Five Sensory Organs CHEMORECEPTORS

 respond--chemicals
SENSATION
senses PHOTORECEPTORS
 means by which--brain receives information about--  respond--light
environment and the body.
Sensation THERMORECEPTORS
 process initiating by stimulating sensory receptors, and  respond--temperature changes
perception--conscious awareness of those stimuli.
brain NOCIRECEPTORS
 constantly receives a wide variety of stimuli from both  respond--stimuli that result in the sensation of pain
inside and outside the body
SPECIAL SENSES
SENSORY RECEPTORS  Smell
 sensory nerve endings or specialized cells capable of  Taste
responding--stimuli by developing action potentials.  Sight
 Several types of receptors--associated with both general  Hearing
and the special senses, and each responds--different type of  Balance
stimulus.

VISION
 includes--eyes, accessory structures, and sensory neurons.
 They--housed within bony cavities called orbits.
 obtain much of our information about--world through the visual
system.

Accessory Structures of the Eye

Eyebrows
 Dermis  protect--eyes by preventing
 Epidermis perspiration from running
 Free nerve ending down--forehead and into the
 Ruffini corpuscles eyes, causing irritation.
Pacinian corpuscles  help shade--eyes from direct
Merkel disk sunlight.
Hair follicle
Eyelids
SENSES  eyelids with their associate
 Receptors distributed over--large part--body lashes, protect--eyes from
GENERAL SENSES SPECIAL SENSES Foreign objects.
 Located--skin, muscles, and joints  object suddenly approaches
SOMATIC --eye, the eyelids protect--eye
 Touch by closing and then opening
 Pressure quite rapidly (blink reflex).
 Proprioception
 Temperature Conjunctiva
 Pain  thin
 Located--internal organs  transparent mucous membrane
VISCERAL covering--inner surface of the
 Temperature eyelids and anterior surface
 Pain of the eye.
 secretions of conjunctiva help
 Receptors localized within specific organs lubricate--surface of the eye.
SPECIAL SENSES
 Smell Lacrimal Apparatus
 Taste  consistsof a lacrimal gland
 Sight situated--superior lateral
 Hearing corner of the orbit and a
 Balance nasolacrimal duct and associated
structures in the inferior medial
SENSORY RECEPTORS corner of the orbit.
MECHANORECEPTORS  lacrimal produces a fluid we call
 respond--mechanical stimuli such as the bending or stretching of tears.
receptors.
Extrinsic Eye Muscles OLFACTION
 Each eyeball has six extrinsic  What makes--smell is something--too small to see with your
muscles attached to its surface. eyeball alone.
 skeletal muscles and are  too small--seen with a microscope!
responsible--movement of  Millions of them--floating around waiting to be sniffed by your
each eyeball. nose!
 What you smell tiny things called order particles.
 You smell odors through your nose which--almost like a huge
ANATOMY OF THE EYE cave built to smell, moisten, and filter--air you breathe. As you
 eyeball--hollow, fluid-fluid sphere. breathe in, air enters through your nostrils--contain tiny little
 wall of the eyeball--composed of three tissue layers, or hairs--filter all kinds of things trying to enter your nose, even
tunics. BUGS!
 little hairs--called cilia and you can pretend--they sweep all the
dirt out of the nasal cavity, big place--air passes through on it’s
FIBROUS TUNIC way--lungs.
 After it passes through nasal cavity, air goes through--think
layer of mucous--olfactory bulb.
 smells--then recognized because each smell molecule fits into a
nerve cell like lock and key.
 cells then send signals along--olfactory nerve to the brain.
 hit the brain, they are either read as those sweet smelling
flowers or stinky skunk.
sclera
 Soon your smell will connect with your memory.
 firm, white, outer connective tissue layer of the posterior
 Dogs have 1 million small cells per nostril and their small cells
five-sixths of the fibrous tunic.
are 100 times larger than humans!
 helps maintain--shape of the eye, protects the internal
 People who cannot smells have a condition called Anosmia
structure.
 nose is at its best, you can tell--difference between 4,000-
 small portion of the sclera can be seen as the “white of the
10,000 smells!
eye”
 get older, your sense of smell gets worse.
cornea  Children--more likely to have better sense of smell than their
 transparent anterior of the eye--permits light to enter. parents or grandparents
 As part of the focusing system--fibrous tunic, cornea also
bends, or refracts, the entering light. HEARING
 ears serve as two very important purposes.
VASCULAR TUNIC  ears help you--hear sounds as well as to help your balance
 Some areas--more sensitive than others because they have more
nerve endings.
 Have you ever bitten your tongue and wondered why it hurt SO
bad? This happens because the sides of the tongue--very
sensitive to pain, but not so sensitive--hot or cold.
 That is why it is so easy to burn your mouth! Try and stay away
from HOT foods!
 Your fingertips--extremely sensitive also.
CHOROID  Individuals--blind read using Braille by feeling the patterns of
 very thin structure consists of a vascular network and many raised dots on their paper.
melanin-containing pigment cells, causing it--appear black  object makes a noise, it sends vibrations into the air.
 black color absorbs light, so that--not reflected inside the  funneled into--ear canal.
eye.  vibrations move inward, they hit your eardrum and cause to
vibrate as well.
CILIARY BODY  Once all of the vibrations go through--nerve endings they hit the
 contains smooth muscles called ciliary muscles, which cilia.
attach--perimeter of the lens by suspensory ligaments.  cilia change--vibrations into messages that are sent--brain
 lens--flexible, transparent disc through--auditory nerve.
 auditory nerve carries--messages from 25,000 receptors in your
IRIS ear--brain.
 colored part of the ey  brain then makes sense--messages and tells you what sounds
 iris--contractile structure consisting mainly of a smooth you--hearing.
muscle surrounding--opening called pupil.
Fun Facts
NERVOUS TUNIC  Babies can get earaches because of milk backing up,--causes
bacteria--grow and may cause hearing problems later in life.
 When you go up to high elevations, change in pressure causes
your ears--pop.
 Children have more sensitive ears than adults. They can
recognize a wider variety of noises.
RETINA  Dolphins have--best sense of hearing among animals. They are
 covers--posterior of the eye and is composed of two layers: able to hear 14 times better than humans.
an outer pigmented retina and an inner sensory retina  Animals hear more sounds than humans.
 earache--caused by too much fluid putting pressure on your
eardrums.
 TASTE

 Have you ever wondered why sometimes--taste something

and it can either taste really good or really bad?
 Your tongue and the roof of your mouth--covered with
thousands of tiny taste buds.
 eat something, the saliva in your mouth helps break the
food down.
 provides your taste buds with a message to your brain
telling you what flavors you--tasting.
 Taste buds--largest part in helping--understand which foods
you enjoy.
 Your taste buds can recognize four basic kinds of tastes:
sweet, salty, sour, and bitter.

FUN FACTS
 have almost 10,000 taste buds--our mouths.
 Insects have--most highly developed sense of taste.
 Fish can taste with their fins and tail as well as their mouth.
 girls have more taste buds than boys.
 Taste--weakest of the five senses.

TOUCH
 nerve endings can help you determine if something is hot or
cold or even if something--hurting you.
 body has about twenty different types of nerve endings--send
the messages--brain.
 Pain receptors--most important for your safety because they can
protect you by warning your brain that your body--hurt!

FUN FACTS
 Have more pain nerve endings than any other type.
 least sensitive part of your body--middle of your back.
 most sensitive areas of your body--your hands, lips, face, neck,
tongue, fingertips and feet.
 Shivering--way your body has of trying to get warmer.
 There are about 100 touch receptors in each of your fingertips.