Lesson 1 Chemical Properties

 A characteristics of a particular
Properties of Matter substance that can be observed in a
chemical reaction.
Matter
 Anything that has mass and volume Biodegradability
 It is the capacity of a material to
Three States of Matter decompose through the actions of
microorganisms.
Solid
 Rigid; has fixed shape and volume Combustion
 It is a chemical reaction between a
Liquid substance and oxygen which results in
 Has definite volume but takes the shape the generation of heat and light in the
of its container. form of flame.
Gas
 Has no fixed volume or shape; takes the Flammability
shape and volume of its container.  It is the ability of a combustible material
to catch flame easily.
Physical and Chemical Properties and
Changes Elements and Compounds

Physical Properties Elements

 A properties that can be measured or  An element cannot be broken down into
observed without matter changing to other substances by chemical mens;
an entirely different substance.
Example: Iron-Fe
Melting Point
Aluminum – Al
 It is the temperature at which a solid
Oxygen – O
changes to liquid.

Boiling Point Compounds

 It is the temperature at which liquid  A compound always attains atoms with
evaporates. different elements.
Freezing Point
 It is the temperature of which a liquid Example: Water – H2O
turns into a solid matter.
Mixture and Pure Substance
Solubility
 It is the ability of a solute to dissolve in a
given solvent. Pure Substance
o Texture  A pure substance will always have the
o Size same composition. Pure substance are
o Color either elements or compounds.
o Shape
Example: Water – H2O
Mixture
 Mixture are a classification of matter
which is made of two or more pure
substance that can have varying
compositions.
Examples: Wine
Coffee
Heterogenous and Homogenous Mixture
Homogenous Mixture
 A homogenous mixture is the same
throughout.
Example: When we dissolve some salt in
water and stir well, all regions of
the resulting mixture have the
same properties.
o Fruit Juice
o Coins
o Soda
Heterogenous
 Contains regions that have different
properties from those of other
regions
Example: When we pour sand into the
water, the resulting mixture has one region
containing water and another, very
different region containing mostly sand.
o Candies
o Oil and water
o Soup
Lesson 2
Formation of Mixtures
 Mixtures are physical combinations of
two or more pure substances. In
physical combination, substances do not
change into other substances when they
became part of a mixture.
Separation of Mixtures
 Since they are formed by physically
combining the substances, mixtures can
be physically separated.
Separating Homogenous and Heterogenous
Mixtures
Techniques for Separating Homogenous
Mixtures
 Decanting
Involves separating a dense,
insoluble substance from a
heterogenous mixture.
 Sieving
Involves separating a mixture based
on different sizes of components.
 Filtration
Is a special form of sieving that
separates very fine solid particles
from liquid or gas mixtures.
 Separating Funnel
Can be used to separate a mixture of
two nom-miscible liquids – that is,
liquids that do not mix together to
form a homogenous solution.
 Magnetic Separation
Is a specialized method specifically
used for separating magnetic
materials.
Techniques for Separating Homogenous
Mixtures
 Evaporating
Used for recovering dissolve solids
from solutions.
The solution is either boiled or
simply left uncovered, resulting in
the evaporation of water and the
crystallization of solves.
  Distillation Postulate 1
Purification of water  Elements are composed of extremely
small particles called atoms.
 Chromatography
Uses the principle of different
Postulate 2
affinities of substances, known as the  Atoms of one element are different from
stationary phase and the mobile the atoms of all other elements.
phase. Postulate 3
 Compound are composed of more than
Lesson 3 one element
 Combining ratio of two atom will result
Atomic Theory to whole number

Ancient Concept of An Atom Postulate 4

 Atoms are separated
Democritus
 Consists of tiny particles that can’t be Fundamental Chemical Laws
broken into smaller pieces.
Law of Constant Composition
 Atomos - indivisible and called tiny
particles
 Joseph Proust
o He proposed
 Atomism – describe atom as
indivisible
o He stable that is a pure
compound is broken down into
its constituents will always have
The Primal Matter the same proportions, of the
quantity or source if the original
Thales substance.
 Water
Law of Conservation of Mass
Heraclitus
 Antoine Laurent Lavoiser
 Fire
o Formulated the law of
Anaximenes conservation of mass.
 Air o The law of conservation of mass
Empodocles states that matter can be neither
 Earth created nor destroyed.

Law of Multiple Proportion

Datton’s Attomic Theory
 John Dalton
o Formulated the law of multiple
John Dalton
proportion
 Born in Eaglesfield
 Pioneer of modern atomic theory
o States that when two elements
from a series of compounds, the
 Chemist
masses of one that combine with
 He proposed 4 postulates of atomic
a fixed mass of the other are in
theory
the ratio of small integers to
each other.
 Subatomic Particles

Atom
 Everything around us is made up of tiny
particles called atom.
 Derived from the greek word “atomos”
or indivisible.
 The smallest unit of matter that retains
the identity of the substance.
 Atom is thought to be the smallest
particle of a given element.

The Three Subatomic Particles

 Protons
o (+) charge
o 1.672 X 10-24
o In the nucleus

 Neutrons
o 1.678 X 10-24
o In the nucleus

 Electron
o (-) charge
o 9.109 X 10-28
o Outside the nucleus

Atomic Number and Mass Number

Atomic Number
o It is usually the number of protons
present in an element’s nucleus.

Atomic Mass
o Is associated with the number if
neutrons and protons that are
present in a particular nucleus of an
element.
Example
8
Atomic Number
Element Symbol
OXYGEN
15.999 Atomic Mass