Chapter 8: Disposal of waste water in

unsewered area

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On site sanitation
• The system of sewage is called onsite sanitation system, if the system of individual
house is not transported but it is treated and disposed within individual property line.
• The sewage disposal after collection, conveyance and treatment in massive amount is
called off site sanitation.
Types of on site sanitation
1. Pit privy
2. VIP latrine
3. Pour flush latrine
4. Septic tank

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1. Pit privy
• Privy is the commonly underground chamber or pit used for collection and disposal of human
excreta
• It may be of masonry or just pit only, with or without superstructure.
• Purpose of pit privy is to collect and onsite disposal of human excreta
• Construction of pit privy
•It consists of pit 0.9m – 1.2m diameter
or 1mx1m in plan and depth is 2 - 4 m
• Pit privy covered with slab with opening.
• The faeces and urine fall directly into the pit.
•Temporary superstructures are made to protect
from rain and for maintaining the privacy
•When digested sludge reaches to the level
0.5m below the top the pit should be filled with
50-75mm thick earth layer and pit privy shift to
next point
numerical
• Example 1: design a VIP latrine for a family of 12 users. Assume necessary data
relevant to Nepal
Solution:
We know volume of pit required ( V ) = NRT
N= number of user = 12
Assume digested sludge accumulation rate ( R ) = 0.05 m3 / person/ year
Assume design period ( T ) = 2 years
V = 12 x 0.05 x 2 = 1.2 m3
Adopt the effective depth ( d ) = 1.2 m
V =Ax d
1.2 = A x 1.2
A = 1 m2
D2
4
 2
D
1=π
4
D = 1.13 m
Design summary
Numbers of pit = 1
diameter ( D ) of pit = 1.13m
Provide free board ( FB ) = 0.3 m
Overall depth = free board + effective depth = 0.3 + 1.2 = 1.5m
Example 2: design a septic tank for 50 users. Assuming the rate of water supply
as 60 lpcd. Also design a absorption system for disposal of septic tank effluent
assuming the percolation rate as 20 min/cm
Solution
( 1 ) Design a septic tank
N = 50 water supply rate = 60 lpcd
We know, (i) volume required for settling of sewage ( V1 )= Q x t
Assume Return factor RF = 0.8
Q = RF x population x water supply rate = 0.8 x 50 x60 = 2400 lit /d = 2.4 m3 /d
Assume detention period ( t ) = 1 day
V1 = 2.4 x 1 = 2.4 m3
(ii) Volume required for sludge digestion ( V2 ) = 0.0425N = 0.0425 x 50 = 2.125 m3
(ii) Volume required for storage of digested sludge ( V3 ) = Cds x N
Assume Desludging period = 3 years so Cds = 0. 085 m3 /person from table
V3 ) = 0.085 x 50 = 4.25 m3
Total volume V = V1 + V2 + V3 = 2.4 + 2.125 + 4.25 = 8.775 m3
Assume effective depth of septic tank = 1.5 m and free board = 0.4m
Plan area required ( A )= total volume / effective depth = 8.775 / 1.5 = 5.85 m2
L
Assume = 2.5
B
A= L x B
5.85 = 2.5B x B
B= 1.53 m
L = 2.5 x 1.53 = 3.83 m
Design summary
Length of septic tank L = 3.83m
Breadth of septic tank B = 1.53m
Overall depth = effective depth + free board = 1.5 + 0.4 = 1.9m
( 2 ) Design of absorption system
130 130
We know infiltration rate ( I ) = = = 29.07 liter / m2 / day
Tr 20
Rate of effluent flow Q = 2400 lit /d
Again we have Q = I x A
2400 = 29.07 x A
A = 82. 56 m2
Assuming the width of trench B = 1m
Lx B =A
L x 1 = 82.56
L = 82.56 m
Provide the 6 numbers of trench so length of each trench = 82.56 = 13.76 m
6
Adopt L = 14m
Design summary
• Number of trenches = 6
• Length of trench = 14m width of trench = 1m
• Depth = 1m and spacing between trench = 2m

14m
1m
Example 3: Design a septic tank and soak pit for a building with 15 users situated in
Kathmandu. Take the rate of sewage flow is 112 lpcd. Assume others data suitably. Take
GWT is 4.5m below GL
( 1 ) Design a septic tank
N = 15 sewage flow rate = 112 lpcd
We know, (i) volume required for settling of sewage ( V1 )= Q x t
Effluent discharge Q = RF x population x water supply rate = 15 x112 = 1680 lit /d
= 1.68 m3 /d
Assume detention period ( t ) = 1 day
V1 = 1.68 x 1 = 1.68 m3
(ii) Volume required for sludge digestion ( V2 ) = 0.0425N = 0.0425 x 15 = 0.638 m3
(ii) Volume required for storage of digested sludge ( V3 ) = Cds x N
Assume Desludging period = 3 years so Cds = 0. 085 m3 /person from table
(V3 ) = 0.085 x 15 = 1.275 m3
Total volume V = V1 + V2 + V3 = 1.68 + 0.638 + 1.275 = 3.593 m3
Assume effective depth of septic tank = 1.5 m and free board = 0.4m
Plan area required ( A )= total volume / effective depth = 3.593/ 1.5 = 2.395 m2
L
Assume = 2
B
A= L x B
2.395 = 2B x B
B= 1.1 m
L = 2 x 1.1 = 2.2 m
Design summary
Length of septic tank L = 2.2m
Breadth of septic tank B = 1.1m
Overall depth = effective depth + free board = 1.5 + 0.4 = 1.9m
Ground water table (GWT) below the bottom of septic tank = 4.5 – 1.9 = 2.6m > 2m ok
( b ) design a soak pit
Assume the infiltration capacity ( I ) = 25 lit / m2 /day
Effluent discharge Q = 1680 lit / day
Q=IxA
A = required area for infiltration
1680 = 25 x A
A = 67.2 m2
Since GWT should be 2m below the bottom of soak pit so
Available depth = 4.5 – 2 = 2.5m
Assume free board = 0.4m
Effective depth ( d )= available depth – free board = 2.5 – 0.4 = 2.1m
67.2
Provide 4 numbers of soak pit so each soak area = = 16.8m2
4
We know, A = π
16.8 = π
= 2.55 m < 3.5 m ok
Design summary
Numbers of soak pit = 4
Diameter of soak pit ( )= 2.55m
Total depth = 2.5m