“Effect of methods of sowing and nitrogen

levels on growth and yield of wheat

(Triticum aestivum L.)”.

Synopsis of thesis problem of M.Sc. (Ag.)

student

Name of student : Nitin Pandey

Roll number : 2111886600015
Degree of program : M.Sc. (Ag.)
Registration year : 2021-22
Minor subject : Soil Science & Agriculture Chemistry
Major Advisor : Dr. Swaha Shee Chanda
(Assistant Professor)
(Department of Agronomy)

CHANDRA BHANU GUPT AGRICULTURE P.G. COLLEGE,

B.K.T., LUCKNOW-226201
 Chandra BhanuGupt Agriculture P.G. College,
B.K.T., Lucknow-226201

Name of the student Nitin Pandey ID No.–LS/21/05516

Major Subject Agronomy

Title of the research problem: “Effect of methods of sowing and nitrogen levels on
growth and yield of wheat”..

ADVISORY COMMITTEE

Name of Committee Member Designation Field Signature with date

(Major/Allied)
Major Advisor & Chairman Assistant Agronomy
Dr. Swaha Shee Chanda Professor

Member (Major Discipline) Assistant Agronomy

Dr. Sudhakar Singh Professor

Member (Minor Discipline) Assistant Soil Science &

Dr. Arvind Kumar Mishra Professor Agricultural
Chemistry

Member (Related Field) Assistant Genetics & Plant

Dr. Gurpreet Singh Bhatiya Professor Breeding

Principal or his nominee Associate Entomology

Dr. SatyendraKumar Singh Professor

Forwarded (5 copies) to the Principal of College for approval

Head of Department

CC to:

1. Concern student
2. All members of advisory Committee
3. Head of Department

Approved
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

“A dream doesn’t become reality through magic; it takes sweat, determination

and hard work.” —Colin Powell
At the outset, being the student of this great University, I bow my head with
great reverence to Chandra Bhanu Gupt Agriculture P.G College, BKT, Lucknow
whose everlasting desire was to serve mankind. I am fortunate to perceive the
prodigious path to tread upon precisely through precious guidance in this university.
I shall ever, remain thankfully indebted to all those learned souls, my present and
former teachers, known and unknown hands who directly motivated me to achieve my
goal and enlightened me with the touch of their knowledge and constant encouragement.
I feel this is an extremely significant and joyous opportunity bestowed upon me by the
goddess of learning, to thank all those persons. I am most thankful to the almighty for
blessing me with enough patience, endurance and strength in accomplishment of my all
targets and endeavors.
I consider myself fortunate and greatly privileged to have worked under the
supervision and guidance of Dr. Swaha Shee Chanda , Assistant Professor and
chairperson of my advisory committee. This work would not have been possible without
his guidance, support and encouragement. I warmly thank him for his valuable advice and
constructive criticism. I extend my gratitude to him for being a pillar of support, an
epitome of strength, as strict as a father, as caring as a friend, a disciplinarian, yet always
so approachable and warm at heart.

Date: (Nitin Pandey)

Place: Lucknow
 CONTENTS

S. NO. CHAPTERS PAGE NO.

I FRONT PAGE 1

II ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 3

III TABLE OF CONTENTS 4

IV ABBREVIATIONS 5

V INTRODUCTION 8

VI REVIEW OF LITERATURE 14

VII LITREATURE CITED 24

 ABBREVIATIONS

% : Per cent
@ : At the rate of
Agric : Agriculture
Agron : Agronomy
B:C : Benefit cost ratio
Cm : Centimeter
d.f. : Degree of freedom
DAS : Days after sowing
dSm-1 : Desi simen per meter
et al. : Et alli; (Co-authors)
Ferti : Fertilizer
Fig. : Figure
f.w. : Fresh weight
FYM : Farmyard manure
G : Gram
GM : Green manure
HUE : Heat use efficiency
Ha : Hectare
ha-1 : Per hectare
i.e. : Id est; that is
Int. : International
J. : Journal
K2O : Potassium oxide
Kg/ha : Kilogram per hectare
Kg : Kilogram
LAI : Leaf area index
LAD : Leaf area duration
LAR : Leaf area ratio
M : Meter
No : Number
N : Nitrogen
NS : Non-significant
P : Phosphorus
P2O5 : Phosphorus penta oxide
qha-1 : Quintal per hectare
Q : Quintal
Rs. : Rupees
Sci. : Science
SEm : Standard error of mean
etc. : Etcetera
T : Tonne
Wt : Weight
INTRODUCTION

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the world′s most outstanding crop that excels all
other cereals both in area and production, known as the king of cereals (Costa et al.,
2013). It is primarily grown in temperate regions and also at higher altitude under tropical
climate areas in winter season. It is the single most important cereal crop that has been
considered an integral component of the food security system of the several nations. It
ranks first in the world, among the cereals in respect of an area (204.34 million ha) and
production (737.8 million tonnes). In India, it is grown an area of 30.22 million hectares
with the production of 97.0 million tonnes (USDA) (Anonymous, 2017).

In the world, China, India, USA, France, Russia, Canada, Australia, Pakistan,
Turkey, UK, Argentina, Iran and Italy are the major wheat producing countries and
contribute about 74.82 % of the total wheat production. As faras India is concerned,
about 91% of the total wheat production is contributed by northern states like Uttar
Pradesh, Haryana, and Punjab, where Uttar Pradesh ranks first with respect to area (9.65
mill ha) and production (26.87 mill. tonnes) but the productivity is much lower (2784
kg/ha) as compared to Punjab and Haryana (4511 kg/ha) (Anonymous, 2016).

The demand of wheat has been projected between 105 to 109 million tonnes in the
country by 2020 AD. Increase in production will have to manage from the integrated use
of resources, as the land area under wheat is now expected to expand further. The low
productivity of wheat in Uttar Pradesh might be due to adoption of cereal-cereal (Rice-
Wheat) cropping system, imbalance use of sub-optimum dose of fertilizer, method of
sowing, late sowing and poor weed management. Among various factors for low
productivity, use of imbalance and sub-optimum dose of nitrogen and use of the old
method of sowing considered out most important.

Adoption of proper sowing methods substantially contributes to increase the

productivity of late sown wheat. Generally, cross and line sowing had already been
proved better than other methods of sowing, but due to increasing cost wages and
unavailability of laborers, lack of time for land preparation and many other factors, force
to the farmers to broadcast the seed in the field instead of line sowing (Dagash et al.,
2014). In fact, now-a-days, broadcasting of seed has become a very popular practice of
sowing among the farmers. Tradition broadcast method was found inferior to other
methods of sowing in respect grain yield of wheat.

In agronomical research, the major emphasis should be laid in quantification of

yield advantages of various sowing methods over traditional sowing method and how far
the yield advantage can be explained in agronomical terms reflecting in the improvement
of plant population or in per plant yield or both. Per plant yield can further be explained
in the term of number of grains and grain weight. It is generally believed that sowing
method may possible improve the germination, stand and vigour of the individual plant.
To fully exploit the potential of high yielding varieties, the development of special non-
monetary management practices like sowing methods is a prime need that promotes the
efficient utilization of nutrients, water and space, reduces the cost of cultivation, save the
seed fertilizers, causes in rouging in the seed production and intercultural operation,
better control of seeds, insect pest, and diseases.

Among the major nutrient, nitrogen is most essential nutrient among essential
plant nutrients, plays key role in plant growth, development and production. Nitrogen is
essential for protein production in plants, which is the direct or indirect source of protein
for animal and human nutrition. Proteins not only make up the body tissue of animals and
humans, but the enzymes that control all physiological processes in life are proteins.
Protein malnutrition has received considerable attention in the past (Prasad, 2003).
Though nitrogen is one of the most abundant elements on earth, still nitrogen deficiency
is probably the most common nutritional problem affecting plants worldwide. Nitrogen
governs considerable degree to the utilization of phosphorus and potassium. It is,
therefore, directly concerned with the physiological processing occurring within the
plants. Therefore, the presence of the optimum amount of readily available nitrogen in
the soil is of the most important factor for maintenance of fertility status leading to the
successful crop production. Thus, dose of nitrogenous fertilizers and their time of
applications have to be carefully scheduled.

To get maximum benefit from the fertilizer use, the fertilizer should not only be
applied in optimum quantity but also at the right time. As timely nitrogen applications in
is agronomic technique which has helped considerably increase the nitrogen use
efficiency? It is now very well established that most crops, nitrogen must be applied in
two or three split doses coinciding with the crop growth stages when requirement is high.
Therefore, it is high time to assess the fertilizer use efficiency in wheat. Application of
nitrogen in two equal split (basal & first node stage) record highest production and good
quality and showed significantly difference in grain N uptake (Patel et al., 2004).

Although increased levels of production can be achieved by increased use of

fertilizers, but continuous use of chemical fertilizers alone may lead to some detrimental
effect on physico-chemical properties of soil and may not be so remunerated unless the
fertility of the soil is maintained at sustainable levels by application of organic
manure.Therefore, to maintain fertility and productivity of soil at a sustainable level for
long duration, use of organic manure is quite essential. Organic manure is considered to
be an integral component of sustained system, as they improve soil fertility and physical
properties such as soil structure, aeration, porosity, infiltration rate and water retaining
capacity and decrease soil crusting, bulk density, water and wind erosion. Organic
matters in the soil improve the physical condition of the soil for better performance of
micro-organisms and physical status of soil (Singh et al., 2014).

Soil organic matter plays a key role in influencing the nutrient dynamics in soils.
It acts as a sink by hoarding the nutrients temporarily through an array of biochemical
processes ranging from adsorption reactions to organic-nutrient forms. Organically held
plant nutrients play a vital role in sustaining the plant nutrient availability. It also
maintains optimum temperature and moisture in soil. FYM is a good source of nutrients
and contributed towards building up of organic matter in soil (Das et al. 2008). The
increase in eco-friendly production of wheat can be made possible by widespread
adoption of advancement in agronomical practices of which nutrient management
particularly that of nitrogen through FYM and chemical nitrogen with split doses can
play a key role. Judicious use of farmyard manure with chemical fertilizers improves soil
physical, chemical and biological properties and improves crop productivity. It also
helped in arresting the emerging deficiencies of macro, secondary and micronutrients
favorably and achieving economy and efficiency in fertilizer use. In view of shrinkage of
land resources for cultivation, short supply and escalating cost of chemical fertilizers,
environmental pollution and ill effects on soils, animals and human health, there is need
to use farmyard manure with manganese fertilizers for achieving the objective of
environmentally and ecologically sustainable agriculture (Kumar et al. 2015).

The sowing methods and combined use of the farm yard manure with urea and time
of application increase the crop growth, yield, and fertilizer use efficiency which shows the
synergistic relationship between the sowing method and nitrogen management. With
above studies in consideration an experiment entitled “Effect of sowing methods and
nitrogen management on the performance of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).” Was
under taken during Rabi seasons of 2017-18 and 2018-19 at the Agronomy Research
Farm, Acharya Narendra Dev University of agriculture and technology,
Kumarganj, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh was conceived with the following objectives:

1. To find out the suitable method of sowing for better growth and yield of wheat.

2. To find out the appropriate time of N-application to achieve better

growth and yield of wheat.

3. To find out the interaction between sowing method and time of N-

application ongrowth and yield of wheat.

4. To assess the economic feasibility of various treatment combinations of wheat.

EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS

Design : Factorial RBD

Number of Replication 3

No. of treatment combination : 4 x 3 = 12

Total No. of plot : 12 x 3 = 36

Gross Plot size : 5 x 4 = 20 m2

Net Plot size : 4 x 3.2 = 12.8 m2

Spacing : 20cm x 10 cm

Plot Border : 0.50m

Main Irrigation channel : 1.5 m

Sub irrigation channel : 1.0 m

Variety : DBW-303
TREATMENT DETAILS

(A) Method of sowing

i) Sowing of wheat without tillage at 20 cm a part rows (M1)
ii) Sowing of wheat in well prepared wheat in line at 20 cm (M2)
iii) Broadcast of seed in well prepared field. (M3)
(B) Levels of Nitrogen
i) Control 10 kg/ha N0

ii) 50 kg/ha N1
iii) 100 kg/ha N2
iv) 150 kg/ha N3

Studies to be made
(i) Growth studies :
a) Plant height (cm) at 30, 60, 90 DAS and harvesting Stage.
b) No. of tillers/m2 at 30, 60, 90 DAS and at harvesting.
c) Dry matter accumulation (g/m2) at 30, 60, 90 DAS and atharvesting
stage.
d) Leaf area Index at 30, 60, 90 DAS .
(ii) Yield attributes :
(a) No. of Effective tillers /m2
(b) Length of spike (cm)
(c) No. of grains/spike
(d) Grains weight/ spike (g)
(e) Spike weight (g)
(f) 1000 grain weight (g)
(iii) Qualitative studies:
(a) Nitrogen and phosphorus content (%) in grain and straw.
(b) Nitrogen and phosphorus uptake (kg/ha) through grain and straw.
(c) Protein content (%) in grain and protien.

(iv) Economics
(i) Cost of cultivation (Rs./ha.)
(ii) Gross income (Rs. /ha.)
(iii) Net Income (Rs./ha.)
(iv) Benefit : Cost ratio (B.C.) (Rs./Re invested)
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The name wheat is used to describe several related wild and cultivated triticum
species of which modern bread wheat, Triticum aestivum (L.), is the most widely
cultivated all over the world, followed by durum wheat, the center of origin of wheat is
situated in an area of the near and middle east known as the fertile crescent, covering
southern turkey, northern Iraq and adjacent regions of Iran and Syria. Domestication of
wheat, which led to large seeded and free threshing wheat, took place between 17,000
and 12000 BC. Wheat spread rapidly to North Africa, Asia, and Europe in prehistoric
times, leavened bread originated in ancient Egypt.

EFFECT OF SOWING METHODS:

Growth:

Tanveer et al. (2003) reported that the plant emergence was highest recorded with
seed drill method and all yield attributes was significantly higher under seed bed method
and seed drill method followed by broadcasting.

Khan et al. (2007) reported that line planted wheat 30 cm apart produced
significantly higher number of spikes m-2 (164), thousand grain weight (39.85 g) and
grain yield (5164 kg ha-1), while broadcast method produced least number of spike m-2
(104), number of grains spike-1 (57), thousand grain weight (32.09 g) and grain yield
(4088 kg ha-1). This study shows that line planting 30 cm apart gives better results for
grain yield of wheat than broadcast and other planting methods studied.

Abbas et al. (2009) reported that the better plant height was noted in drill planting
–1
with 30 and 22.5 cm rows. However, number of spikelets spike and number of grains
-1
spike were statistically similar in broadcasting and drilling at 22.5 cm apart rows.

Soomro et al. (2009) Results revealed that all growth and yield parameters were

significantly affected by the sowing methods and seed rates. Wheat sown by drilling
method at the seed rate of 150 kg/ha significantly increased the plant vigor and yield.

This increase in yield was associated with the progressive increase in all growth

components.

Naresh et al. (2014) reported that the germination were statistically at par in drill

sowing at 17.5 cm apart rows and broadcasting.

Chauhdary et al. (2016) concluded that wheat sowing under bed planting showed

better results with highest plant height (92.36 cm), numbers of tillers (294.17), numbers

of grains per spike (42.5), 1000 grain weight (35.34 g.), grain yield (3941.8 kg/ ha) and

water productivity (2.3028 kg/m3), while these parameters were observed as the lowest

under broadcasting among all treatments.

Chouhan et al. (2017) reported that the different sowing methods maximum plant

height and dry matter accumulation at successive growth stages was recorded with criss-

cross method which ultimately increase the yield of wheat over line sowing but remained

at par with FIRB system.

Gupta et al. (2017) reported that remarkable effects were noted under drill sowing

at 18 and 20 cm and bed planting with three rows which were better in terms of growth

and yield. Dry matter accumulation, number of tillers m-2, leaf area index and light

interception were significantly higher with drill sowing at 18 cm row spacing. However,

spike length was highest with bed planting (2 rows). The highest grain yield (50.94 q ha-
1
) was obtained with 18 cm row spacing.

Kumar et al. (2017a) results revealed that growth and productivity were recorded

significantly higher under zero tillage wheat with rice residue retention as compared to

conventional method of broadcasting but it was statistically at par with zero tillage

without residue and conventional method of line sowing.

Yield attributes and yield:

On clay loam soils at Waraseoni (MP), under rain fed condition, Paliwal
et al.(1994) reported that planting of rice in planting geometry of skip row technique
(skipping one row after every three rows) gave 5.59 per cent more grain yield than
random planting and 4.63 per cent more than line planting. This was attributed to marked
enhancement in plant height, number of productive tillers per hill, panicle weight and
panicle length than those of random planting and line planting methods.

Rana et al. (1995) reported that significantly higher wheat grain and straw yields
due to wider row spacing (30 cm) as compared to that of closer row spacing (23.5 cm) in
sandy loam soil.

Dawelbeit and Babiker (1997) resulted that the greatest yields were obtained by
using the disc harrow rather than the disc plow. Seed drilling as well as ridging after
broadcasting resulted in significantly greater yields than broadcasting alone for the two
seasons.

At Almora (UP) Pandey et al.(1999) reported that wider row spacing (22.5 cm)
caused for significant increase in grain yield of wheat (44.77 q/ha) as compared to that of
normal row spacing of 15 cm (42.45 q/ha).

Ayaz et al. (1999) reported that skip row planting accounted for significantly
more number of spikes per m2, 1000-grain weight and wheat grain yield (2395 kg/ha) as
compared to that of normal planting (without skipping a row).

Ghosh (2000) reported that skipping one row after every four rows accounted for
significantly more grain yield (2.46 t/ha) of rice than that of normal planting (2.33 t/ha).
This was attributed to marked enhancement in plant height, number of tillers per m2 and
panicle weight as compared to that of normal planting.

Khan et al. (2000) revealed that the sowing method greatly affected the number of
fertile tillers, biological yield, and grain yield and harvest index value whereas grains per
spike and 1000-grain weight were non-significant.
 Tripathi et al., (2000) reported that wider row spacing (30 cm) in wheat recorded
significantly increased plant population per meter row length, plant height, productive
tillers per meter row length, ear length, grains per ear, 1000-grain weight, grain and straw
yields as compared to those of 22.5 cm row spacing.

At Ranchi (Chhattisgarh)Verma et al.(2000) reported that wider row spacing (23

cm) in wheat crop registered more number of effective tillers per m2, number of spiklets
per spike, test weight and eventually higher grain yield (43.89 q/ha) than that of closer
row spacing of 15 cm (42.88 q/ha) under rain fed condition.

Kabakci (2009) reported that thegreatest yields were obtained by using the disc
harrow rather than the disc low. Seed drilling as well as ridging after broadcasting
resulted in significantly greater yields than broadcasting alone for the two seasons.

At Iran Limochi et al. (2014) reported that the highest significant numeric value
belongs to linear planting, except for the panicle number per square meter that had
completely reverse trends in both treatments.

Dagash et al. (2014) results showed that the planting on ridge and ridge with line
achieved higher 1000-seed weight and grain yield for both seasons.

Razaq et al. (2016) reported that raised beds cultivation produced higher number
of tillers m-1 (415), grain yield (5.13 t ha), biological yield (12.02 t ha) and total nitrogen
uptake (141.7 kg ha) as compared to the traditional flat bed. Similarly, mulch plots
resulted in higher tillers (404) wheat grain yield (4.94 t ha), biological yield (11.94 t ha)
and total nitrogen uptake (137.6 kg ha) than flat bed.

Tadesse et al. (2017) reported that the maximum grain yield of 3.5 t ha-1 was
obtained from row planting and the least 3.13 t ha-1 was recorded from broadcast method.

El-Temsah (2017) reported that the highest number of grains per main spike was
obtained when crop was shown on raised bed (68.33 grain/main spike) versus the
minimum value in case of sowing broadcasting (58.78 grain/main spike). In addition, all
studied yield parameters and yield gave the highest values due to sowing on raised bed
than others planting methods.
 Pirzada (2018) observed that the highest wheat growth, grain, and straw yield was
observed with drill method and followed by broadcasting method and lowest wheat
growth, grain and straw yield observed with gurbi method of sowing.

Quality:

Naresh et al. (2014) concluded that 15:25 cm paired rows and 20 cm drill planting
method is suitable for wheat sowing in sandy loam soils of irrigated areas of western
Uttar Pradesh.

Farooq et al. (2015) reported that the wheat crop was evaluated under three
sowing methods (Bed planting, drill/line sowing and broadcasting), the maximum total
crude protein (%) and total starch content (%) was maximum found under Bed planting
method.

Effect of nitrogen management:

Growth:

Wagan et al. (2002) observed that N application in 3 splits displayed greater

height and no. of tillers in wheat plants it may be due to split application during early
growth phase improves growth pattern. Another reason may be split doses provided the
chance to plants to uptake more N during whole plant period. Concerning a splitting of
the same N rate in three amendments, the late N application was totally assimilated by
plants, increasing the biomass of leaf, root, and ear. This indicates that a late N
application may accumulation and grain yield. (Zahedi et al., 2004)

Haile et al., (2012) reported that the time of N application had highly significant
effect on grain yield, protein content and NUE traits. Rate of N application and variety
were significantly interacted to influence grain yield. Grain yield for Madda Walabu
found sharply increase with each increase in N application rate. The improved variety
provided significantly higher grain yield, N utilization efficiency and N use efficiency for
grain yield (NUEGY) when N was applied 1/4 at planting, 1/2 at mid-tillering, and 1/4 at
anthesis.
 Ullah et al. (2013) observed that N fertilizer needs to wheat crop be increased as
the current recommended dose is 120-150 kg N/ha. However, N fertilizer can be applied
with a more convenient and economical broadcast method without any risk of reduction
in crop growth and grain quality.

Yeild attributes and yield:

Abdin et al. (1996) reported that application of nitrogen in more than two split
increased grain yield mainly by increasing grain weight per year. The application of an
extra dose of nitrogen grain weight per year. The application of an extra dose of nitrogen
(40 kg N/ha) at the time of anthesis increased grain yield.

Emam et al. (2000) found that early N foliar feeding i.e. application at booting
stage, resulting in grain yield increased in cultivars. The yield increase was mainly due to
increase in grain number with no significant change in mean grain weight.

Sarena and Jana (2001) reported that application of 100 kg/ha nitrogen, half as
basal and half nitrogen just after first irrigation as top dressing recorded higher grain and
straw yield of wheat as compared to nitrogen top dressed before irrigation as it resulted in
leaching loss beyond the crop root zone depth.

Rahaman et al. (2002) reported that N use efficiency of wheat was the maximum
when nitrogen fertilizer was applied in three split rather than two splits or applied as all
basal in no till condition.

Wagan et al. (2002) found that N applied in 3 split doses resulted maximum grain
and straw yield.

Woolfolk et al. (2002) observed that late season foliar spray of nitrogen before
and immediately after flowering significantly enhance the grain and straw yield.

Blackshaw et al. (2004) observed that subsurface banded N application increased

spring wheat yield over broadcast N fertilizer due to reduced N uptake by weeds and
decreased weed biomass.
 Blackshaw et al. (2004) observed that subsurface banded N compared with
broadcast N fertilizer often reduced N uptake by weeds, decreased weed biomass, and
increased wheat yield.

Samra and Dhillon (2002) reported that application of nitrogen in two split i.e.
half at sowing and half at CRI stage remarkably improved the grain and straw yield on
sandy load soil at Ludhiana, Punjab, over all other split application treatments.

At Hissar (Haryana) Madan et al. (2009) observed that splitting of recommended

dose of nitrogen at (1/3 at sowing + 2/3-7 kg. N at first node + 7 kg. Nitrogen N as 3%
urea spray at post anthesis) increased the grain yield by 4.1 % 43.5 q/ha than the grain
yield obtained at (1/2 at sowing + ½ crown root initiation).

Jan et al. (2010) reported that split N at sowing, tillering and boot stage increased
the biological yield and apparent N re-translocation. Split N application is recommended
for improved biological yield, and improved quality of grain the delayed application of N
at boot stage.

At Nepal, Dahal et al. (2010) observed that application of N at 2 split i.e. ½ dose
of N at CRI at 40 DAS with mulch produced significantly higher grain yield whereas
significantly lower grain yield was obtained from the treatment of ½ dose of N at sowing
at CRI without mulch.

At Ethiopia Haile et al. (2012) reported that time of N application had highly
significant effect on grain yield, protein content and NUE traits. the higher grain yield
utilization efficiency and nitrogen use efficiency for grain yield when N was applied at
planting, ½ at mid tillering and ¼ at anthesis.

Ahmad et al. (2012) observed that N split application (1/3rd N at sowing + 1/3rd at
2nd irrigation) accumulated the highest grain yield due to reached maximum LAI before
heading.

At ANDUA & T Ayodhya (Uttar Pradesh) Singh et al. (2013) found that 3 split N
applications significantly increased the growth parameter, Yield attributes, and Yield
over 2 and split N application. The highest grain yield recorded in 3 split N applications
was due to improvement in yield contributing characters.
 Singh et al. (2014) reported that the grain and straw yield were higher under 3
splits of nitrogen scheduling either 1/3 basal + 1/3 at tillering + 1/3 at floral formation or
¼ basal + ½ at tillering + ¼ at floral formation and 2 split 1/3 basal + 2/3 at first node
compared to the other treatment. Full N as basal or full at tillering gave significantly less
yield as compared to other treatments.

Kumar et al. (2017c) results indicated that the panicle length (cm), panicle/plan,
grains/panicle , 1000-grains weight (g), yields (grain, straw and biological) and nitrogen
use efficiency viz., partial factor productivity (kg grain yield/kg nitrogen applied),
agronomic (kg grain yield increase/kg nitrogen applied) and apparent recovery efficiency
(%) were significantly superior with the application of 1/4 N as basal +1/4 at tillering +
1/4 at panicle initiation and 1/4 at milking stage as compared to rest of the treatments,
except 1/2 N as basal, 1/4 at tillering, 1/4 at panicle initiation and 1/4 at milking stage and
1/4 N as basal, rest through leaf colour chart. However, 1/4 N as basal, 1/4 at tillering, 1/4
panicle initiation and 1/4 milking stage, treatment gave 60 and 32 kg/ha higher grain and
straw yields as compared to 1/2 N as basal, 1/4 at tillering and 1/4 panicle initiation stage
(existing recommendation of N), respectively. Besides, partial factor productivity,
agronomic and recovery efficiency in T3 was improved by 1.43, 2.41 and 3.69%,
respectively as compared to 1/2 N as basal, 1/4 at tillering and 1/4 panicle initiation stage,
(existing recommended N schedule).

Dubey et al. (2018) reported that the treatment T2 (1/3 at sowing and 2/3 after first
irrigation) was found best with all yield attributes, grain yield (21.96 qha-1) and straw
yield (32.46 qha-1) as compared to other treatments and being at par with Treatment T3
(1/3 at sowing and 1/3 after first irrigation and 1/3 after second irrigation) in all aspects of
yield attributes and yield.

N, P, K content & uptake:

Adjetey et al. (2001) observed that split application of N increased N uptake

most, when the second dose was applied at tillering.

Kumar et al. (2005) reported that time of N application had significant effect on
nitrogen uptake by wheat. Split application of N ½ as basal + ½ as top dressing after first
irrigation significantly increased the nitrogen over all other treatment. The increase in N
uptake under this treatment was 4 to 10 % higher during 2 years over other split doses.

At Ludhiana (Panjab) Mattas et al. (2011) observed that 3 split application gave a
significant increase in the nitrogen uptake over the 2 split application (among three types
of nitrogen application: ½ at sowing + ½ at CRI, 1/3 at sowing + 1/3 at CRI + 1/3 at boot
stage and 1/3 at sowing + 1/3 at CRI + 1/3 at anthesis stage)

Babulkar et al. (2002) observed a significant improvement in soil properties with

the allocation of 7.5 t FYM, ha-1 with half dose of recommended N and P.

Hossain et al. (2006) reported different levels of nitrogen significantly influenced

yield attributes parameters; highest grain yield was obtained from 150 kg N ha-1.

Jan et al. (2007) reported that the split application of N fertilizer increased grain
weight than single application.

Nakano et al. (2008) indicated that N application at anthesis is more effective than
N application at active tillering for increasing grain protein contents.

Madan and Munjal (2009) reported that splitting of recommended dose of

nitrogen recorded higher total protein content (12.68%) as compared to control (10.23%).
Splitting of recommended dose of nitrogen increased the grain yield by 4.1%.

Xie et al. (2009) reported that the combined application of inorganic and organic
fertilizers not only increased yields of grain and grain protein content of winter wheat,
but also improved some quality characteristics, such as starch pasting traits.

Abedy et al. (2011) reported that the high wheat grain yield beside a suitable
bakery quality is possible in a proper farming management system without environmental
impact of N over application. These goals may be achieved with sufficient N application
during vegetative growth for yield and late season N application for protein quality.

Ooro et al. (2011) reported that the Split application of N resulted in superior
quality attributes than when the entire N was applied at once. The sensitivity of rate and
time of N application was found to be greater in the wheat quality attributes than the
grain yield and yield components.
 Singh et al. (2014a) reported that the application of nitrogen in three split (50%
basal + 25% CRI + 25% flowering) proved significantly better in term of grass return, net
return and benefit cost ratio over other split application of nitrogen.

Singh et al. (2014b) reported that the combined application of organic manures
and fertilizers had significant and positive effects on productivity of the wheat.

Belete et al. (2018) application of 240 kg N ha−1 in three split doses (T5) was
required to obtain optimum wheat yield. In addition, increasing the rate of nitrogen
beyond 120 kg N ha−1 decreased nitrogen use efficiency traits.

Singh et al. (2015) reported that the scheduling of nitrogen (50% basal + 25%
CRI + 25% flowering) enhanced the nitrogen uptake efficiency and total nutrient uptake
by crop than other scheduling of nitrogen. Increased the LAI and SPAD value ultimately
enhanced the production of grain yield of wheat.

Singh et al. (2016) Results indicated that the use of three split N applications
increased all growth and yield attributes. The best N split strategy corresponded to three
N splits: at planting, crown root initiation (CRI), and panicle initiation (PI) stages.

Ferrari et al. (2016) reported split application of nitrogen fertilization in tillering,

booting and flowering stages increases the protein percentage (2.34%) and does not
reduce grain yield due to full implementation of fertilizing at tillering stage.

Zemicha el et al.(2017) reported that the highest apparent recovery efficiency of

75% was obtained in response to the rate of69 kg N ha-1applied in three splits of 1/4 at
planting, ½ at tillering, and 1/4 at anthesis.

FYM

Khiriya and Singh (2003) reported that each successive dose of FYM, up to 15 t
ha-1 significantly increased the grain, straw yield and yield attributes over lower doses.

Khanda and Mohapatra (2003) noticed that 5 t ha-1 FYM + 100% NPK produced
12.5% higher yield than control and 100% NPK and 10 t ha-1 FYM + 75% NPK was at
par with 5 t ha-1 FYM + 75% NPK and 10 t ha-1 FYM + 75% NPK was at par with 5 t
ha-1 FYM + 100% NPK.

Badiyala and Kumar (2003) reported better growth, yield attributes as well as
yield with application of FYM @ 5 t ha-1 over no FYM. Recommended dose of
chemical fertilizers produced taller plants and 1000-grain weight compared to 50%
and 75% of the recommended dose of NPK. Maximum seed yield and its attributes
were obtained when recommended fertilizer dose applied through inorganic
fertilizers. Different organic manure (Castor cake, Mustard cake, FYM) was equally
effective and gave significantly lower seed yield than with inorganic fertilizer (Patel
et al., 2003).

Pandey et al.(2009) reported that application of 10 t FYM ha-1 with RDF

produced similar grain yield 3.4-3.6 t ha-1 as the yield obtained under 150% RDF
-1
alone (3.3-3.6 t ha ), application of 150% RDF together with 10 t FYM + 25 kg
ZnSo4 ha-1 although obtained maximum grain yield (3.8-3.9 t ha-1).

At Pakistan Jan et al. (2011) suggested that application of 30 Mg FYM ha−1 +

90 kg N ha−1 are promising levels for higher production of wheat under moisture
stress conditions.
 TECHNICAL PROGRAMS

Treatments:

Sowing of wheat without tillage at 20 cm a part N = 0 kg/ha

S.No. Treatment Symbols

T1 M1N0
T2 M1N1
T3 M1N2
T4 M1N3
T5 M2N0
T6 M2N1
T7 M2N2
T8 M2N3
T9 M3N0
T10 M3N1
T11 M3N2
T12 M3N3
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