BASIC CONCEPTS IN TOURISM POLICY, PLANNING 2.

Time Frame - amount of time for

AND DEVELOPMENT implementation;
- Short-term (2 years or less)
Tourism Policy - Medium-term (2-3 years)
"As a set of rules, regulations, guidelines, - Long-term (more than 5 years)
directives, and development/promotion
objectives and strategies that provide 3. Scope - functional areas
framework within which the collective, as well as - Physical plan (structure plan and the
individual decisions directly affecting long-term transportation infrastructure plan
tourism development and the daily activities - Environmental Management Plan (EMP)
within which the collective, as well as individual - Conservation Management Plan (CMP)
decisions directly affecting long-term tourism - Safeguarding Plan (SP)
development and the daily activities within a - Entrepreneurship Development plan
destination are taken” (Goeldner & Ritchie, 2003, - Institutional Development Plan
p. 413 in Scott, 2011) - Human Resource Development Plan
- Marketing Plan
The process of: - Investment Promotional Plan
1. Situation Analysis - gathering information
2. Vision, Goals, and objectives setting and 4. Spatial Units - space covered
3. Strategy Formulation - number of alternative
● Tourist Site - is an area that contains one or
New Zealand's Tourism Recreation and more tourist attractions (e.g. Intramuros)
Education Centre (TRREC) provides these
definitions: ● Tourism Attraction - “a physical or cultural
● Vision - ultimate goal feature of a particular place that individual
● Goals - qualitative stated travelers or tourists perceive as capable of
● Objectives - SMART meeting one or more of their specific leisure
● Strategies - methods (things that should be related needs, or positive or favorable
ready) attributes of an area for a given activity or
● Action - specific details set of activities as desired by a given
customer or market, including climate,
II. Tourism Planning Dimensions scenery, activities and culture” (Tourism
The complexity of tourism plans varies Western Australia, 2006)
according to:
1. Level - The geographic setting Four Categories of Attraction (World Heritage
- International Center in Stange et.al., n.d.; Swarbrooke, 1995)
- National - Geophysical-landscape-aesthetic;
- Regional - Ecological-biological;
- Provincial - Cultural-historical; and
- Municipal/City - Recreational
- Site Level
 ● Tourism Development Area (TDA) - is an - Tourism planning forces people to focus
area designated for possessing an on the task at hand
important site or groups of tourist sites. Any - It enhances critical thinking
town or city that has one or more tourist sites - It is efficient, prevents waste of time,
(e.g.: Baguio City) money and effort; and avoids mistakes

● Tourism Cluster – is composed of two or V. Factors for Effective Tourism Planning and
more TDAs. (e,g.: Southern Tagalog) Development

● Tourism Circuit – is defined as a route 1. Availability of Tourism-relevant Data

involving at least three major tourist - Affect the level of ACCURACY of estimating
destinations which are located in different supply capacity, forecasting demand and
towns, villages or cities; and the destinations monitoring outcomes (INFORMATION)
share common characteristics or themes.
(e.g.: Gastronomic – Pampanga, Bicol, and 2. Caliber of Planning Expertise
Iloilo or Surfing – La Union and Baler, and - Determines the quality of planning output.
Calicoan in Eastern Samar) Expertise can only be built over long year of
education and professional experience.
● Tourism Corridor – refers to a route defined
by a theme spanning several countries or 3. Type and Variety of Tourism Resources
even continents. (e.g.: UNWTO-UNESCO Silk - Limit options for tourism product
Road Corridor) development. Destinations can capitalize on
unique cultural or natural assets by
● Tourism Destination – “a physical space in developing tourism products around them
which a visitor spends at least an overnight
(UNWTO, 2004). It includes different tourism ● Kind of Tourism Resources in Adjacent
products. Destinations
- How destinations may compete (De Leon Jr.,
III. Tourism Characteristics and Planning n.d.)
Implications o Originality – being the first to have a particular
1. A Composite Product attraction;
2. Intangible o Indigenousness – having something that can
3. Long Gestation Periods only be found in the destination;
4. Capital Intensive o Authenticity – being true to traditions and
5. Culture and Nature as its Main Assets methods of preparation, not contrived;
6. Subject to External Forces o Uniqueness – not found anywhere else;
7. Exerts Impacts o Historicity – being significant for a particular
8. Dynamic and Competitive event;
9. Involves Stakeholders o Magnitude – being the tallest, smallest,
biggest, scariest or anything superlative; and
o Excellence – having the highest quality
IV. Benefits of Tourism Planning
4. Culture of Destination Residents 4. Antagonism – open expression of irritation
- Impacts on the kind of tourists that are and planning is remedial, yet promotion is
attracted to it. (e.g.: Islamic Culture - Middle increase to offset the deteriorating
East and Malaysia) reputation of the resort.

5. Geographic Location and Spatial

Distribution of Tourism Development Units
- Location has direct impacts on climate,
security, vulnerability to natural disasters
and infrastructure requirements

6. Target Market
- Influence the kind of amenities and services
that are offered in the destinations
Butler’s Resort Cycle of Evolution
1. Exploration
7. Stage in Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC);
- Few adventurous tourists, visiting sites with
no public facilities.
- Visitors attracted to the resort by a natural
physical feature.
- Specific visitor type of a select nature.
2. Involvement
- Limited interaction between local residents
and the developing tourism industry leads to
the provision of basic services

Doxey’s Irritation Index - Increased advertising induces a definable

Doxey in 1975 proposed a theory called irritation pattern of seasonal variation.

index or in short Irridex. This theory suggests that - Definite market area begins to emerge.

over time, as the locals become more hostile to 3. Development

visitors, the number of visitors will not continue - Development of additional tourist facilities

to and increased promotional efforts

grow at the same previous rate and may - Greater control of the tourist trade by

actually outsiders

decline. - Number of tourists at peak periods far

outweighs the size of the resident population,

1. Euphoria – visitors are welcome and there is inducing rising antagonism by the latter

little planning towards the former

2. Apathy – visitors are taken for granted and

contact becomes more formal. 4. Consolidation

3. Annoyance – saturation is approached and - Tourism has become a major part of the

the local people have misgivings. Planners local economy, but growth rates have

attempt to control via increasing begun to level off

infrastructure rather than limiting growth. - A well-delineated business district has

taken shape
 - Some of the older deteriorating facilities 8. Tourism Development Paradigm
are perceived as second rate - Defines the choice of issues, goals and
5. Stagnation strategies of tourism development (e.g.:
- Peak numbers of tourists and capacity Pro-poor Tourism, Community-based
levels are reached Tourism, Accessible Tourism)
- The resort has a well-established image,
but it is not longer in fashion 9. National Tourism Policy and Legislation
- The accommodation stock is gradually - Set parameters to what can and cannot be
eroded and property turnover rates are done, and priority areas for tourism
high. development (e.g.: RA 9593 – Tourism Act of
6. Post-stagnation 2009)
- Five possibilities, reflecting a range of
options that may be followed, depending 10. Perception and Attitudes of Stakeholders
partly on the success of local - Affect the degree of support the
management decisions. At either stakeholders give to tourism development
extreme are rejuvenation and decline.
11. Awareness of External Forces
- Affects the viability of planned tourism
projects
- Covers socio-cultural, technological,
environmental, economic and political
dimensions

12. Financial Capital Requirement

- Major consideration in whether or not to
proceed with tourism development
- May be loans, grants, appropriations from
the government (GAA), private sector
investment, NGO donations, individual
Plog’s Destination Life Cycle
philanthropy or public-private sector
Destination areas tend to rise and fall in
partnership (PPP)
popularity according to the volume of those in
the predominant “psychographic” groups to
which they appeal at different stages in their
development histories.
- Allocentric Group – the innovators in the
travel market who look for less crowded and
unique destinations
- Mid-centrics Group – as the destination area
becomes more widely publicized and better
known
- Psychocentrics Group – the destination also
loses its appeal to the mid-centrics