Assignment on:-

POWER TECHNOLOGY
1. What is breaker?

A switch that automatically interrupts the flow of electric current if the current exceeds a preset limit, measured in amperes. Circuit breakers are used most often as a safety precaution where excessive current through a circuit could be hazardous. Unlike fuses, they can usually be reset and reused.

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TYPES:There are three common types of circuit breakers. The basic parts of a circuit breaker are the switch and a moving, conductive contact plate that moves the switch when electricity comes into contact with it. In the circuit box the contact plate is connected to a stationary plate that allows electricity to flow; but if the circuit is overloaded the contact plate will force the switch to flip and break the electrical flow. A magnetic circuit breaker uses electromagnetism to break the circuit. The electromagnet on this circuit breaker gets stronger with the flow of electricity. When the electrical load exceeds the prescribed currency the electromagnet will be powerful enough to force the circuit breaker lever down and move the contact plate which flips the switch. Another kind of circuit breaker is the thermal circuit breaker which uses heat to break the circuit. With a bimetallic strip (two types of metal; one on each side) this circuit breaker responds to the extreme heat of the electrical current. Each type of metal expands differently to bend the strip. When the electricity is too strong then the strip is bent at an angle which will turn over the contact plate and break the circuit. The third type of circuit breaker combines electromagnetism and heat. This device has an electromagnet that protects against sudden surges in the electrical load and a bimetallic strip that protects against prolonged electrical overload and overheating. When purchasing circuit breakers for your home you will need to discuss your options with your electrician and select the best type of circuit breaker for your needs.

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2. NUCLEAR PLANT:-

A nuclear power plant (NPP) is a thermal power station in which the heat source is one or more nuclear reactors. Nuclear power plants are base load stations, which work best when the power output is constant.

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SYSTEM The conversion to electrical energy takes place indirectly, as in conventional thermal power plants. The heat is produced by fission in a nuclear reactor (in a coal power plant it would correspond to the boiler) and given to a heat transfer fluid usually water (for a standard type light water reactor). Directly or indirectly water vaporsteam is produced. The pressurized steam is then usually fed to a multi-stage steam turbine. Steam turbines in Western nuclear power plants are among the largest steam turbines ever. After the steam turbine has expanded and partially condensed the steam, the remaining vapor is condensed in a condenser. The condenser is a heat exchanger which is connected to secondary side such as a river or a cooling tower. The water then pumped back into the nuclear reactor and the cycle begins again.

*Nuclear reactors:-

A nuclear reactor is a device to initiate and control a sustained nuclear chain reaction. The most common use of nuclear reactors is for the generation of electric energy and for the propulsion of ships. The nuclear reactor is the heart of the plant. In its central part, the reactor cores heat is generated by controlled nuclear fission. With this heat, a coolant is heated as it is pumped through the reactor and thereby removes the energy from the reactor. Heat from nuclear fission is used to raise steam, which runs through turbines, which in turn powers either ships propellers or electrical generators. Since nuclear fission creates radioactivity, the reactor core is surrounded by a protective shield. This containment absorbs radiation and prevents radioactive material from being released into the environment. In addition, many reactors are equipped with a dome of concrete to protect the reactor against external impacts. In nuclear power plants, different types of reactors, nuclear fuels, and cooling circuits and moderators are sometimes used.
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*Steam turbine:-

The object of the steam turbine is to convert the heat contained in steam into rotational energy. The engine house with the steam turbine is usually structurally separated from the main reactor building. It is aligned to prevent debris from the destruction of a turbine in operation from flying towards the reactor In the case of a pressurized water reactor, the steam turbine hermetically separated from the nuclear system. To detect a leak in the steam generator and thus the passage of radioactive water at an early stage is the outlet steam of the steam generator mounted an activity meter. In contrast, boiling water reactors and the steam turbine with radioactive water applied and therefore part of the control area of the nuclear power plant.

*Generator:The generator converts kinetic energy supplied by the turbine into electrical energy. Low-pole AC synchronous generators of high rated power are used.

*Main coolant pump (PWR) and forced circulation pump (BWR):The reactor coolant pump in the case of the DWR has the task to circulate the coolant between the reactor and steam generators. In western nuclear power plants, the nuclear reactor is fed with four redundant pumps (loops), each separated by Redundancy structurally accommodated in the reactor building. The design of the pump corresponds to a Centrifugal with a one-piece forged body. The throughput is up to 10,000 l / s at a pressure of 175 bar and a maximum allowable temperature of 350 C.[13] The increase in pressure through the main coolant pump when DWR indicates pressure loss in the reactor, steam generators and piping system. Even after the failure of the main coolant pumps (RESA is the result of) the circulation and thus the heat dissipation is by so-called Natural circulation guaranteed. In the case of boiling water reactor are the reactor pressure vessel forced circulation pumps to avoid core wings attached to their interpretation is approximately equal to those in a PWR. You are responsible for the safety of the plant is not absolutely necessary.
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*Safety valves:The pressure in the reactor pressure vessel at an incident, to limit upward, two independent safety valves are available. The pressure relief prevents bursting of pipes or reactor. The valves are in their capacity designed so that they can derive all of the supplied flow rates with little increase in pressure. In the case of the BWR, the steam is directed into the condensate chamber and condenses there. The chambers are on heat exchanger connected to the intermediate cooling circuit.

*Feedwater pump:The Feedwater pump have the task of the water from the feedwater tank to the vapor pressure in the reactor and the steam generator to bring and promote a water with approximately 2200 kg / s. The power required amounts here to about 20 MW per pump. About the feed water system, the water level in the steam generator and nuclear reactor is controlled. Emergency power supply [Edit] The Emergency power supply a nuclear power plant is several times redundant built up by diesel generators and battery buffers. The battery backup provides uninterrupted coupling of the diesel units in the network secure. If necessary, the emergency power supply allows the safe descent down the nuclear reactor. Less important auxiliary systems such as, for example, heat tracing of pipelines are not receiving it. The majority of the required power is used to supply the feed pumps and Notspeisepumpen order to shut down the nuclear reactor, the Decay heat even with a Failure of the power system, A Blackout permanently dissipate.

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3. HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT:-

To define hydroelectric power plants means to have an up close glimpse as far as the role of hydroelectric power plants in the world that we belong in. It is not an easy task for a power generating source like this to perform its ultimate task of providing an energy that is non-hazardous and to make energy conservation a thing to be look forward to and not just a thing of the past. This article aims not only to define hydroelectric power plants, but to enlighten the readers about its benefits and its accompanying limitations not only environmentally but also economically. Hydroelectricity plants are intricate and complex installations which are being employed to convert energy. It is consists of a sequence of chain of hydraulic engineering equipments which has the needed water flow, thereby creating a head, along with a power-generating equipment for transforming water energy that is under pressure thereby converted to mechanical energy of rotation Afterwards, it is transformed to electrical energy for human use. Meanwhile, hydropower stations are built to make the supply of hydroelectricity a continuous process. Some countries in the world like Australia and New Zealand have the most modernized and sophisticated hydroelectric stations today. In fact, Australia has already launched their first ever hydropower plants just recently. According to the

North Head Sewerage, this hydroelectric powered station will really benefit the environment because of its green energy. Actually, this hydroelectric sewerage will definitely decrease the emission of toxic gases. This can be possible by trapping energy from treated waste water which falls down a 60 meter shaft. Likewise, its green energy will be able to power up almost 1,000 houses for a period of one year. The great thing about their hydroelectricity project is that it can significantly diminish gas emissions at a significant percentage, averaging to 12,000 tons per year. Due to the demanding and ever-growing needs of man, engineers have decided to build the largest hydroelectric dam in the world that is found in Rogun, Tajikistan. It stands about 1,000 feet tall. However, engineers have to consider the hydroelectric power plant locations. The proper place of this hydroelectric energy plants is necessary in order to generate the adequate amount of hydroelectric energy needed in a given area or territory. It has to be in proximity of valleys and rivers. Why is this necessary? It is because there are locations that will not be suited to build these hydroelectric generated plants. As to the suitable location, it is best to build hydroelectric facilities where the land is like a slope and not flat. On another side, hydroelectric energy is advantageous. Primarily, it can lower the cost of electric consumption and generate millions of dollars to boost the economy. Though, it will endanger our marine resources, environmental safeguards are being created to ensure the safety of human life and our ecosystem as a whole in the years ahead. Truly, the creation of hydroelectric energy makes life easy and convenient.

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