Mind map : learning made simple Chapter - 2

One-One Onto function One-One Into function Given two non empty sets A&B. The cartesian
Definition: A relation ' f ' from a set A to set B is said to be a
product A×B is the set of all ordered pairs of
f f function if every element of set A has one
elements from A&B i.e., A×B={(a,b) : a ∈ A ; b ∈ B}.
and only one image in set B.
If n(A)=p and n(B)=q , then n(A×B)=pq
Notations:
Domain(Input) x f y=f(x) Range(Output)
Let A&B be two empty sets. Then any subset ' R ' of
A B A B f A x B is a relation from A to B.If (a,b) ∈R, then we
Range=Codomain Range ⊂ Codomain Range of ‘f’ write a R b , which is read as ' a is related to b ' by a
Domain of ‘f ’ a b
Many-One Onto function Many One Into function relation R, 'b' is also called image of'a' under R.
The total number of relations that can be defined
f f from a set A to a set B is the number of possible
subsets of A x B. If n(A)=p and n(B)=q, then n
A B pq
(A x B)=pq and total number relations is 2 .

Ki
nd
Codomain of ‘f’
so
P Q Given, R={(x,y): x is the first letter
A B A B

fF
Range=Codomain Range=Codomain
of the name y, x ∈P, y ∈Q}
un

s
s Then, R={(a,Ali), (b, Beena),

et
a Ali

ctio of

Functions
Beena

Let f :x → R and g → R be any two real functions ns uct b Bindu

(c, charu)}This is a visual or
od pictorial representation of relation
pr
Charlss
where X⊂R. c
ian R (called an arrow diagram)is
Divya
Addition: (f+g) x = f(x)+g(x); ∀x∈ R tes
Car io shown in figure.

n
Subtraction: (f–g) x = f(x)–g(x); ∀ x∈ R lat of
Product: (fg) x = f(x).g(x); ∀ x ∈ R Re n
Relations ta tio
Quotient: (f/g) (x) = f(x)/g(x); provided Algebra sen If R is a relation from A to B, then the set of first
& pre
g(x) ≠ 0, ∀ x ∈ R
of functio n s P ic t o rial r e n elements in R is called domain & the set of second
Functions a ti o
a rel elements in R is called range of R. Symbolically,
f(x)=log ex, a>0 , a ≠ 1 Domain=x ∈ (0, ∞) Range=y ∈ R Log function Domain of R={x:(x,y) ∈ R}; Range of R={y:(x,y) ∈ R}
D
om The set B is called co-domain of relation R.
The function f:R → R defined by y=f(x)=x ∀ x ∈R is called Identity ain Note: the range ⊆ Codomain.
identity function. Domain=R and Range=R &r
function ang Eg. Given, R={(1,2),(2,3),(3,4),(4,5),(5,6)}. 1
In
1
e of a R
ve
The function f:R → R defined by y=f(x)=c, ∀ x ∈ R, where elation then Domain of R={1,2,3,4,5} 2 2
Some standard real

3 3
rse

c is a constant is called constant function. Domain=R Constant at Range of R={2,3,4,5,6} and 4 4

re
5 5
io codomain of R={1,2,3,4,5,6}
l

and Range ={c} function n

6 6
A B

The function f:R → R defined by f(x)= x; x ≥ 0

−x; x < 0 Let A&B be two sets and R be a relation from set A
is called modulus function. Modulus Even function
It is denoted by y=f(x)=|x|. Domain=R and Range =(0, ∞) function f(−x)=f(x), ∀x∈ Domain to set B.Then inverse of R ,denoted by R-1, is a
relation from B to Aand is defined by
The function f:R → R defined by f(x)= 1, x > 0 is called signum Signum
function. It is usually denoted by
0, x = 0 Odd function R-1={(b,a) : (a,b) ∈ R}. Clearly, (a,b) ∈R ⇔ (b,a) ∈ R-1
-1, x < 0 function f(−x)=−f(x), ∀x∈ Domain
y=f(x)=sgn(x) Domain=R and Range ={ 0, -1, 1} Also, Dom(R)=Range (R-1) and Range(R)=Dom(R-1)

The function f:R → R defined by as the greatest integer Greatest

less than or equal to x .It is usually denoted by y=f(x)=[x]. integer function Exponential f(x)=ax , a>0 , a ≠ 1,
function
Domain=R and Range=Z(All integers) Domain: x∈R: Range:f(x) ⊂ (0,∞)
SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS

2.2.3 Inverse of a relation : Let A, B be two sets and let R

RELATION & FUNCTION­I be a relation from a set A to set B. Then the inverse
–1
of R, denoted by R , is a relation from B to A and is
1. INTRODUCTION defined by
–1
In this chapter, we will learn how to create a relation between R = {(b, a) : (a, b)  R}
–1
two sets by linking pairs of objects from two sets. We will Clearly, (a, b)  R œ (b, a)  R
–1 –1
learn how a relation qualifies for being a function. Finally, Also, Dom (R) = Range (R ) and Range (R) = Dom (R ).
we will see kinds of function, some standard functions etc.
3. FUNCTIONS
2. RELATIONS
3.1 Definition

2.1 Cartesian product of sets A relation ‘f’ from a set A to set B is said to be a function if
every element of set A has one and only one image in set B.
Definition : Given two non-empty sets P & Q. The cartesian
product P × Q is the set of all ordered pairs of elements from Notations
P & Q i.e.
P × Q = {(p, q); p  P; q  Q}

2.2 Relations

2.2.1 Definition : Let A & B be two non-empty sets. Then

any subset ‘R’ of A × B is a relation from A to B.
If (a, b)  R, then we write it as a R b which is read as
a is related to b’ by the relation R’, ‘b’ is also called
image of ‘a’ under R.
2.2.2 Domain and range of a relation : If R is a relation
from A to B, then the set of first elements in R is
called domain & the set of second elements in R is
called range of R. symbolically.
Domain of R = { x : (x, y)  R}
Range of R = { y : (x, y)  R}
The set B is called co-domain of relation R.
Note that range  co-domain.

3.2 Domain, Co-domain and Range of a function

Domain : When we define y = f (x) with a formula and the domain

is not stated explicitly, the domain is assumed to be the largest set
Total number of relations that can be defined from a set A of x–values for which the formula gives real y–values.
to a set B is the number of possible subsets of A × B. If
The domain of y = f (x) is the set of all real x for which f (x) is
n(A) = p and n(B) = q, then n(A × B) = pq and total defined (real).
pq
number of relations is 2 .
 SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS

Algo Check : Rules for finding Domain :

(i) Expression under even root (i.e. square root, fourth root etc.)
should be non–negative.
Two functions f & g are said to be equal iff
(ii) Denominator z 0.
1. Domain of f = Domain of g
(iii) logax is defined when x > 0, a > 0 and a z 1.
2. Co-domain of f = Co-domain of g
(iv) If domain of y = f (x) and y = g(x) are D1 and D2 respectively,
then the domain of f (x) ± g(x) or f (x) . g(x) is D1 ˆ D2. While 3. f(x) = g(x)  x  Domain.

f x 3.3 Kinds of Functions

domain of is D1 ˆ D 2 – {x: g(x) = 0}.
g x

Range : The set of all f -images of elements of A is known as the

range of f & denoted by f (A).

Range = f (A) = {f (x) : x  A};

f (A)ŽB {RangeŽCo-domain}.

Algo Check : Rule for finding range :

First of all find the domain of y = f (x)

(i) If domain  finite number of points

Ÿrange  set of corresponding f (x) values.

(ii) If domain  R or R – {some finite points}

Put y = f(x)

Then express x in terms of y. From this find y for x to be

defined. (i.e., find the values of y for which x exists).

(iii) If domain  a finite interval, find the least and greater value
for range using monotonocity.

1. Question of format :

§ Q L Q · Q o quadratic
¨y ; y ; y ¸
© Q Q L ¹ L o Linear
(a) One-to-One functions are also called Injective
Range is found out by cross-multiplying & creating functions.
a quadratic in ‘x’ & making D t 0 (as x  R) (b) Onto functions are also called Surjective
2. Questions to find range in which-the given (c) (one-to-one) & (onto) functions are also called
expression y = f(x) can be converted into x (or some Bijective Functions.
function of x) = expression in ‘y’.
Do this & apply method (ii).
SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS

Relations which can not be catagorized as a function 3.4.2 Constant Function : The function f : R o R defined
by y = f(x) = c,  x  R where c is a constant is
called constant function

As not all elements of set A are associated with some

elements of set B. (violation of– point (i)– definition 2.1)

An element of set A is not associated with a unique

element of set B, (violation of point (ii) definition 2.1) 3.4.3 Modulus Function : The function f : R o R defined by

Methods to check one-one mapping ­ x; x t 0

f (x) ®
1. Theoretically : If f (x1) = f (x2) ¯ x; x  0

Ÿ x1 = x2, then f (x) is one-one. is called modulus function. It is denoted by y

= f(x) = | x |.
2. Graphically : A function is one-one, iff no line parallel
to x-axis meets the graph of function at more than one
point.
3. By Calculus : For checking whether f (x) is One-One,
find whether function is only increasing or only
decreasing in their domain. If yes, then function is
one-one, i.e. if f ' x t 0,  x  domain or i.e.,

if f ' x d 0 ,  x  domain, then function is one-one.

3.4 Some standard real functions & their graphs

3.4.1 Identity Function : The function f : R o R defined

by y = f(x) = x  x  R is called identity function. Its also known as “Absolute value function’.
Properties of Modulus Function :
The modulus function has the following properties :

1. For any real number x, we have x2 x

2. xy x y

3. x  y d x  y ½°
¾ triangle inequality
4. x  y t x  y °¿
 SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS

3.4.4 Signum Function : The function f : R o R defined by Properties of Greatest Integer Function :

If n is an integer and x is any real number between n and n + 1,

­ 1; x ! 0 then the greatest integer function has the following properties :
°
f (x) ® 0; x 0 (1) [–n] = – [n]
° 1; x  0
¯ (2) [x + n] = [x] + n
(3) [–x] = – [x] –1
is called signum function. It is usually denoted by
y = f(x) = sgn(x). (4) [x] + [– x] 1, if x  I
0, if x  I

Fractional part of x, denoted by {x} is given by x – [x]. So,

­ x  1; 1 d x  2
°
x x x ® x ; 0 d x 1
° x  1;  1 d x  0
¯

3.4.6 Exponential Function :

f (x) = ax, a > 0, a z 1
Domain : x  R
Range : f(x)  (0, f)

­x
° ; xz0
Sgn(x) ®x
° 0; x 0
¯

3.4.5 Greatest Integer Function : The function f : R o R

defined as the greatest integer less than or equal to x.
It is usually denoted as y = f(x) = [x]
 SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS

3.4.7 Logarithm Function : (b) Properties of Monotonocity of Logarithm

f (x) = logax, a > 0, az1 (i) If a > 1, loga x < logay Ÿ 0 < x <y
Domain : x  (0, f) (ii) If 0 < a < 1, loga x < loga y Ÿ x > y >0
Range : y  R
(iii) If a > 1 then logax < p Ÿ 0 < x < ap
(iv) If a > 1 then logax > p Ÿ x > ap
(v) If 0 < a < 1 then logax < p Ÿ x > ap
(vi) If 0 < a < 1 then logax > p Ÿ 0 < x < ap

If the exponent and the base are on same side of the

unity, then the logarithm is positive.
If the exponent and the base are on different sides of
unity, then the logarithm is negative.

4. ALGEBRA OF REAL FUNCTION

In this section, we shall learn how to add two real functins,

subtract a real function from another, multiply a real function
by a scalar (here by a scalar we mean a real number), multiply
two real functions and divide one real function by another.

4.1 Addition of two real functions

(a) The Principal Properties of Logarithms
Let f : X o R and g : X o R by any two real functions, whre
Let M & N are arbitrary positive numbers, a > 0, a z 1, X  R. Then, we define (f + g): X o R by
b > 0, b z 1. (f + g) (x) = f (x) + g(x), for all x  X.
(i) logb a = c Ÿa = bc
4.2 Subtraction of a real function from another
(ii) loga (M . N) = loga M + loga N
(iii) loga (M/N) = loga M – loga N Let f : X o R be any two any two real functions, whre X  R.
(iv) N
loga M = N loga M Then, we define (f – g): X o R by

l og c a (f – g) (x) = f (x) – g(x), for all x  X.

(v) log b a , c > 0, c z 1.
l og c b 4.3 Multiplication by a scalar

(vi) a l ogc b bl ogca , a, b, c > 0, c z 1. Let f : X o R be a real valued function and D be a scalar. Here
by scalar, we mean a real number. Then the product D f is a
function from X to R defined by (D f) (x) = D f(x), x  X.

4.4 Multiplication of two real functions

(a) loga a = 1 The product (or multiplication) of two real functions

(b) logb a . logc b . loga c = 1 f : X o R and g : X o R is a function fg : X o R defined by
(c) loga 1 = 0 (fg) (x) = f(x) g(x), for all x  X.
x This is also called pointwise multiplication.
(d) e x ln a e ln a ax
 SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS

4.5 Quotient of two real functions 5. PERIODIC FUNCTION

Let f and g be two real functions defined from X o R where Definition : A function f (x) is said to be periodic function, if there
X  R. The quotient of f by g denoted by f /g is a function exists a positive real number T, such that
defined by f xT f x ,  x R.
Then, f (x) is a periodic function where least positive
§f · f x value of T is called fundamental period.
¨ ¸ x
©g¹ g x , provided g(x) z 0, x  X.
Graphically : If the graph repeats at fixed interval, then function
is said to be periodic and its period is the width of
4.6 Even and Odd Functions that interval.
Some standard results on periodic functions :
Even Function : f (–x) = f (x),  x  Domain Functions Periods
The graph of an even function y = f (x) is symmetric about the
n n
(i) sin x, cos x, sec x, cosec x n n
S; if n is even.
y–axis. i.e., (x, y) lies on the graph œ (–x, y) lies on the graph. 2S; (if n is odd or fraction)
(ii) tann x, cotn x S; n is even or odd.
(iii) |sin x|, |cos x|, |tan x| S
|cot x|, |sec x|, |cosec x|
(iv) x – [x], [.] represents 1
greatest integer function
(v) Algebraic functions period does not exist
2 3
e.g., x , x , x + 5, ....etc.
Properties of Periodic Function
(i) If f (x) is periodic with period T, then
(a) c . f (x) is periodic with period T.
(b) f (x ± c) is periodic with period T.
Odd Function : f (– x) = –f (x),  x  Domain (c) f (x) ± c is periodic with period T.
where c is any constant.
The graph of an odd function y = f (x) is symmetric about origin
i.e. if point (x, y) is on the graph of an odd function, then (ii) If f (x) is periodic with period T, then
(–x, –y) will also lie on the graph. k f (cx + d) has period T/|c|,
i.e. Period is only affected by coefficient of x
where k, c, d  constant.
(iii) If f1(x), f2(x) are periodic functions with periods T1, T2
respectively, then we have, h(x) = a f1(x) + b f2(x) has
period as, LCM of {T1, T2}

§a c e· LCM of a, c, e
(a) LCM of ¨ , , ¸
©b d f ¹ HCF of b, d, f

(b) LCM of rational and rational always exists.

LCM of irrational and irrational sometime exists.
But LCM of rational and irrational never exists.
e.g., LCM of (2 S, 1, 6 S) is not possible as
2 S, 6 S irrational and 1  rational.
 Mathematics
(Chapter – 2) (Relations and Functions)
(Class – XI)

Exercise 2.1
Question 1:

If

, find the values of x and y.

Answer 1:
It is given that

Since the ordered pairs are equal, the corresponding elements will also be
equal.

Therefore, and

∴ x = 2 and y = 1

Question 2:
If the set A has 3 elements and the set B = {3, 4, 5}, then find the number
of elements in (A × B)?

Answer 2:
It is given that set A has 3 elements and the elements of set B are 3, 4,
and 5.

1
⇒ Number of elements in set B = 3

Number of elements in (A × B)
= (Number of elements in A) × (Number of elements in B)
=3×3=9

Thus, the number of elements in (A × B) is 9.

Question 3:
If G = {7, 8} and H = {5, 4, 2}, find G × H and H × G.

Answer 3:
G = {7, 8} and H = {5, 4, 2}
We know that the Cartesian product P × Q of two non-empty sets P and Q
is defined as P × Q = {(p, q): p∈ P, q ∈ Q}
∴ G × H = {(7, 5), (7, 4), (7, 2), (8, 5), (8, 4), (8, 2)}
H × G = {(5, 7), (5, 8), (4, 7), (4, 8), (2, 7), (2, 8)}

Question 4:
State whether each of the following statement are true or false. If the
statement is false, rewrite the given statement correctly.
(i) If P = {m, n} and Q = {n, m}, then P × Q = {(m, n), (n, m)}.

(ii) If A and B are non-empty sets, then A × B is a non-empty set of

ordered pairs (x, y) such that x ∈ A and y ∈ B.

(iii) If A = {1, 2}, B = {3, 4}, then A × (B ∩ Φ) = Φ.

Answer 4:
(i) False
If P = {m, n} and Q = {n, m}, then
P × Q = {(m, m), (m, n), (n, m), (n, n)}
(ii) True
(iii) True

2
Question 5:
If A = {–1, 1}, find A × A × A.

Answer 5:
It is known that for any non-empty set A, A × A × A is defined as
A × A × A = {(a, b, c): a, b, c ∈ A}

It is given that A = {–1, 1}

∴ A × A × A = {(–1, –1, –1), (–1, –1, 1), (–1, 1, –1), (–1, 1, 1),
(1, –1, –1), (1, –1, 1), (1, 1, –1), (1, 1, 1)}

Question 6:
If A × B = {(a, x), (a, y), (b, x), (b, y)}. Find A and B.

Answer 6:
It is given that A × B = {(a, x), (a, y), (b, x), (b, y)}
We know that the Cartesian product of two non-empty sets P and Q is
defined as P × Q = {(p, q): p ∈ P, q ∈ Q}

∴ A is the set of all first elements and B is the set of all second elements.

Thus, A = {a, b} and B = {x, y}

Question 7:
Let A = {1, 2}, B = {1, 2, 3, 4}, C = {5, 6} and D = {5, 6, 7, 8}. Verify
that
(i) A × (B ∩ C) = (A × B) ∩ (A × C)
(ii) A × C is a subset of B × D

Answer 7:
(i) To verify: A × (B ∩ C) = (A × B) ∩ (A × C)

We have B ∩ C = {1, 2, 3, 4} ∩ {5, 6} = Φ

∴ L.H.S. = A × (B ∩ C) = A × Φ = Φ
A × B = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4)}
A × C = {(1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 5), (2, 6)}

3
∴ R.H.S. = (A × B) ∩ (A × C) = Φ

∴ L.H.S. = R.H.S

Hence, A × (B ∩ C) = (A × B) ∩ (A × C)

(ii) To verify: A × C is a subset of B × D

A × C = {(1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 5), (2, 6)}

A × D = {(1, 5), (1, 6), (1, 7), (1, 8), (2, 5), (2, 6), (2, 7), (2, 8),
(3, 5), (3, 6), (3, 7), (3, 8), (4, 5), (4, 6), (4, 7), (4, 8)}

We can observe that all the elements of set A × C are the elements of set
B × D. Therefore, A × C is a subset of B × D.

Question 8:
Let A = {1, 2} and B = {3, 4}. Write A × B. How many subsets will A × B
have? List them.

Answer 8:
A = {1, 2} and B = {3, 4}

∴ A × B = {(1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 4)}

⇒ n(A × B) = 4

We know that if C is a set with n(C) = m, then n[P(C)] = 2m.

Therefore, the set A × B has 24 = 16 subsets. These are

Φ, {(1, 3)}, {(1, 4)}, {(2, 3)}, {(2, 4)}, {(1, 3), (1, 4)}, {(1, 3), (2, 3)},
{(1, 3), (2, 4)}, {(1, 4), (2, 3)}, {(1, 4), (2, 4)}, {(2, 3), (2, 4)},
{(1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3)}, {(1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 4)}, {(1, 3), (2, 3),
(2, 4)}, {(1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 4)}, {(1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 4)}

4
Question 9:
Let A and B be two sets such that n(A) = 3 and n (B) = 2. If (x, 1), (y, 2),
(z, 1) are in A × B, find A and B, where x, y and z are distinct elements.

Answer 9:
It is given that n(A) =3 and n(B) =2; and (x, 1), (y, 2), (z, 1) are in A×B.

We know that
A = Set of first elements of the ordered pair elements of A × B
B = Set of second elements of the ordered pair elements of A × B.

∴ x, y, and z are the elements of A; and 1 and 2 are the elements of B.

Since n(A) = 3 and n(B) = 2,

it is clear that A = {x, y, z} and B = {1, 2}.

Question 10:
The Cartesian product A × A has 9 elements among which are found (–1,
0) and (0, 1). Find the set A and the remaining elements of A × A.

Answer 10:
We know that if n(A) = p and n(B) = q, then n(A × B) = pq.

∴ n(A × A) = n(A) × n(A)

It is given that n(A × A) = 9

∴ n(A) × n(A) = 9
⇒ n(A) = 3

The ordered pairs (–1, 0) and (0, 1) are two of the nine elements of A×A.

We know that A × A = {(a, a): a ∈ A}. Therefore, –1, 0, and 1 are elements
of A.
Since n(A) = 3, it is clear that A = {–1, 0, 1}.
The remaining elements of set A × A are (–1, –1), (–1, 1), (0, –1), (0, 0),
(1, –1), (1, 0), and (1, 1).

5
 Mathematics
(Chapter – 2) (Relations and Functions)
(Class – XI)

Exercise 2.2

Question 1:
Let A = {1, 2, 3… 14}. Define a relation R from A to A by
R = {(x, y): 3x – y = 0, where x, y ∈ A}. Write down its domain, codomain
and range.

Answer 1:
The relation R from A to A is given as R = {(x, y): 3x – y = 0, where x, y
∈ A}

i.e., R = {(x, y): 3x = y, where x, y ∈ A}

∴ R = {(1, 3), (2, 6), (3, 9), (4, 12)}

The domain of R is the set of all first elements of the ordered pairs in the
relation.
∴ Domain of R = {1, 2, 3, 4}
The whole set A is the codomain of the relation R.
∴ Codomain of R = A = {1, 2, 3… 14}
The range of R is the set of all second elements of the ordered pairs in the
relation.
∴Range of R = {3, 6, 9, 12}

Question 2:
Define a relation R on the set N of natural numbers by R = {(x, y): y = x
+ 5, x is a natural number less than 4; x, y ∈ N}. Depict this relationship
using roster form. Write down the domain and the range.

Answer 2:
R = {(x, y): y = x + 5, x is a natural number less than 4, x, y ∈ N}
The natural numbers less than 4 are 1, 2, and 3.
∴ R = {(1, 6), (2, 7), (3, 8)}
The domain of R is the set of all first elements of the ordered pairs in the
relation.
∴ Domain of R = {1, 2, 3}
The range of R is the set of all second elements of the ordered pairs in
the relation. ∴ Range of R = {6, 7, 8}

1
Question 3:
A = {1, 2, 3, 5} and B = {4, 6, 9}. Define a relation R from A to B by R =
{(x, y): the difference between x and y is odd; x ∈ A, y ∈ B}. Write R in
roster form.

Answer 3:
A = {1, 2, 3, 5} and B = {4, 6, 9}
R = {(x, y): the difference between x and y is odd; x ∈ A, y ∈ B}
∴ R = {(1, 4), (1, 6), (2, 9), (3, 4), (3, 6), (5, 4), (5, 6)}

Question 4:
The given figure shows a relationship between the sets P and Q. write
this relation (i) in set-builder form (ii) in roster form. What is its
domain and range?

Answer 4:
According to the given figure, P = {5, 6, 7}, Q = {3, 4, 5}
(i) R = {(x, y): y = x – 2; x ∈ P} or R = {(x, y): y = x – 2 for x = 5, 6,
7}
(ii) R = {(5, 3), (6, 4), (7, 5)}
Domain of R = {5, 6, 7}
Range of R = {3, 4, 5}

2
 n)

Question 5:
Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6}. Let R be the relation on A defined by {(a, b): a, b
∈ A, b is exactly divisible by a}.

(i) Write R in roster form

(ii) Find the domain of R
(iii) Find the range of R.

Answer 5:
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6}, R = {(a, b): a, b ∈ A, b is exactly divisible by a}
(i) R = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 6), (2, 2), (2, 4), (2, 6), (3, 3),
(3, 6), (4, 4), (6, 6)}
(ii) Domain of R = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6}
(iii) Range of R = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6}

Question 6:
Determine the domain and range of the relation R defined by
R = {(x, x + 5): x ∈ {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}}.

Answer 6:
R = {(x, x + 5): x ∈ {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}}
∴ R = {(0, 5), (1, 6), (2, 7), (3, 8), (4, 9), (5, 10)}
∴ Domain of R = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
Range of R = {5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}

Question 7:
Write the relation R = {(x, x3): x is a prime number less than 10} in roster
form.

Answer 7:
R = {(x, x3): x is a prime number less than 10} The prime numbers less
than 10 are 2, 3, 5, and 7.

∴ R = {(2, 8), (3, 27), (5, 125), (7, 343)}

3
Question 8:
Let A = {x, y, z} and B = {1, 2}. Find the number of relations from A to
B.

Answer 8:
It is given that A = {x, y, z} and B = {1, 2}.

∴ A × B = {(x, 1), (x, 2), (y, 1), (y, 2), (z, 1), (z, 2)}

Since n(A × B) = 6, the number of subsets of A × B is 26.

Therefore, the number of relations from A to B is 26.

Question 9:
Let R be the relation on Z defined by R = {(a, b): a, b ∈ Z, a – b is an
integer}. Find the domain and range of R.

Answer 9:
R = {(a, b): a, b ∈ Z, a – b is an integer}

It is known that the difference between any two integers is always an

integer.

∴ Domain of R = Z

Range of R = Z

4
 Mathematics
(Chapter – 2) (Relations and Functions)
(Class – XI)

Exercise 2.3
Question 1:

Which of the following relations are functions? Give reasons. If it is a

function, determine its domain and range.
(i) {(2, 1), (5, 1), (8, 1), (11, 1), (14, 1), (17, 1)}
(ii) {(2, 1), (4, 2), (6, 3), (8, 4), (10, 5), (12, 6), (14, 7)}
(iii) {(1, 3), (1, 5), (2, 5)}

Answer 1:
(i) {(2, 1), (5, 1), (8, 1), (11, 1), (14, 1), (17, 1)}
Since 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, and 17 are the elements of the domain of the given
relation having their unique images, this relation is a function. Here,
domain = {2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17} and range = {1}
(ii) {(2, 1), (4, 2), (6, 3), (8, 4), (10, 5), (12, 6), (14, 7)}
Since 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 are the elements of the domain of the given
relation having their unique images, this relation is a function.
Here, domain = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14} and range = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
(iii) {(1, 3), (1, 5), (2, 5)}
Since the same first element i.e., 1 corresponds to two different images
i.e., 3 and 5, this relation is not a function.

Question 2:
Find the domain and range of the following real function:
(i) f(x) = –|x|
(ii) 𝑓(𝑥) = √9 − 𝑥 2

Answer 2:
(i) f(x) = –|x|, x ∈ R

𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 0
We know that |𝑥| = {
−𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 0

−𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 0
∴ 𝑓(𝑥) = −|𝑥| = {
𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 0

Since f(x) is defined for x ∈ R, the domain of f is R.

1
It can be observed that the range of f(x) = –|x| is all real numbers except
positive real numbers.
∴ The range of f is (−∞, 0].

(ii) 𝑓(𝑥) = √9 − 𝑥 2

Since √9 − 𝑥 2 is defined for all real numbers that are greater than or equal
to –3 and less than or equal to 3, the domain of f(x) is {x : –3 ≤ x ≤ 3} or
[–3, 3].
For any value of x such that –3 ≤ x ≤ 3, the value of f(x) will lie between
0 and 3. ∴The range of f(x) is {x: 0 ≤ x ≤ 3} or [0, 3].

Question 3:
A function f is defined by f(x) = 2x – 5. Write down the values of
(i) f(0),
(ii) f(7),
(iii) f(–3)

Answer 3:
The given function is f(x) = 2x – 5.
Therefore,
(i) f(0) = 2 × 0 – 5 = 0 – 5 = –5
(ii) f(7) = 2 × 7 – 5 = 14 – 5 = 9
(iii) f(–3) = 2 × (–3) – 5 = – 6 – 5 = –11

Question 4:
The function ‘t’ which maps temperature in degree Celsius into temperature
9𝐶
in degree Fahrenheit is defined by𝑓(𝐶) = 5 + 32. Find

(i) t (0) (ii) t (28) (iii) t (–10)

(iv) The value of C, when t(C) = 212

Answer 4:
9𝐶
The given function is 𝑓(𝐶) = 5 + 32.
Therefore,

2
(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv) It is given that t(C) = 212

Thus, the value of t, when t(C) = 212, is 100.

Question 5:
Find the range of each of the following functions.
(i) f(x) = 2 – 3x, x R, x > 0.
(ii) f(x) = x2 + 2, x, is a real number.
(iii) f(x) = x, x is a real number

Answer 5:
(i) f(x) = 2 – 3x, x R, x > 0
The values of f(x) for various values of real numbers x > 0 can be written
in the tabular form as

x 0.01 0.1 0.9 1 2 2.5 4 5 …

f(x) 1.97 1.7 – – – – – – …
0.7 1 4 5.5 10 13

3
Thus, it can be clearly observed that the range of f is the set of all real
numbers less than 2.
i.e., range of f = (– , 2)

Alter:
Let x > 0
⇒ 3x > 0
⇒ 2 –3x < 2
⇒ f(x) < 2
∴Range of f = (– , 2)
(ii) f(x) = x2 + 2, x, is a real number
The values of f(x) for various values of real numbers x can be written in
the tabular form as

x 0 ±0.3 ±0.8 ±1 ±2 ±3 …
f(x) 2 2.09 2.64 3 6 11 …..

Thus, it can be clearly observed that the range of f is the set of all real
numbers greater than 2.
i.e., range of f = [2, )

Alter:
Let x be any real
number. Accordingly,
x2 ≥ 0
⇒ x2 + 2 ≥ 0 + 2
⇒ x2 + 2 ≥ 2
⇒ f(x) ≥ 2
∴ Range of f = [2, )
(iii) f(x) = x, x is a real number
It is clear that the range of f is the set of all real
numbers. ∴ Range of f = R

4
 Mathematics
(Chapter – 2) (Relations and Functions)
(Class – XI)

Miscellaneous Exercise on Chapter 2

Question 1:

The relation f is defined by

The relation g is defined by

Show that f is a function and g is not a function.

Answer 1:

The relation f is defined as

It is observed that for

0 ≤ x < 3, f(x) = x2

3 < x ≤ 10, f(x) = 3x

Also, at x = 3, f(x) = 32 = 9 or f(x) = 3 × 3 = 9 i.e., at x = 3, f(x) = 9

Therefore, for 0 ≤ x ≤ 10, the images of f(x) are unique. Thus, the given
relation is a function.

The relation g is defined as

It can be observed that for x = 2, g(x) = 22 = 4 and g(x) = 3 × 2 = 6

1
Hence, element 2 of the domain of the relation g corresponds to two
different images i.e., 4 and 6.

Hence, this relation is not a function.

Question 2:
If f(x) = x2, find.

Answer 2:

Question 3:
Find the domain of the function

Answer 3:

The given function is

It can be seen that function f is defined for all real numbers except at x =
6 and x = 2. Hence, the domain of f is R – {2, 6}.

Question 4:
Find the domain and the range of the real function f defined by
𝑓(𝑥) = √(𝑥 − 1)

Answer 4:
The given real function is 𝑓(𝑥) = √(𝑥 − 1)
It can be seen that √(𝑥 − 1) is defined for 𝑥 ≥ 1.

2
Therefore, the domain of f is the set of all real numbers greater than or
equal to 1 i.e., the domain of f = [1, ∞).

As x ≥ 1 ⇒ (x – 1) ≥ 0 ⇒ √(𝑥 − 1) ≥ 0
Therefore, the range of f is the set of all real numbers greater than or equal
to 0 i.e., the range of f = [0, ).

Question 5:
Find the domain and the range of the real function f defined by
f (x) = |x – 1|.

Answer 5:
The given real function is f (x) = |x – 1|.
It is clear that |x – 1| is defined for all real numbers.
∴ Domain of f = R
Also, for x ∈ R, |x – 1| assumes all real numbers.
Hence, the range of f is the set of all non-negative real numbers.

Question 6:

Let

be a function from R into R. Determine the range of f.

Answer 6:

The range of f is the set of all second elements. It can be observed that all
these elements are greater than or equal to 0 but less than 1.
[Denominator is greater numerator] Thus, range of f = [0, 1)

3
Question 7:

Let f, g: R → R be defined, respectively by f(x) = x + 1, g(x) = 2x – 3. Find

𝑓
f + g, f – g and 𝑔.

Answer 7:

f, g: R → R is defined as f(x) = x + 1, g(x) = 2x – 3

(f + g) (x) = f(x) + g(x) = (x + 1) + (2x – 3) = 3x – 2

∴ (f + g) (x) = 3x – 2

(f – g) (x) = f(x) – g(x) = (x + 1) – (2x – 3) = x + 1 – 2x + 3 = – x + 4

∴ (f – g) (x) = –x + 4

4
Question 8:
Let f = {(1, 1), (2, 3), (0, –1), (–1, –3)} be a function from Z to Z defined
by f(x) = ax + b, for some integers a, b. Determine a, b.

Answer 8:
f = {(1, 1), (2, 3), (0, –1), (–1, –3)} and f(x) = ax + b

(1, 1) ∈ f ⇒ f(1) = 1 ⇒a×1+b=1

⇒a+b=1

(0, –1) ∈ f ⇒ f(0) = –1 ⇒ a × 0 + b = –1

⇒ b = –1
On substituting b = –1 in a + b = 1,
We obtain a + (–1) = 1 ⇒ a = 1 + 1 = 2. Thus, the respective values of a
and b are 2 and –1.

Question 9:
Let R be a relation from N to N defined by R = {(a, b): a, b ∈ N and a =
b2}. Are the following true?
(i) (a, a) ∈ R, for all a ∈ N
(ii) (a, b) ∈ R, implies (b, a) ∈ R
(iii) (a, b) ∈ R, (b, c) ∈ R implies (a, c) ∈ R.
Justify your answer in each case.

Answer 9:
R = {(a, b): a, b ∈ N and a = b2}
(i) It can be seen that 2 ∈ N; however, 2 ≠ 22 = 4.
Therefore, the statement “(a, a) ∈ R, for all a ∈ N” is not true.
(ii) It can be seen that (9, 3) ∈ N because 9, 3 ∈ N and 9 = 32. Now, 3
≠ 92 = 81; therefore, (3, 9) ∉ N
Therefore, the statement “(a, b) ∈ R, implies (b, a) ∈ R” is not true.
(iii) It can be seen that (9, 3) ∈ R, (16, 4) ∈ R because 9, 3, 16, 4 ∈ N
and 9 = 32 and 16 = 42.
Now, 9 ≠ 42 = 16; therefore, (9, 4) ∉ N
Therefore, the statement “(a, b) ∈ R, (b, c) ∈ R implies (a, c) ∈ R” is not
true.

5
Question 10:
Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {1, 5, 9, 11, 15, 16} and f = {(1, 5), (2, 9), (3,
1), (4, 5), (2, 11)}. Are the following true?
(i) f is a relation from A to B
(ii) f is a function from A to B.
Justify your answer in each case.

Answer 10:
A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {1, 5, 9, 11, 15, 16}
∴ A × B = {(1, 1), (1, 5), (1, 9), (1, 11), (1, 15), (1, 16), (2, 1), (2, 5), (2,
9), (2, 11),
(2, 15), (2, 16), (3, 1), (3, 5), (3, 9), (3, 11), (3, 15), (3, 16), (4, 1), (4,
5), (4, 9), (4,
11), (4, 15), (4, 16)}
It is given that f = {(1, 5), (2, 9), (3, 1), (4, 5), (2, 11)}
(i) A relation from a non-empty set A to a non-empty set B is a subset
of the Cartesian product A × B.
It is observed that f is a subset of A × B.
Thus, f is a relation from A to B.
(ii) Since the same first element i.e., 2 corresponds to two different
images i.e., 9 and 11, relation f is not a function.

Question 11:
Let f be the subset of Z × Z defined by f = {(ab, a + b): a, b ∈ Z}. Is f a
function from Z to Z: justify your answer.

Answer 11:
The relation f is defined as f = {(ab, a + b): a, b ∈ Z}
We know that a relation f from a set A to a set B is said to be a function if
every element of set A has unique images in set B.
Since 2, 6, –2, –6 ∈ Z, (2 × 6, 2 + 6), (–2 × –6, –2 +
(–6)) ∈ f i.e., (12, 8), (12, –8) ∈ f
It can be seen that the same first element i.e., 12 corresponds to two
different images i.e., 8 and –8. Thus, relation f is not a function.

6
Question 12:
Let A = {9, 10, 11, 12, 13} and let f: A → N be defined by f(n) = the
highest prime factor of n. Find the range of f.

Answer 12:

A = {9, 10, 11, 12, 13} f: A → N is defined as f(n) = The highest prime
factor of n

Prime factor of 9 = 3

Prime factors of 10 = 2, 5

Prime factor of 11 = 11

Prime factors of 12 = 2, 3

Prime factor of 13 = 13

∴ f(9) = The highest prime factor of 9 = 3

f(10) = The highest prime factor of 10 = 5

f(11) = The highest prime factor of 11 = 11

f(12) = The highest prime factor of 12 = 3

f(13) = The highest prime factor of 13 = 13

The range of f is the set of all f(n), where n ∈ A.

∴ Range of f = {3, 5, 11, 13}