can bang 5. Cho céc nhan xét sau! a) © trang thal can bang, téc 46 phan ting thuan bang téc 46 phan tng nghich. b) © trang thal can bang, cae cht khéng phan tng voi nhau. c) © trang thai can bang, néng 6 céc chét sn pham luén lon hon néng 46 céc chat du. d) © trang thal can bang, néng a6 céc chat khéng thay adi. Cac nhan xét diing la A. (a) va(b). B. (b) va (c). C.(a) va(c). D. (a) va (). 2. Hang sé can bang a) Biéu thirc cla hang 6 can bang CP ipran ung thuan nghieh: H,(g) + 1,(9) = 2HI(g) Thuc hién phan teng trén trong binh kin, & nhiét d6 445 °C véi cac néng a6 ban dau khac nhau. $6 ligu v8 ndng a6 cac cht & thoi diém ban dau va & trang thai can bang trong cac thi nghiém dugc trinh bay trong Bang 1.2. Bang 1.2. Néng dé cdc chat cua phan tng H_(g) + !5(g) => 2HI(g) 6 thoi aiém ban dau va 6 trang thai can bang 04 0,02000 | 0,02000 | 0,16000 01 01 02 oO 0.00532 0,10532 0.18936 03 01 oO 0,20280 | 0,00290 | 0,19420 aa [Ae Tinh gid tri Ke = ama O™ thi nghiém, nhan xét két qua thu duoc. lle (HI? ay thirc hang 6 can bing clia phan v K alll dugc goi la biéu thirc hang sé can bang cua phan wng thuan nghich: lla H,(g) + I(9) == 2HI(g) 1) Dau (i] biéu thi néng dé cia chat i & trang thai cén bang.Xét phan (ing thuan nghich t8ng quat: aA +bB == cC + dD © trang thai can bang, hang s6 can bang (K) clia phan ung duoc xéc dinh theo biéu thirc: ao Trong 46: [A], [B], [C], [D] la néng 46 mol ciia cc chat A, B, C, Dé trang thai can bang; a,b, c, d lahé sé tilugng cla cac chat trong phuong trinh hoa hoc cla phan Ung. Thue nghiém cho thay: hang sé can bang K, cla mét phan Wing thuan nghich chi phu thudc nhiét d6 va ban chat cia phan Ung. B6i véi cc phan tng cé chat ran tham gia, khéng biéu dién néng 46 cia chat rén trong biéu thirc hang sé can bang. VI du: ; {co} C(s) + CO,(g) =} 200 Ko= ( 9 9) * ico.) 6. Viét biéu thtrc hang sé can bang cho cac phan tng sau: a) Phan ting téng hop ammonia: N_(g) + 3H.(g) = 2NH,(g) b) Phan ung nung voi: CacO,(s) —- CaO(s) + CO,{g) 7, Ammonia (NH,) duoc diéu ché bang phan tng: N.(g) + 3H.(9) = 2NH,(9) Ot °C, ndng d6 cdc chat 6 trang thai can bang la [INQ] = 0,45 M; (H,] = 0,14 M; [NH,] = 0,62 M. Tinh hang s6 can bang K, cla phan Wng trén tal t °C. b) ¥ nghia cua hang sé can bang Hang sé can bang K, phy thudc vao ban chat cilia phan tng va nhiét 46. icy} AP iBP thuan cang chiém wu théhon va ngueclai, Ke céngnhé thi phan tng nghich cang chiém uu thé hon. Bigu thirc xac dinh hang s6 can bang Ke~ cho thay: K cng [én thi phan ting @cic YEU T6 ANH HUONG DEN SU CHUYEN DICH CAN BANG HOA HOC 41. Anh hueng cia nhiét do. @) thinghiem 1. Anh huéng cua nhiét 46 dén sy chuyén dich cén bing: 2NO{g) = N,0,(9) AcHBee < 0 (mau nau 46) (khong mau) Chudn bj: 3 éng nghiém chia khi NO, nut kin cé mau giéng nhau, céc nus da, céc nuée néng. Tién hanh: — Ong nghiém (1) d8 so sanh. — Ngam éng nghiém (2) vao céc nuée da trong khoang 1 — 2 phitt. — Ngam éng nghiém (3) vao céc nuéc néng trong khoang 1 — 2 phuit.Luu y: NO, 1a métkhi déc, chi ¥ nut kin éng nghiém Q) a 8 Nusa Nuécnéng Hinh 1.2. Anh huéng cua nhiét d6 dén su chuyén dich can bang 2NO{g) = N,0,(g) Quan sat sy thay déi mau s&c cua khi trong céc éng nghiém va hoan thanh vao vo theo mau bang sau: Tac d6ng Hign | Chiéu chuyén dich can bang | Chiéu chuyén dich can bang tuong (thuaninghich) (toa nhietithu nhiet) Tang nhiét do Giam nhiét 46 Thi nghigém 2. Anh hung ctia nhiét dé dén sy chuyén dich can bang: CH,COONa + H,0 — CH,COOH + NaOH AH8gq > 0 Chuan bi: dung dich CH,COONa 0.5 M, phenolphthalein; céc nuéc néng, céc nu6c da, 3 6ng nghiém. Tién hanh: = Cho khoang 10 mL dung dich CH,COONa 0,5 M vao céc thuy tinh, them 1-2 giot phenolphthalein, knudy du = Chia dung dich thu dugc vao 3 éng nghiém. Ong nghiém (1) dé so sénh, éng nghiém (2) ngam vao cdc nuéc 4a, dng nghiém (3) ngam vao céc nuéc néng @ a) (| 8) Nude ds Dung dich Nude néng CH,COONa + Phenolphthalein Hinh 1.3. Anh huéng ctia nhigt a6 dén su chuyén dich can bang CH,COONa + H,0 => CH,COOH + NaOH Quan sat sv thay di mau sc cila dung dich trong cée éng nghiém va hoan thanh vao v6 theo mau bang sau: Tae déng Hién | Chiu chuyén dich can bang | Chiéu chuyén dich can bang tugng (thuaninghich) (phan ung toa nhiét/thu nhiet) Tang nhiét 46 Giam nhiét 6Khi tng nhiét a, can b&ng chuyén dich theo chiéu lam giam nhiét dé, tic la chiéu phan (ng thu nhiét (A,H89g> 0), nghia [a chiéu lam gidm t&c déng cua viée t8ng nhiét d6 va nguot lai 2. Anh huéng etia néng ag 9 Nghién ctu anh hueng cua néng 46 dén sw chuyén dich can bang: CH,COONa +H,O = CH,COOH + NaOH Thi nghiém nghién ctru anh hudng cla néng 46 dén sy chuyén dich can bang trén duoc the hién nhu sau: — Cho mét vai giot phenolphthalein vao dung dich CH,COONa, lac déu, dung dich 6 mau héng nhat. — Chia dung dich thu dugc vao ba 6ng nghiém voi thé tich gan bang nhau. Ong Nghiém (1) dé so sanh, 6ng nghiém (2) thém vai tinh thé CH,COONa, 6ng nghiém (3) them mét vai giot dung dich CH,COOH. SN Dung dich (@1,C00H Q) a @ Tinh thé ‘CH,COONa Dung dich | ‘CHjCOONa + Pherolphthalein| | Hinh 1.4. Anh huéng cla néng a dn sy chuyén dich can bang CH,COONa + H,0 = CHjCOOH + NaOH Quan sét su thay d6i mau sac cla dung dich trong cdc éng nghiém (Hin 1.4) va hoan thanh vo v6 theo m&u bang sau: Tae d6ng Hign | Chiéu chuyén dich can bang | Chiéu chuyén dich can bang tugng (thuan/nghich) (taing/giam néng 46) Tang néng 46 CH,COONa CH,COOH Khi tng néng a6 mét chat trong phan tng thi can bang hod hoc bi phd vé-va chuyén dich theo chiéu lam gidm néng d6 cla chat d6 va nguoc lai.6, Cho cae can bang sau: CaCO,(s) = Cad0(s) + CO{g) A,H3qg= 176 kJ 2S0,(9) + O,(9) = 280,(g) A, Hoag = —198 kJ Néu tng nhiét 46, cac cn bang trén chuyén dich theo chiéu nao? Giai thich 9. Ester la hop chat htru co dé bay hoi, mét sé ester duoc sir dung lam chat tao mui thom cho céc loai banh, thc pham. Phan tng diéu ché ester a mét phan uing thuan nghich: CH,COOH(!) + C,H,OH(!) = CH,COOC,H,(!) + H,O(/) Hay cho biét can bang trén chuyén dich theo chidu nao néu a) Tang néng 46 cia CH.OH. b) Giam néng d6 cla CH,COOC,Hs. Anh hung ciia ap suat toi chuyén dich can bat 2N0,(9) = N,0,9) (maun’vei) — (hengma) Thinghigm nghién cu anh hung cia dp sudt dén su chuyén dich cin bang tn dug thy hign nhus sau: Lay mt ng xfanh dung kh NO, Bly pit-t6ng rung dé lim gidm th tch va lam ting dp sud trong ng. Landy, mau cia kh trong xilanh dm hon. Sau mt thdigian, khitrong Gnglainhat mau hon (Hin 1.5) Nhu vy, khitang Ap suit, cin bing trén chuyén dich theo chiéu am gidm s6 mol kh trong xilanh BIET yl Hinh 1.5. Anh huéng ctia ap sudt dén sy chuyén dich can bang 2NO,(g) = N20,(9) Khi tng ap suat chung cda hé, thi cn bang chuyén dich theo chiéu lam giém ap suat, tthe 1a chiéu lam gidm sé mol ki va nguroc lal. 6i v6i phan ting thuan nghich cé téng hé s6 ti long cla cdc chat khi & hai vé cda phuong trinh hod hoc bang nhaw thi trang thai can b&ng cila hé khéng bi chuyén dich ki thay d6i 4p suat chung cua hé.@ 40.Cho cac can bang sau: Bem cosiét Reece ape sash ting thudn nghich xdy b) CO(g) + H.0(g) <= Hala) + CO2(a) Tal ted chim th cht te ip ¢) PCl.(g) = Cl{g) + PCl(g) hé phan ting nhanh dat téi trang thdi d) H,(g) + I4(g) = 2HI(g) can bing, Chat nic tc im tng t6c d6 . : han ung thuan va phan ng nghich voi Néu tng 4p sudt va git nguyén nhiét a6, cae ‘slanting Ne rénkhonglon a can bang trén chuyén dich theo chidu nao? ——_ichcinbing, Giai thich 3. Nguyén li chuyén dich can bang Le Chatelier Qua viée nghién cu cac yéu #6 anh hudng dén can bang, nha hod hoc nguoi Phap Le Chatelier (Lo Sa-to-li-é) da dua ra mét nguyén li mang tén ng nhu sau: Mot phan Gng thuan nghich dang & trang thai cn bang, khi chiu mét tac dng bén ngoai lam thay 48i ndng 46, nhiét 46, ap sudt thi can bang sé chuyén dich theo chiéu lam giam tac déng bén ngoai 46. Nguyén li chuyén dich can bang Le Chatelier co y nghia rat l6n khi duoc van dung vao ki thuat céng nghiép hoa hoc. Ngui ta cé thé thay adi cdc diéu kién 46 chuyén dich ‘cn bang theo chiéu mong muén, lam tang hiéu suat cla phan tng. Vi du: Trong céng nghiép, ammonia dug t6ng hop theo phan ung N.(g) + 3H,(g) == 2NH,(9) A,H9gg = -91,8 kJ yéu t6 dp sudt: Theo phuong trinh hoa hoc cla phan ung trén, khi phan ung xay ra lam giam sé mol khi clia hé. Do 46, theo nguyén li Le Chatelier, khi tang ap sudt thi can bang trén chuyén dich theo chiéu thuan, turc la theo chiéu tao ra nhiéu ammonia hon. Thy té, phan wng téng hop ammonia thong durge thyc hién & ap suat khoang 200 bar. Yéu 16 nhiét a6, Phan tng trén la phan tng toa nhiét. Do d6, dé can bang chuyén dich vé phia tao thanh ammonia, can thyc hién phan Ung o nhiét d6 thap. Tuy nhién, & nhiét a6 thap, téc 46 cla phan teng nay rat cham. Vi vay thc té, ammonia dug ting hop & nhiét do khoang 450 °C. Ngoai ra, dé tang t6c 49 phan ving, ngudi ta sir dung chat xuic tac la bot Fe. 41, Trong céng nghiép, khi hydrogen duc diéu ché nhu sau: Cho hoi nuéc di qua than nung néng, thu durgc hén hop khi CO va H, (goi la khi than vot): C(s) + H,0(g) = CO(g) + H2(g) Hog = 130 kd a) Tr6n khi than uct vai hoi nuéc, cho hén hgp di qua chat xuc tac Fe,O,; CO(g) + H,O(g) = CO,(g) + H2(9) AsHgg =—42kJ (2)a) Van dung nguyén Ii Le Chatelier, hay cho biét cn tac dong yéu t6 nhiét 46 nhur thé nao 4 cac can bang (1), (2) chuyén dich theo chiéu thuan b) Trong thuc t8, & phan tng (2), Iuong hoi nuéc duoc ly dur nhidu (4 —5 lan) so v6i khi carbon monoxide. Giai thich c) Néu tang ap suat, can bang (1), (2) chuyén dich theo chiéu nao? Gia 42.Trong co thé nguéi, hemoglobin (Hb) két hop oxygen theo phan tng thuan nghich duc biéu dign don gin nhw sau: Hb +0, =» HbO, © phdi, néng d6 oxygen lén nén canbangtrén chuyén dich sang phai, hemoglobin két hop véi oxygen. Khi én cc mé, néng 46 oxygen thap, can bang trén chuyén dich sang trai, giai phéng oxygen. Néu thiéu oxygen 6 n&o, con ngudi cé thé bi dau dau, chong mat. a) Van dung nguyén li chuyén dich can bang Le Chatelie, em hay dé xuat bién phap dé oxygen Ién nao durge nhiéu hon? b) Khi lén nti cao, mot s6 ngudi cling gap hién tong bi dau dau, chong mat. Dua vao can bang trén, em hay giai thich hién tong nay. thich. EM DAHOC Phan tng thuan nghich la phan tng xay ra theo hai chiéu trai nguoc nhau trong cling diéu kién. C&n bang hod hoc Ia trang thai cla phan tig thuan nghich, tai d6 téc d6 phan ng thuan bang téc 46 phan Ung nghich. Bidu thirc hang sé cén bang K,, cla phan ting thuan nghich aA + bB = cC + dDia: (cro Kes [AP IB} Kg chi phy thuéc mhiét 46 va ban chat cila phan tng, khéng phu thuéc néng 46 ban dau cia cac chat. Khéng biéu dién néng dé chat rén trong biéu thirc hang sé can bang. Nguyén Ii chuyén dich can bang Le Chatelier: Mét phan Ung thuan nghich ang 6 trang thai can bang, khi chiu mét tac déng bén ngoai nhu bién adi néng 46, nhiét 46, ap suat thi can bang sé chuyén dich theo chiéu lam giam tac dong bén ngoai do. ds * Van dung dugc nguyén Ii chuyén dich can bang Le Chatelier dé giai thich cac can bang hoa hoc dign ra trong ty nhién va trong co thé nguoi. Ap dung trong viéc cham séc sire khoé va giai thich céc hién tong trong ty nhién.... * Xac dinh dug cac yéu t6 can tac déng dé can bang hoa hoc chuyén dich theo chiéu mong muén, lam tang hiéu suat phan tng.CAN BANG TRONG DUNG DICH NUGG MUCTIEU: Néu duoc kid nigm su dig i, chat ign i, chat khong dign i. Trinh bay duc thuyét Bronsted — Lowry vé acid — base. Neu duoc kha nigm va y nghia cia pH trong thuc tén, Viet duge bigu thi tinh pH va biét céch st dung cic chit chi thi d€ xdc dinh pH bing cdc chat chithi ph bign nhu giy chi thi mau, quy tim, phenolphthalein,... Neu duoc nguyen técxécdinh néng a acid, base manh bang phuong phap chun 46. Thutc ign dugc thi nghi8m chun d6 acid ~ base: Chuén 46 dung dich base manh (sodium hydroxide) bing acid manh (hydrochloric acid). — Tinh bay duc nghia thyctién cin bing trong dung dich nuéc ca ion AB, Fe®* va COP. Hinh 2.1 cho thd gid tr pH ciia dung dich m6t sé chat thong dung, Vay pH la gi?pH c6 énh huténg gi dén dei séng? Xéc dinh pHahu thé ndo? 29998900 Dichdadiy Nude Ruguvang —_Nule_— pha den chanhép ‘chusiép 29090008 3, againg Cth ia, | Hphing sien ‘ganing ammonia int 2.4. Cis te pH cia mét sd Ant: ich @sy DIEN LI 4. Hign tueng dién li Ciimreoeerae: Thi nghiém thir tinh dan aién cla nuéc, muéi an va dung dich mui an duoc thue hin nhu mé t& A Hinh 2.2. ei Muéi an ah khiét tinh kehiét Hinh 2.2. Thirtinh dan dién cia dung dich muéi anThue hién yéu cu: a) Hay nhac lai khai niém dong dién. b) Bén sang cho thay dung dich NaCI dan dién, chimng 16 trong dung dich co hat mang dién. D6 cé thé la loat hat nao (electron, phan ttr NaCl, cation hay anion)? c) Hay giai thich su tao thanh hat mang dién dé. Qua trinh phan li cac chat trong nu@c tao thanh ion dugc goi la sy dién li. Nhdng chat khi tan trong nuéc phan lira cac ion dugc goi la chat dién Ii Oo Bemeopier Su phan li ca NaCI trong nuéc Mang tinh thé Nacl NaCl i hgp chation, trong tinh thé cé cic ion Na* va Clr ién ket vt 9 4 nhau bang Ic hiit tinh dién, Nuéc la mAt dung méi phan cue. Khicho crf} A (] —*S. tinh thé NaCl v0 nud, céc ion Na va Cr trén bé mat hut cc phan tt Ch rnuéc lai gfn. Ccphan tiznuéc huéng cdc déu dm vaoion Na*, cic déu "2 duong vao ion CI- va lam yéu lién két gitfa cc cation, anion trong tinh oe thé va khuéch tn vao nutdc(Hinh 2.3). aye > Qué tinh trén dugc bigu dién mot cich don gin bang phung trinh dign li: NaCl(aq) —> Na*(aq) + Crfaq). Phan tH, Hinh 2.3. M6 hinh bibu dién su phan li cua NaC! trong nuée 2. Chat dign fi a) Chat dién li va chat khong dién li ©) Timm hidu va chat aign ti va chat khdng aign ti Két qua thi tinh dan dién vei c&c dung dich hydrochloric acid (HCl), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), saccharose (C,)H,,0,,), ethanol (C,H,OH) duge trinh bay trong bang doi day. Hay hoan thanh cdc théng tin cén thiéu trong bang vao vo: Dung dich | Dung dich Hel NaOH Hign tuong Ben sang | Den sang ‘Dung dich ethanol Dan khong | Ben khong sang sang Dung dich dan dién/kh6ng dan dién Célkhéng cé cae ion trai dau trong dung dich Chat aién lifchat khéng dién li Thi nghiém trén cho thay: cac chat nhu hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide... tan trong nuéc phan li ra cc ion nén ching la chat dién li. Saccarose, ethanol, khéng phan li ra céc ion nén ching la chat khéng dién Ii‘Su phan li mét chat thanh céc ion mang dién trai du trong dung dich duge biéu dién bang phuong trinh dién li. Vi du: NaQH(aq) —> Na*(aq) + OH (aq) ; HCl(aq) —> H*(aq) + Cl-(aq) b) Chat dién li manh va chat dién li yéu © s0 sanh kha ning phan litrong nuée cua HCI va CH,COOH ét qua thi tinh dan dién véi dung dich HCI 0,1 M va dung dich CH,COOH 0,1 M cho thay trréng hyp céc dyng dung dich HCI 0,1 M béng dén sang hon. Thue hién yéu cdu sau: HAy so sénh sé ion mang dién trong hai dung dich trén, tir 46 cho biét acid nao phan limanh hon. Dua vao mire a6 phan li thanh cac ion, chat dién li ec chia thanh hai loai: * Chat dién li manh la chat khi tan trong nu@ec, hau hét cac phan tl chat tan déu phan li raion. Cac chat dién li manh thuong gap la: — Cac acid manh: HCl, HNO, HySO,,. — Cac base manh: NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH),, Ba(OH).,... — Hau hét cdc mudi Qué trinh phan li cla chat dién li manh xy ra gan nhu hoan toan va duoc biéu dién bang mai tén mét chigu. HNO, —» H* + NO; NaOH —> Nat + OH” Na,CO,—> 2Nat + CO © Chat dién Ii yéu la chat khi tan trong noc chi co mét phan sé phan tir chat tan phan li raion, phan con lai van tén tai 6 dang phan tlr trong dung dich. Vi du: trong dung dich CH,COOH 0,1 M, ct? 1000 phan tir hoa tan thi chi c6 3 phan tir phan li thanh ion, con lai tén tai & dang phan tl. Nhtmng chat dién li yéu gm cac acid yéu nh CH;COOH, HCIO, HF, H3CO,,... va base yéu nhu Cu(OH),, Fe(OH)... Qué trinh phan li cua chat dién li yéu la mét phan tng thuan nghich va dugc biéu dién bang hai niva mii ten nguoc chiéu nhau CH3COOH = H* + CH,;COO-. é, \Viét phurong trinh dién Ii ctia cae chat sau: HF, HI, Ba(OH),, KNO,, Na,SO,,o Mem cowier Phuong trinh ion nit gon ‘rong dung dich, chat align li phan lithanh cdc ion va chinh céc ion nay tructiép tham gia vao phan ting hod hoc. Dovvy, phuong trinh dang ion rit gon dugcsif dung 8 biu din cdc phan Ging xay ra gia cdc chit din li. Vidu 1:Khi cho dung dich HCl (chitaion H* va CI) tac dung v6i dung dich NaOH (chia ion Nat va OH"), thyct& chi xdy ra phan ting gia ion H* va OH” theo phuong trinh ion rit gon: H+ 0H" —> H,0 Vidu 2: Khi cho dung dich Ba(, téc dung véi dung dich Na,SO,, thucté chi xay ra phan img gia ion Ba** va SO} theo phuong trinh ion nit gon: Ba’+ +-S0}-—> BaS0, Phuong trinh ion rit gon cho biét ban chat cia phan ting trong dung dich cic chat dién li. @® twuvér acio-Base cUA BRONSTED — LOWRY 1. Khai niém acid va base theo thuyét Bronsted — Lowry ©) cho cée dung dich: HCI, NaOH, NaCO,. a) Viét phuong trinh dién li ca cc chat trén, b) Str dung may do pH (ho&e giéy pH) xéc dinh pH, méi trréng (acid/base) ctia c&c dung dich tren. c) Theo kha nigm acid-base trong mén Khoa hoc tur nhién & \6p 8, trong nhtng cht cho 6 trén: Chat nao la acid? Chat nao la base? Khai niém acid-base dé cap 6 Iép 8 chi ding voi dung méi nue va chu phan anh day dii ban chat acid/base. Nam 1923, nha hoa hoc nguéi Ban Mach J. Bransted (Bron- stét) va nha hod hoc ngudi Anh T. Lowry (Lao-ri) 4 dua ra mét dinh nghfa téng quat hon vé acid, base. Thuyét Bransted — Lowry cho rang acid la chat cho proton (H*) va base la chat nhan proton. Vidu 1: HCl + H,Q ——> H,O' + Cr He Trong phan wng trén: HCI cho H*, HCI la acid; H,O nhan H*, H,0 Ia base. Vidy 2: NHs + H20 = NH} + OH He Trong phan wng thuan, NH3 nhan H* cla H,O, NH, la base, H,0 la acid. Trong phan tng nghich, ion NH% la acid, ion OH la base. Vidy 3:CQS + HO == HCO;+ OH" He Trong phan tng thuan, CO2" nhan H* cia H,O, CO2" Ia base, H,O [a acid. Trong phan eng nghich, ion HCO; Ia acid, ion OH" la base.Vidu 4: a)HCO3 +H,O = H,0'+ CO} Lo fT Trong phan tng thuan, HCO; nhuong H*, HCO; la acid, HO [a base. Trong phan ng nghich CO3~ Ia base, H,O* la acid. b) HCO; + HO == HO + HCO; Lit] Trong phan ting thuan, HCO; nhan Ht tir nude, HC phan ting nghich HCO, la acid, OH" la base. lon HCO} vira co thé nhan H*, vira c6 thé cho H*, vay HCO3 c6 tinh chat Iuéng tinh. Phan tir HO ciing vira cé thé nhén H*, vira co thé cho H* nén H,O cing la chat lu6ng tinh. la base, H,0 Ia acid. Trong @ 2. Dua vao thuyét acid ~ base cla Bransted — Lowry, hay xc dinh chét nao la acid, cht nao la base trong cac phan tng sau: a) CH,COOH + H,O = CH,COO- + H,0* b) S*+H,0 = HS-+OH- Nv . Uu diém ciia thuyét Bronsted —Lowry Theo thuyét Arrhenius, trong phan tl: acid phai c6 nguyén tl H, trong nuéc phan |i ra ion H*, trong phan ter base phai co nhom OH, trong nuGc phan lira ion OH”. Thuyét Arrhenius chi dung cho truong hop dung moi ja nudc. Thuyét acid — base cla Bronsted — Lowry tong quat hon thuyét Arrhenius, phan tir khong co nhom OH nhu NH; hodc ion nh CO3" cting la base. Thuyét acid-base cia Bronsted — Lowry con cé thé mé rng dai véi nhing phan ting acid — base trong dung moi khong phdi nuéc.Vidu, perchloricacid (HCID,) trong dung mdiaceticacid (CH, OOH), xayra phan tng: HClO, + CH,COOH <== ClO; + CH,COOHy Tong phan tng trén, HCO, fa acid vila chat cho H*, con CH,COOH la base vila chét hn H*, @ wHA1 nieM pH VAY NGHIA CUA pH TRONG THUC TIEN i Tich s6 ion cia nuéc(Ky)"” Trong ae nudc, tich s6) ok =[H*}{OH7] a m6t hang sé, chi phu thudc vao nhiét d6 va duoc goi la tich sé ion cia nuic, 625 °C, Ky = 10°, tuy nhign gid tri nay 6 thé dugc dig kh nhigt d khong kha nhigu vii 25 °C. 86 véi néctinh as (H*]=[0H7]= Vio" = 107 (mol/L). (® Trong ki hiéu Ky, w la viét tat cua tir tiéng Anh: water (nuéc). 201. Khai niém pH Néng 6 ion H* hoc ion OH- duoc ding dé danh gia tinh acid hoac tinh base cila cac dung dich. Tuy nhién, néu céc dung dich cé néng 46 H+, néng d6 OH- thp, chung la nhing sé co sé mii am hoac cé nhiéu chi s6 thap phan. Vi vay, dé tién siv dung, nguéi ta ding dai long pH voi quy ude nhu sau: pH= Ig "|= 10774 Trong 46 [H*] la néng 46 mol cla ion H*. Néu dung dich cé [H*] = 10-* mol/L thi pH = a. Vi du: [H*] = 10-2 mol/L thi pH = 2 Méi trong acid la mdi truéng c6 [H*] > [OH-] nén [H*] > 10-7 mol/L hay pH < 7. Méi truréng base la méi trréng c6 [H*] < [OH] nén [H*] < 10-7 mol/L hay pH > 7. MGi tru’éng trung tinh la m6i trong cé [H*] = [OH-] = 10-7 mol/L hay pH = 7 Thang pH throng dung cé gid tri tt 1 dén 14. HA qos 107 10-4 A oh pH 1062030 4 5 6 U7 BO OO 12 134 t < acid trung tinh: base > @ . Mét loai dau géi dau co néng G6 ion OH™ 1a 10-7 mol/L. a) Tinh néng dé ion Ht, pH cia loai dau géi néi trén. b) Mi trvéng cita loai dau goi dau trén la acid, base hay trung tinh? 4, Méthoe sinh lam thi nghiém xac dinh 46 pH cilia dt nhu sau: Lay mét long aét cho vao nue réiloc ly phan dung dich. Dung may pH do durgc gia tri pH la 4,52. a) Hay cho biét méi truéng cilia dung dich la acid, base hay trung tinh. b) Loai dat trén due gol la dat chua. Hay dé xuat bién phap dé giam 6 chua, tang 46 pH clia dat, 5. pH clia dung dich nao sau day c6 gia tri nhé nhat? A. Dung dich HCI 0,1 M B. Dung dich CH,COOH 0,1 M. C. Dung dich NaCl 0,1 M. D, Dung dich NaOH 0,01 M. 22. Ynghia ctia pH trong thus tin “Gem cosiét Chi 86 pH 6 ¥ nghta to lén trong thure tién, pH c6 lin (hi sf pH trong. nude tigu quan dén strc khoé cla con ngudi, sy phat trién cla —_—_thuogtrongkhodng48~7,0. dong vat, thy vat... Néu pH nude tiéu cao trén 80, bénh nhan cé thé dang Nuéc bot mac mét s6 bénh nhu sdi I thin, nhiém tring duing tietnigu,... pH =7,3-7,4 Néu pH nudc tiéu thép dudi Nude tiéu padi 5,0, nude tiéu c6 tinh acid hon pH=48-7,0. SHE, 5 35 binh thudng, benh nan c6 thé Rudtnon oo ang mic bénh tiéu dudng, pH 7 tiu chy, mat nud... Rudt gia pH=5,5-7,0 Hinh 2.4. Chi sé pH ctia cdc dich trong co’ thé (1) Trong co thé clla ngu@i, mau va cac dich cilia da day, mt,... déu co gia tri pH trong mét khoang nhat dinh. Chi s6 pH trong co thé co lién quan dén tinh trang ste khoé. Néu chi s6 pH tang hoc giém dét ngét, khéng nam trong giéi han cho phép thi co thé la dau hiéu ban dau cia bénh li, nguéi bénh can duec kham dé tim ra nguyén nhan. Mét sé déng vat séng dui nuéc cn méi trong co gid tri pH thich hop, vi du: t6m va cua séng trong méi tung nudc co pH khoang 7,5 — 8.5. Mét sé loai thurc vat chi phat trién t6t trong dat co gia tri pH thich hgp, vi du Cayché Cay la Cay ca chua pH 45-55 (55-65 6,0-7.0 Trong déi séng hang ngay, cac san pham nhu dau goi, xa phdng, kem duéng da... ciing déu cn c6 gid tri pH trong mét khoang nhat dinh dé an toan cho ngudi st? dung @, Do pH aia mét céc nuée chanh dugc gid ti pH bang 2.4. Nhan dinh no sau day khéng ding? A. Nuc chanh c6 méi trong acid. B. Néng d6 ion [H*] cla nuréc chanh la 10-24 mol. C, Néng dé ion [H*] clia nus chanh Ia 0,24 mol/L. D. Néng 46 ca ion [OH] clia nuée chanh nhé hon 10-7 mol/L. 7. Nuc Javel (chira NaClO va NaCi) duoc dung lam chat tay rira, khir tring. Trong dung dich, ion ClO- nhan proton ctia nurée dé tao thanh HCIO. a) Viét phuong trinh hoa hoc cia phan ting xay ra va xac dinh chat nao la acid, chat nao [a base trong phan ting trén. b) Dya vao phan ting, hay cho biét méi truéng ctla nuéc Javel la acid hay base. () Nguén: Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology. 224, Xac dinh pH Gia tri pH cla dung dich duge xac dinh gan dung bang cach sir dung chat chi thi acid - base. Khi can xac dinh gi tri pH chinh xac hon, nguoi ta sir dung may do pH. Chat chi thi acid — base la chat cé mau sac bién déi phy thuéc vao gia tri pH cla dung dich. Mét s6 chat chi thi nhur gidy pH, gidy quy, phenolphthalein co mau sac thay déi trong cac khoang pH khac nhau (Bang 2.1). Bang 2.1. Mau cua gidy pH, gidy quy va phenolphthalein trong dung dich & c&c khoang PH kha nhau Gidy quy pH <8 Khéng mau cyt EE SSSR ©) Lam chét chi thimau ttrhoa dgu biécibap eal tim Chuan bi: — Hoa au biéc (khoang 50 g) hoac bap cai tim thai nhé (khoang 100 g). — Céc thuy tinh 250 mL, nude séi, dtta thuy tinh, lusi/vai loc. = Cée céc (44 durge dan nhan) dung gidm an, nuée C sti, nuéc rira bat, nude soda, nude mudi. — Gidy pH ho&e may do pH. Tién hanh: — Ngam khoang 50 g hoa dau biéc/100 g bap cai tim 44 duc chuan bi vao 100 mL nue s6i trong khoang 10 phiit. Loc bang lui loc hoc vai loc, thu duoc dung dich. Dung dich nay duge sir dung lam chat chi thi. — Dlng may do pH (hoae giéy pH) xac dinh pH cita cac dung dich — Cho vai giot chat chi thi lan Ivot vao cac dung dich: giém an, nuéc C sti, nude ria bat, nuéc soda, nuéc mudi va khudy déu. Quan sat sy adi mau cia cae dung dich Hoan thanh théng tin theo mau bang sau vao vo: Phenolphthalein pH Mau cia chat chi thi Mi trong acid/base 23f Bemco wet Chat chithi mau trong tu nhién Hoa dau biéc, hoa cém td céu, hoa dam but, bap cditim,... 6 chita cc en ® hhgp chat hiu co mang mau va mau sic cia ching thay d6i theo pH cia ‘méitrung nén c6 thé st dung chiing lam chat chithi mau. Hoa ju biée Vidu: sic t6 tao mau dac trung cho dau biéc la cdc hgp chat thudc nhém anthocyanin, mét trong nhitng chat chéng oxi hoa tu nhién. 6 mai truang pH nhé hon 7 (méi rung acid), anthocyanin chuyén sang mau 4 tim, 4 mdi trudg pH Ldn hon 7 (mdi trudng base) chiing chuyén sang mau Hoa dimbyt Hoa cm ti cau yanh sém. Hinh 2.5. Mét s6 loai thre vat 06 thé str dung lam chat chi thj mau @suTuuy PHAN cia céc 10N 1, Méi truéng cla mét sé dung dich mudi ©) cho eae cung dich sau Na,CO,, AICI, FeCl,. 1. Dung gidy pH xac dinh gia tr pH gan ding cia cae dung dich trén. 2. Nhén xét va giai thich vé méi trvéng cia cae dung dich trén. Khi tan trong nude, muéi phan li thanh céc ion, Phan tng gita ion voi nuéc tara cac dung dich cé méi truéng khac nhau du¢c goi la phan teng thuy phan. Vi dy 1: Trong dung dich Na,CO,, ion Na* khéng bi thuy phan, con CO thuy phan trong nuéc tao ion OH" theo phuong trinh: COF+H,0 = HCO; + OH- Vi vay, dung dich Na,CO, co méi truéng base. Na,CO, duge str dung trong cong nghiép thc pham, dét, nhuém, céng nghiép thuy tinh, silicate, Vi dy 2: Trong dung dich AICI, va FeCl, ion Cl- khong bi thuy phan, cdc ion AIS va Fe** bj thuy phan trong nuéc tao ion H* theo phuong trinh & dang don gian nhu sau: AIS* + HO = AI(OH)* + Ht Fe + H,0 = Fe(OH) + Ht Do 46, dung dich AICI,, FeCl, c6 méi truéng acid. Trong the té, cac loai d&t co chura nhiéu ion AlS*, Fe% c6 gié tri pH thp hay con goi la dat chua. Dé khir chua, ngudi ta bon véi cho dat. Cac muéi nhém va sat, vi du: phén nhém ((NH4)zS0,.Alo(SO,)3.24H,0) va phén st ((NH,),80,,Fe{SO,)3.24H,0) duoc sir dung lam chét keo tu trong qua trinh xir Ii nuéc, dung lam chat cam mau trong céng nghiép dét, nhudm, hodic lam chat két dinh, chéng nhoé trong céng nghiép gidy, 24@® cn 06 acio-pase 1. Nguyén tac Chuan dé la phurong phap xéc dinh néng do clia mét chat bang mét dung dich chuan 4 biét néng d6. Dua vao thé tich cla cdc dung dich khi phan ung vira di voi nhau, xac dinh durgc néng a6 dung dich chat cn chuan 49. Trong phong thi nghiém, néng 46 cla dung dich base manh (vi dy NaOH) durgc xac inh bang mot dung dich acid manh (vi du HCl) aa biét truéc néng 46 mol dua trén phan ung: NaOH + HCl —> NaCl +H,0 Khi cdc chat phan tng vira di véi nhau, sé mol HCl phan ting bang sé mol NaOH. Taco: Vurer“CHcr = Viaon Crraott Trong a6: Cyici V8 Cyaox [an uot la ndng 46 mol cilia dung dich HCI va dung dich NaOH: Vici Va Vivaou [an Iuot a thé tich cia dung dich HC! va dung dich NaOH (cting don vi do). Khi biét Vijcy. Vivgous tfong qua trinh chuan d6 va biét Gyo, $8 tinh UOC Cysoy Thoi diém 48 két thc chuan do duoc xéc dinh bang sw déi mau clia chat chi thi phenolphthalein. x Thyc hanh chudn d@ acid - base Chudn bi: Dung dich HC10, 1 M; dung dich NaQHnéng d6khoang 0,1 M; dung dich phenolphthalein. Pipette 10 mL; burette 25 mL; binh tam giéc 100 mL; binh tia nuéc cat; gid do; kep burrete. Tién hanh: Dung pipette ly 10 mL dung dich HCI 0,1 M cho vao binh tam giac, thém 1-2 giot phenolphthalein. — Cho dung dich NaOH vao burette, digu chinh dung dich trong burette vé mirc 0. M@ Khoa burette, nhé tung giot dung dich NaOH xuéng binh tam gidc (lac déu trong qué trinh chuan 46) dén khi dung dich xudt hién mau héng nhat (bén trong khoang 10 giay) thi dirng chuan dé. Ghi lai the tich dung dich NaOH da dung Tién hanh chuan dé it nhat ba lan, ghi sé liéu thyre nghiém va hoan thanh vao v6 theo mau bang sau: Thi nghiém 1 25* + \ TA Hinh 2.6. Chudn dé dung dich NaOH bang dung dich HCI Hinh 2.7. Thao tac khi chudn a Luu y: — Trénh &@ cac hoa chat nhur dung dich HCl, dung dich NaOH bin vao tay, mat. — Cac dung cu thuy tinh (binh tam gic, burette, pipette...) d& vd, can can than @, Néu mét sé aiém can chd y trong qua trinh chun 46. 9. Néu mét s6 nguyén nhan cé thé d&in dén sai sé trong qua trinh chudn 46. EMDAHOC Qua trinh phan li cac chat trong nuéc tao thanh céc ion dugc gol la sy dién i Nhang chat khi tan trong nudc phan li ra céc ion duoc goi la chat dién Ii Cac chat khi tan trong nuéc khéng phan lira cac ion durgc goi la chat khong dién ti. Chat khi tan trong nuréc phan li hoan toan thanh cacion la chat dién li manh. Thuyét Bransted — Lowry vé acid-base: acid Ia chat cho proton (H*) va base la chat nhan proton. Biéu thie tinh pH: pH = —Ig[H*] hoac [H*] = 10-4. Chat chi thi acid — base la chat cé mau sc bién ddi phy thudc vao gid tri pH cla dung dich. Cac chat chi thi théng dung gém co: gidy quy, phenolphthalein, giéy pH. Phan Ung gitra ion voi nuéc duge goi la phan ung thuy phan. Chuan 46 la phuong phép xac dinh néng dé cua mét chat bing mot dung dich chuan 4a biét néng 46. Sua Ty lam cht chi thi mau bang céc nguyén liéu dé kiém nhu hoa dau biéc, bap cai tim, Van dung kién thire vé pH trong co thé ngudi dé bao vé, cham séc sire khoé. Xac dinh pH trong méi trvdng (dat, nuéc), tir dé c6 gidi phép cai tao méi trong hoac Iva chon giéng cay tréng, vat nuéi phuc vy cho san xuat néng nghiép, nudi tréng thuy san Biét Ia chon, str dung dugc pham, mi pham, chat tay rlra c6 pH thich hop dé bao vé sic khoé. Xac dinh dugc néng dé dung dich acid — base bang phuong phap chuan 46.BAI XS ON TAP CHUONG1 ui THONG HOA KIEN THUG 1. Cn bang hoa hoc Phan ung mt chiéu Phan ting thuan nghich aA+bB—>cC + dD aA +bB = *cC+dD Phan tng chi xay ra mét chiéu tir chat du | Trong cling diéu kién, phan Ung xay ra theo tao thanh san pham. hai chiu trai ngvge nhau Trang thai cén bang Shad anae néng d6 cac chat trong hé phan tng khéng déi. wan nh pare (oy" “AFP Hing s6 can bang | 09 46: [A (8), [C], [D] fa néng 6 mol etia cae chat 6 trang thal can bang (Chat ran khéng dura vao biéu thite tinh K.. K chi phy thuéc vao ban chat cita phan trng va nhi Cac yéu t8 anh huéng én can bang hoa hoc Nhiét 46, néng 46, ap suat. Nguyén li chuyén dich cn bang Le Chatelier Mét phan ting thuan nghich dang 6 trang thai ean bang, khi chiu mat tac déng bén ngoai nhu 6, néng 6, ap suat thi can bang sé chuyén dich theo chiéu lam giam tac déng bén ngoai do. 2. Cn bang trong dung dich nuoc Su dién li Thuyét acid — base Qua trinh phan li cdc chat trong nuéc tao thanh ion ciia Bronsted - Lowry Chat dién li manh: acid manh, base manh, hau hét mudi. | Acid la chat cho proton. Chat dién li yéu: acid yéu, base yéu. Base la chat nhan proton. Chat khéng dign li: nue, saccharose, ethanol... TH] om eee Se al _——— pH = -Ig(H*] hoac [H*] = 10-4 107 10-14 9 10 1 12 13 14 Trong dung dich nude, mét sé ion nhu Al>*, Fe** va CO} phan wng voi nude tao ra cac dung dich c6 mdi trong acid/base. 27@vven TAP Cau 1. Hng s6 K, clia mét phan teng phy thuéc vao yéu t6 ndo sau day? A. Néng 46. B, Nhiét 46. C. Ap suat. D. Chat xtic tac. Cau 2. Thém nuée vao 10 mL dung dich HCI 1,0 mol/L 8 dug 1 000 mL dung dich A Dung dich moi thu durgc c6 pH thay déi nhu thé nao so véi dung dich ban dau? A. pH gidm di don vi. B. pH giam di 0,5 don vi. C. pH tang gap dei. D. pH tang 2 don vi. Cau 3. Tinh pH clia cae dung dich sau a) Dung dich NaOH 0,1 M; b) Dung dich HCI 0,1 M; c) Dung dich Ca(OH), 0,01 M. Cau. Viét bidu thirc hang sé can bang K, cho cac phan tng sau: a) 250,{g) + 0,(g) == 280,(9) b) 2C(s) + O.(g) = 2CO(g) c) AgCl(s) = Ag*(aq) + C'(aq) Cau 5. Cho can bang hod hoc sau: H,(g) + (9) == 2HI(@) A,H8qq = -9.6 kd Nhan xét nao sau day khéng dung? A. Khi tang nhiét d6, can bang trén chuyén dich theo chiéu nghich 46 khong adi, khi tng p suat thi can bing khéng bi chuyén dich ©. O mhiet 46 khéng di, khi tang néng &@ H, hose |, thi gia tr] hang s6 can bang tang D. trang thai cén bang, téc d6 phan tmg thuan bang téc d6 phan tng nghich. Cau 6. Xét phan Ung xay ra trong lo luyén gang Fe,04(s) + 300(g) = 2Fe(s) + 3003(9) ae <0 Néu cc yéu té (néng d6, nhiét d6, ap suat) can tac déng vao can bang trén dé can bang chuyén dich vé bén phai (lam tang higu suat cua phan ing), Cau 7. Cho c&n bang hod hoc sau: . CO(g) + H,0(9) = H,(g) + CO,/g) © 700°C, hang sé cn baing Kc = 8,3. Cho 1 mol khi CO va 1 mol hoi née vao binh kin dung tich 10 lit va git? & 700 °C. Tinh néng dé cae chat 6 trang thai can bang. 28NITROGEN - SULFUR NITROGEN MUCTIEU: = Phat biéu duoc trang thai tu nhién ciia nguyén td nitrogen. hich dugc tinh tro ca don chat nitrogen 6 nhiét d6 thuing thong qua lén két va gid tri nang luo lign két, Trinh bay dugc su hoat dng cia don chat nitrogen & nhiét d6 cao d6i v6i hydrogen, oxygen. Li ‘qué tinh tao va cung cap nitrate cho dat tirnudc mua, Gidi thich éugc cdc ting dyng cia don chat nitrogen khi va ldng trong san xudt, trong hoat déng nighién cit, he Tiong céng nghigp, don chétnitrogen két hop v6i hydrogen tao thanh ammonia la mét hgp chat quan trong trong sin xudt phan bén, hod chét. Tai sao phan ting trén cén thuc hin & mhigt d6 cao? Bon chétt nitrogen déng vaitré gitrong phan ting dé? @ trance THA Ty wHIEN ©) eu ting cung thu tin ca kni nitrogen va. diém tiéu Chile ma em biét. Trong khi quyén Trai Bat, nitrogen la nguyén t6 phd bién nh, chiém 75,5% khdi lvong (hoac 78,1% thé tich) va tap trung chu yéu 6 tang déi uu. Trong vé Trai Bat, nguyén t6 nitrogen tén tai tap ‘rung 6 mét sé mé khoéng dusi dang sodium nitrate (thuéng goi la diém tiéu Chile). Nguyén t6 nitrogen cé trong tat c& co thé dong vat va thu vat, la thanh phan c&u tao nén nucleic acid, protein,... Trong co thé ngudi, nitrogen chiém khoang 3% khdi long, ding thir tw sau oxygen, carbon va hydrogen. Nguyén 6 nitrogen tén tai trong ty nhién véi hai déng vi bén la “N (99,63%) va 15N (0.37%). Gem cosier Bénh giim 4p ciathalin Ki in sdu dui nc, dp Sut khong kh trong bung phi ting lam luong nitrogen hod tan trong mau ting, Tong qu tri di chuyén len mat nu, 4p sut oli din, Néu nou tha an di chuyén len mat nue qué nhanb, nitrogen king kip chuyén dn va thosta phd, sé tao thanh cc bot kh trong mach méu, Cc bot ki ny im tac mach méu hodcchén ép vao diy thin kinh, gy dau khdp, tli hos ti vong, Hinh 4.1. Tho lan bién 29@ciu TAO NGUYEN TU, PHAN TU 1. Cau tao nguyén tir Nguyén +6 nitrogen & 6 s6 7, nhom VA, chu ki 2 trong bang tuan hoan. Nguyén tir nitrogen c6 a6 am dién 16n (3,04). Nitrogen la phi kim dién hinh Nitrogen tao ra nhigu hop chat voi cac s6 oxi hoa khac nhau tir -3 dén +5. Cac s6 oxi hoa thuréng gap clia nitrogen durgc bidu din 6 truc s6 oxi hod dud day. oO +1 #2 +3 +4 +5 Np 9 1. Sdp xép cac hgp chat sau vao v/ tri tong Ung trong truc biéu dién sé oxi hoa cla nitrogen: NO, N,O, NO, NH3, HNO,, HNO, NH,CI, KNO,, NaNO, 2. Dua vao tnuc biéu dién sé oxi hoa cila nitrogen dé giai thich nitrogen cé ca tinh oxi hod va tinh khir. Viét mét qua trinh oxi hoa va mét qua trinh khi? 48 minh hoa. 2. Cau tao phan tir Phan tir nitrogen gém hai nguyén tir, ign két voi nhau bang lién két ba (1 lién két o va 2lién két n). Phan tir nitrogen c6 nang long lin két Ion (945 kJ/mol) va khdng c6 cyc. Yg 1. Viét c6ng thie electron, céng thie Lewis va céng thtre cu tao cla phan tir nitrogen. 2. Tu cu tao phan tir, hay cho biét tai sao phan tt N, ¢6 nang lung lién két lon. Duy Goan vé kha nang hoat déng hoa hoc clia nitrogen & nhiét 46 thueng @rinn CHAT VAT Li © diéu kién thudng, nitrogen la chat kh, khong I mau, khong mui, khéng vi, kh hoa léng (hoa lng 6 ~196 °C), tan rt it trong nue (1 lit nuréc hoa tan duoc rat 0,012 Iit khi nitrogen). Khi nitrogen Knéng duy tri sy chay va su h6 hap. 4, Dua vao tuong tac van der Waals, hay giai thich tai * Hinh 4.2. Luu tri té bao géc sao don chat N, khé hoa Iéng va it tan trong nuéc. rong’ ning @rinu cua Hos Hoc Nitrogen kha tro & nhiét a6 thong, & nhiét 46 cao, nitrogen trd nén hoat déng hon. Nitrogen thé hign c@ tinh oxi hoa va tinh kht. 301. Tac dung voi hydrogen Gemcosier © nhiét 46 cao, ap suat cao va cé xtic tac, nitrogen Quy trinh Haber-Bosch hoa hgp true tiép voi hydrogen, tao thanh ammonia. Quy trinh Haber-Bosch la mot ‘Day [a qua trinh quan trong nhat dé san xuat ammonia, hia khod quan trong trong thuong gol la qué trinh Haber-Bosch (Ha-bo Bet), duoc ng nghigp sin xuat_ phan phat minh bdi nha hod hoc Fritz Haber (Phé-rit Ha-bo) én, gidp dam bao an ninh Va durgc phat trién boi kT su Carl Bosch (Can Bot), ‘ang thuctoan cfu Qué trinn Haber-Bosch dugc thychién 6 quymé cong —_‘Hlén. nay, quy tinh Haber~ ; h vin dang tigp tuc dt nghigp ti nam 1913; ae ah es No(g)+ 3H,(g) 2 2NH (9) hung tim kiém nhitng xtc tic . . qua hon hm fam gigm Phan ting téng hop ammonia la qué trinh trung ian phigt &6 va gidm ép suat cla quan trong dé san xuatnitric acid, thuéc nd, dam nitrate, phan ting tng hop ammonia. urea, ammophos, 2. Tac dung véi oxygen © nhiét d6 cao trén 3 000 °C hoc cé tia lita dién, nitrogen két hop véi oxygen, taora nitrogen monoxide (NO) voi higu suat rét thap N, (g) + O,(g) = 2NO(Q) AHP = 180,6 kJ. Trong ty nhién, phan Ung trén xay ra trong ning con mura déng kém s&m sét, khdi dau cho qua trinh chuyén hoa tir nitrogen than nitric acid. Nitric acid tan trong nuée mua va phan ira ion nitrate (NO5) la mét dang phan dam ma cay tréng hép thu duoc dé sinh trréng, phat trién. @ Qué trinh tao va cung cép dam nitrate cho a&t tr nuéc mua dugc bigu dign theo so dé: N75 No *™ 5 No,*%*™® HNO, > Ht + NO5 Trong thuc t6, phan ting hoa hop gira nitrogen voi oxygen thuéng xay ra déng thoi voi quatrinh dét chaynhién ligu 6 nhiét a6 caobaing khéng khi. Cachoat déng giao théng van taiva san xut céng nghiép la nguyénnhain chinh gay phatthai cécoxide cla nitrogen vao khi quyén. 6, Trong phuong trinh hoa hoc cila phan tng téng ea hop ammonia, hay xéc dinh cc nguyén tir co su eae arent Poe Toe peace phan dam, tich thay adi s6 oxi hoa va vai tré ctia nitrogen luj tl che nbt sin & 8 cy ho 3. Trong phurong trinh hoa hoc cla phan Ung gita dau. Qué trinh nay gép phén Paige tcl eawnent eee a sung dinh dung a) Hay xéc dinh cdc nguyén tir c6 su thay ddi sé oxi hoa a b) Tai sao thu té khéng sir dung phan tng nay 4é tao ra NO, mét hop chat trung gian quan trong trong c6ng nghiép san xuat nitric acid? 4, Viét cae phuong trinh hoé hoc minh hoa qué trinh s i hinh thanh dam nitrate trong ty nhién xu&t phat ter Hinh 4,3. Cac nét sin & nitrogen 16 cy ho du 31@ UNG DUNG Tac nhan kam lanh Tao khi quyén tro Téng hop ammonia Bao quan thuc pham ©) suu tim mot s6 hinh anh 8 bo cdo, thuyét tinh vé ung dung alia nitrogen trong thuc tién. Slr dung cdc tinh chat vat li va hoa hoc é giai thich co sé khoa hoc cla cc ug dung nay. @ 5. a) Tai sao nitrogen Iéng direc ding dé bao quan mau vat pham trong y hoc? b) Tai sao dung Khi nitrogen a lam cang vé bao bi thc pham ma kh6ng dung khéng khi? Bemecowier Ung dung cita nitrogen long trong y té va cing nghé thy phdm Nitrogen lng fam mo bi déng bang ngay kh tgp xd nén duoc dng digu ti mun cic va mats6 bénh ngodi da. Nitrogen lbng doc phun vao v6 bao bi, sau d6 gan kin nitrogen bién thanh thé Kham cng vo bao bi via bdo vé ‘thu phd khi va cham, vifa bio quan dug thyc phim. ey a oles * Nguyén té nitrogen tén tai trong ty nhién & ca dang don chat (trong khi quyén) va dang hop chat (nitrate, protein, nucleic acid,...). Hai nguyén tir trong phan ti nitrogen lién két voi nhau bang mot lién kétba bén vding nén don chat nitrogen kém hoat dong hoa hoc @ nhiét d6 thuong, hoat G6ng hod hoc manh hon @ nhiét 46 cao. Don chat nitrogen thé hién c tinh oxi hoa (tac dung voi hydrogen) va tinh khtr (tac dung voi oxygen). Nitrogen c6 nhiéu ting dung trong cac nganh san xuat hod chat, bao quan thyc pham, duoc pham, mau vat pham y té.... EMCO THE * Giai thich qué trinh tao va cung cp ion nitrate cho dat tly nudc mua. * Giai thich dugc céc tng dung cia don chat nitrogen & thé khi va thé dng trong bao quan thc pham, dure pham, mau vat pham y té. 32AMMONIA - MUOI AMMONIUM MUCTIEU: = Méta dugccéng thitc Lewis va dang hinh hoc cia phan ti?ammonia. = Twdutgo cia phan ti: ammonia, gidi thich dugc tinh tan, tinh base, tinh khi. Viet dugc pphuigng trinh hod hoc minh hoa. — Van dung duoc kién that vé can bang hod hoc, t6c 6 phan ting, enthalpy cho phan ting ‘téng hop ammonia tif nitrogen va hydrogen trong qua trinh Haber. = Trinh bay dugc tinh chat co ban cia mu6i ammonium va nhan biét ion ammonium trong dung dich, Tinh bay dugc tng dung cia ammonia; ammonium nitrate va méts6 mudi ammonium tan. = Thy hign duge (hoc quan st video) thi nghiém nhan biét dugc ion ammonium trong phan dam chifa ion ammonium, Tirammonia, thong qua phén ting nao 6 thé sin xudt phan dam chia ion ammonium? Ammonia dng vaitro gitrong phan tng de: @anwona 41. Cau tao phan tir ©) 4. vidtcéu hinh electron cia cae nguyén tir H (Z= 1) vaN (Z= 7). 2. Trinh bay cac buse lap céng thirc Lewis ctia phan tir ammonia. Phan tir ammonia dug tao béi mét nguyén ttr nitrogen lién két véi ba nguyén tt hydrogen va cé dang hinh hoc la chép tam giae: ») Hin 5.1. Céng thize Lewis (a) va dang hinh hoc (b) clia phan tir ammonia Dac diém cu tao cla phan tir ammonia: — Nguyén tir nitrogen con mét cap electron khéng lién két, tao ra vung co mat d6 dién tich am trén nguyén tl nitrogen. — Lién két N-H phan cy, cp electron diing chung léch vé nguyén ti nitrogen lam cho nguyén ti? hydrogen mang mét phan dién tich duong — Lién két N-H tong déi ban véi nang Iwong lién két la 386 kJ/mol. 33@, 2. . Tir dae diém céu tao ctia phan tty ammonia, hay giai thich tai sao céc phan tir ammonia cé6 kha néing tao lién két hydrogen manh voi nhau. Hinh 5.2. Lién két hydrogen gilta cdc phan td: ammonia Tinh chat vat li Ammonia tén tai 6 ca trong mdi trvéng dat, nuéc, khéng Khi. Trong co thé ngu¢i, ammonia duoc tao ra trong qua trinh chuy€n hoa thtrc an chia protein. © diéu kién thuéng, ammonia tén tai & thé khi, kh6ng mau, nhe hon khéng khi, mui khai va xéc, Ammonia tan nhiéu trong nuec. © digu kién thudong, 1 lit nec hoa tan urge khoang 700 lit khi ammonia. Ammonia dé hoa léng (hoa long & -33,3 °C) va dé hoa ran (hoa ran 6 -77,7 °C). @ 2. Hay giai thich tai sao ammonia tan t6t trong nu'éc. a, Tinh chat hoa hoc a) Tinh base 9 34 Trong céng nghiép, phan wng gi#a ammonia véi acid duoc dung dé san xuat phan bon NH, + HCI—> NH,CI NH, + HNO, —> NH,NO, 2NH, + H,SO, —> (NH,),SO, Xac dinh chat cho, cht nhn proton trong méi phan trng trén. Dung mali tén dé biéu dign su cho, nhan do. Trong dung dich, mét phan s6 phan tir ammonia nhan Gemcositr proton cila nuréc, tao thanh ion ammonium (NHi): Rearsgpbee (a nde bel plan LA én phic hop, cung cp déng NHs+ HO === NHi+ OH thoi hai nguyén 18 nitrogen Dung dich ammonia co méi tng base yéu, lam va phosphorus cho cay , A 3 tréng. Thanh phén chinh cia quy tim chuyén mau xanh, phenolphthalein chuyén i ammophos [2 sin phim cia mau héng céc phan ting: © thé hi, ammonia cing cé kha nang nha proton, thé NH + HyPO,—> NH,H;PO, hién tinh chat cla mét base Bronsted-Lowry. 2NHy-+ HyPO, —(NHy);HPO, Vi du: NH3(g) + HCl(g) —> NH,CI(s)b) Tinh knee Trong phan tt ammonia, nguyén tir nitrogen cé sé oxi hod 3 (s6 oxi hoa thap nhat cla nitrogen) nén ammonia thé hién tinh ki. Khi dét chéy trong oxygen, ammonia chéy véi ngon Iira mau vang. ANH, +30, "> 2N, + 6H, Trong céng nghiép, phan tng gitra ammonia va oxygen duoc thuc hién & nhiét d6 800 °C - 900 °C véi xtc tac Pt 4NH, +50, "> 4NO +6H,O 2 PE Phan tng trén la giai Goan trung gian quan trong trong Bem copier quatrinn san xuatnitric acid theo phurongphap Ostwald ng rare ja ty hie eo 6,651 C Kh cd sit ic tc v3 3 es nal phan tng oxi hod ammonia bang oxygen ae sf ae & eine ea oe ee 1nd vai khing khi khi ndng 46 a) Xac dinh céc nguyén tl c6 su thay déi sé oxi hoa. Sach aig) GT b) Viét qua trinh oxi hoa, qua trinh Khir. 164% dén25% thé ich, 4. Ung dung Tac nhan lam lanh ‘San xuat nitric acid Dung moi ba a san xuat phan dam ©) sau tim mot 56 hinn anh a8 bao eéo, thuyét trinh vé ting dung ciia ammonia trong thyc tin. Si dung cdc tinh chat vat li va hoa hoc dé giai thich co’ sé khoa hoe cia cdc ting dung nay. 5, San xuat Trong céng nghiép, qué trinh san xuét ammonia thuong duge thyc hién 6 nhiét 46 400 °C — 450 °C, ap suat 150 — 200 bar, xtc tac Fe. N,(@) + 3H,(q) == ‘2NH,(g) A,H® = 91,8 kJ ©) Van dung kién thute va can bang hoa hoe, tée a6 phan ting, bién thién enthalpy a giai thich cc digu kién cla phan ung san xuét ammonia, cy thé: . Néu tang hoae glam nhigt 46 sé anh huéng d&n sur chuy&n dich can bang va téc 9 phan tng nhur thé nao? Néu giam ap suat, can bang chuyén dich theo chiéu nao? Tai sao khéng thychién & ap suat cao hon? Vai tr clia ch&t xc tac trong phan ting la gi? xv » 35@ musi AMMONIUM 1. Tinh tan, su dién li Mt sé mudi ammonium phé bién i i NH,Cl, NH,CIO,, NH,NO;, (NH,),S0,, NH,H3PQ,, Nowy (NH,),HPO,, NH,HCO,, (NH,),Cr,0,. wy Hau hét cdc mudi ammonium au dé tan trong nude Le Ra Re va phan Ii hoan toan ra ion. iia jon ammonium Vi du: NH,Cl —> NHj + Cr. x Tac dung v6i kiém — Nhan biét ion ammonium Khi dun néng hén hep mudi ammonium véi dung dich kiém, sinh ra khi ammonia cd mui khai. Vi du: (NH,)SO, + 2NaOH — a Phuong trinh ion rut gon: NH; + OH —"> NH, +H,0 @itmieatigns Nean Cetin eer merienleeaehadeer Chudn bj: phén bén potassium nitrate va phan bén ammonium chloride dang ran, dung dich NaOH 20%, gidy pH; binh xit tia nurse cat, 2 éng nghiém, kep g6, dén cén. Tién hanh: — Cho khoang 1 g phan bén potassium nitrate vao 6ng nghigm (1) va khoang 1g phan bén ammonium chloride vao éng nghiém (2). —Thém vao mdi éng nghiém khoang 3 mL nude c&t, lic @€u cho tan hét. —Nhé 1 mL dung dich NaOH 20% vo méi ng nghiém, dun néng nhe trén dn cén, —Dua hai mau gidy pH a tm ust vao miéng méi éng nghiém. Quan sét hién tuong va tra I6i cau hoi Dua vao dau hiéu nao dé nhan biét ion ammonium? Giai thich bang phuong trinh hoa hoc. Na,SO, +2NH, + 2H,O » Tinh chat kém bén nhiét Cécmuéi ammonium du kém bén nhiét Ammonium nitrate via [a phan bén nhung dng va d& bi phan huy khi nung néng thi cing cht né do phan cng: vid: 2nH,NO,— 20, +0, +-4H,0 Phan ing tren fa nguyén nhan wy n6 kinh hodng ta NH,Cl “> NH, + HCI ktho chia khong 2 700 tén ammonium nitrate NH,HCO, —“>NH, + CO, + H,O ‘céng Beirut (Lebanon) vao thang 8 ném 2020. Do - Vay, qua trinh bdo quan, sir dung ching phai tuan NH,NO; > N,O + 2H,0 theo nguyén téc phong va chéng chéy, n6, 364, Ung dung ‘Thuéc Phan bon long dom hoa hoc Chat anh sach ‘Thuée bé sung bé mat kim loai chat dién giai @, a) So snh phan tir ammonia va ion ammonium vé dang hinh hoe, s6 lién két cng hoa tri, s6 oxi hoa ciia nguyén tl nitrogen. b) Viétphuong trinh hoa hoc minh hoa tinh acid/base cia ammonia va ammonium Ey Wille * Phan ti? ammonia c6 dang chép tam gidc, phan tt? chira ba lién két N-H phan cyc va mot cap electron khéng lién két trén nguyén tl nitrogen. * Cac phan tir ammonia tao durgc lién két hydrogen voi nhau va voi nuée. Ammonia dé hoa Iéng va d& tan trong nuée. + Tinhbasevatinh khi cla ammonia dugcting dung trong san xuatphanbén, nitric acid... * Muéi ammonium dé tan, kém bén nhiét, tac dung voi base, duge dung chil yéu lam phan bon. Phil * Van dung durgc kién thire vé can bang hoa hoc, téc d6 phan wng, enthalpy cho phan Ung téng hop ammonia trong qua trinh Haber-Bosch + Nh&n biét duoc ion ammonium trong phan dam. 37MOT.SO HOP CHAT CUA NITROGEN Vesey eka =| MUCTIEU: = Phan tich dutécnguén géccéc oxide cia nitrogen trong khng kh va nguyén nhan gay hign tugng mua acd, — Néu dugc céu tao cua HNO,, tinh acid, tinh oxi hod manh trong mét sé ting dung thuc tién quan trong cia nitric acid, Gidithich dude nguyén nin, hé qua cia hin tuang phi dung. ‘Nam 1872, trong cuén sach Khéng khi va Mura, Robert Angus Smith (Ré-bét An-got Smit) (nha hoa hoe nguréi Scotland) dé trinh bay chi tiét vé hién tong mua acid. Dén cudi nhong nim 1960, mua acid da thye sy dnh huréng dén méi trong cde ving réng lon 6 Tay Au va Déng Bac My. Ngay nay, mua acid tré thanh mét trong cae thm hoa méi trudng toan cau. Vay mua acid la gi? Hop chat cila nitrogen v6i oxygen cé vai tré gi trong hién tong a6? @cac one cia nirRocen 4. Céng thitc, tén goi Oxide cia nitrogen éugc ki hiéu chung 14 NO,, mét loai hop chat dién hinh gay 6 nhiém khéng khi. Hop chat NO, c6 trong khéng Khi la NOs, NO, N,O,, NO. rogen dioxide | Dinitrogen tetroxide 2. Nguén géc phat sinh NO, trong khéng khi Bén canh ngudn géc tyr nhién nhu nui lira phun trao, chay ring, mua déng kém theo s&m sét, sir phan huy céc hop chat hdu co, thi sv phat sinh NO, chil yéu la do hoat déng cla con ngudi. Cac nguén gay phat thai NO, nhan tao tir hoat déng giao thong van tai, san xuat cong nghiép, néng nghiép, nha may nhiét dién va trong doi séng. Bang 6.1. Nguyén nhan hinh thanh NO, trong khéng kht No, nhiét NO, nhién ligu NO, tire thoi (thermal -NO,) (fuel — NO,) (prompt - NO,) Nhiét 46 rat cao (trén 3000°C) | —_ Nitrogen trong Nitrogen trong khéng hoae tia Ira dién lam nitrogen | nhién ligu hoac sinh | khi tac dung vai cac trong khéng khi bi oxi hoa: khéi'") kat hop voi géc ty do® (géc N, +0, 2NO oxygen trong hydrocarbon, géc khéng khi. hydroxyl....). NO, la mét trong céc nguyén nhan gay mua acid, song mu quang hod, hiéu tng nha kinh, thing tang ozone va hién tugng phi dung, lam 6 nhiém méi trong. sinh khéi la mot thuat ngir ding dé mé ta cac vat chat hitu co od ngudn géc tir sinh vat song. ®) Goc ty do la nguyén tu/nhom nguyén tir co electron ty do, chira tao thanh cap electron. 38