Co- articulation.

One sound becomes more like its neighboring sound. Assimilation and elision. Our talk is often fast and
spontaneous. Articulators move from one sound to another without stopping.

Assimilation.

A rule that makes neighboring sounds similar by spreading a phonetic property from one sound to
another. Ease of articulation. For example, Nasalized vowels occur before nasal sounds. When a nasal
sounds such as (m n n) is followed by a vowel, the vowel itself becomes nasalized

Elision.

Omitting some sounds or blend some sounds Into the preceding or following sounds, making it less
audible or completely silent. Informal contexts or when emphasizing clarity, it is tended to articulate the
d sound more clearly and not omit it

Flap or flapping

Alveolar stops(t d) become voiced flaps (Is a rapid and brief sound produced by tapping the tongue
against the alveolar Ridge, the area behind the upper teeth) At the beginning of unstressed syllables.

It is similar to the sound r as in the North American accents.

Raising

Is a process where a vowel sound in a particular context is changed or raised to another vowel sound.

Derivation.

The process of transforming abstract representations of sounds ( Phonemic forms) into the actual sound
produced (phonetic forms) Through the application of phonological rules. Phonemic forms: represent
the underlying sounds in a language. While phonetic forms: Represent How does sounds are realized in
actual speech. The derivation process Involves applying. The derivation process involves applying this
phonological rules to convert the abstract phonemic representation Kæts into the actual pronunciation
kæts. The derivation process applies the final devoicing rule to convert the phonemic representation into
the phonetic form.

Sonority and syllables.

Syllables in language are organized based on a property called sonority. It helps determine the structure
of syllables. The concept of sonority can be understood as the perceived loudness or prominence of
different sounds in a language.
The most sonorous segments in a syllable form “The peak” or “nucleus” of the syllable.

Phonological rules

There is no fixed or predetermined number of phonological rules in any language, including English.
Most common rules are voicing assimilation. Final devoicing ,flapping ,vowel reduction stress patterns.

Dissimilation

Is a phonological process Where sounds become less similar to each other to avoid repetition or increase
ease of pronunciation. the sound r in library changes to a different sound, such as an L sound.

Deletion

One or more sounds are omitted or removed from a word during speech to simplifying pronunciation,
speeding speech, or adapting to natural speech patterns.

The difference between assimilation and dissimulation

A simulation involves making sounds more similar to neighboring sounds, while disimulation introduces
variation or contrast By making similar sounds. Less similar to each other, a simulation increases
similarity while the simulation it creates contrast or avoids repetition.

Insertion.

Is a phonological process where an extra sound. Is added Into a Word. When it is spoken. It helps with
the pronunciation. And maintaining a smooth rhythm in spoken language.

Shortening and lengthening.

Shortening occurs. When a word or sound becomes shorter than its original form. It can happen through
different mechanisms. Such as clipping.Abbreviation. And the acronym.

Lightning A first to the process of making a word or sound longer than it’s original from. It can occur in
various ways, such as, vowel lengthening, germination, and Reduplication.

Voicing and Devoicing

Voicing when the vocal cords vibrate to produce sounds. These sounds are called voiced sounds.

The voicing sounds that are produced without vocal cords, vibration, or cold voiceless sounds.
Metathesis.

Refers to a change in the order or position of word sounds within a word. It occurs when the position of
two sounds are swapped, creating a different arrangement.

Inflection and derivation

Inflection Involves changing the form of a word to indicate grammatical information such as tense,
number, gender, or case. Inflectional changes do not create new words, but rather modify existing ones.

Derivation is the process of forming new words by adding Affixes (Prefixes or suffixes) to a base word.

Phonological rule notation.

Are used to describe the sound changes that occur in a language.

Primary articulation. Is the alveolar Ridge.

Secondary articulation. Is

Double articulation.

Two primary places of articulations.

The same manner of articulation. Stop. Stop.

The same degree of structure.

Distinctive features.

Are a way to analyze and describe the unique characteristics or properties of speech sounds in a
language. The distinctive feature plus voice is present in b And absent in p

natural class

Natural glass. Consists of a set of sounds that exhibit similar patterns of behavior or have common
distinctive features.

Natural rules.

Describe the phonological processes or patterns that apply to natural classes of sounds. These rules
explain how sounds change or behave in specific linguistic contexts.
Major class features.

Also known as primary Features are primary distinctive features. Are a set of distinctive features used?
To classify speech sounds into major classes or categories.

Continental. Consonantal sounds are produced by obstructing or iinarrowing the air flow in the vocal
tracts.

Gravity features.

Cavity features are just one aspect of place of articulation. They specify where in the vocal tract
modifications of the Airstream take place in the production of speech sounds.

Anterior.

Sounds that are produced with primary construction or contact made at the front of the oral cavity,
closer to the front teeth.

Coronal.

Articulations involving the tip and the blade of the tongue

Done. Tongue. But if it shows. Body features.

Refer to the position of the tongue in the oral cavity. During the production of speech sounds.

Hi. Hi. they are produced by raising the body of the tongue towards the roof of the mouth

They are produced by raising the body of the tongue towards the roof of the mouth.

Laugh. Hello. No. No. Low. Love. They are produced by lowering the body of the tongue to a level below
the you vula.

Back.

Refers to the position of the highest part of the tongue body during the production of a sound.

Tongue root features.

Advanced advanced tongue roots.

Retracted tongue roots.

Tense versus LAX.

Laryngeal features.

Spread glottis.

Constructed glottis.

Manner of articulation features.

Continuance.

Lateral.

Nasal.

Strident.

Delayed release.

Prosodic features.

Long. Stress.

phonological processes

Phonological processes. Assimilation

Assimilation.

Consonant assimilation, vowel features.

Liberalization. Volatilization.

Vowel assimilation, consonant features.

Nasalization.

consonant assimilating consonant features

Consonant assimilating consonant features.

Home. Organic nozzle. Assimilation.

Vowel assimilation, vowel features.

I’m not. I’m not. Vowel harmony.

Syllable structure processes.

Consonant deletion.

Vowel deletion.

Continent insertion it parenthesis.

Vowel insertion.

Consonant coalescence.

Vowel collisions.

Coalescence of vowel and consonants.

major class changes

Major class changes. Metathesis.

Weakening and strengthening.

Syncopy.

Apocope.

Vowel reduction.

Neutralization.