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1 September 2000

Committee Dll on Rubber

Subcommittee Dll.10 on Physical Testing

Research Report Dl 1-1091

Interlaboratory Study to Establish Precision Statements for ASTM

D2240, Standard Test Method for Rubber Property—Durometer
Hardness

ASTM International
100 Barr Harbor Drive
West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959

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 Precision Data and Evaluation of Type M Durometer Hardness
Proposed Revisions to ASTM D2240-97

Exord i u m /f^> (Q yS
K
Recent Developments ^=>/
A new test method that describes the procedures for "...determining indentation
hardness of substances classified as rubber, cellular materials, elastomeric materials,
thermoplastic elastomers, and some hard plastics." (ASTMD224O-97§I.D for Type M
durometers, or those used to determine micro indentation hardness, was originally
submitted to the ASTM D11.10 subcommittee at the June, 1995 meeting in Denver,
CO. It was submitted as a new method separate and apart from ASTM D2240-91 and
ASTM D1415-88. The method originally proposed was written, researched, developed,
funded, and the interlaboratory study initiated and conducted solely by Corporate
Consulting, Service, & Instruments, Inc., a leading distributor of durometers and
supplier of durometer calibration services to industry in the Americas.
The method was well defined, and except for minor editorial revisions proposed
by the members of the subcommittee, was generally accepted and prepared for
balloting prior to the December, 1995 meeting.
During the intervening 6 months, however, Shore Instruments, a leading
manufacturer of durometers in the U.S. was purchased by Wilson Instruments Division
of Instron Corporation. The Vice President and General Manager, Mr. Edward
Tobolski, of the newly formed Wilson-Shore Instruments Group expressed a welcome
interest in the proposed method and offered some notable concepts and ideas, from a
manufacturer's view, regarding changes to the newly proposed method.
This perspective of a leading manufacturer caused the entire proposed method
to be re-thought, re-worked, and revised which delayed the resubmission of the method
by nearly 2 years. During this period many editorial and technical changes were
incorporated. The most noteworthy of these changes was inclusion of the newly
proposed method into the extant method, ASTM D2240-91 and more definitive and
accurate apparatus specifications and calibration procedures.
The primary reason for incorporation of the Type M durometer procedures into
ASTM D2240-97 was a consensus among leading suppliers of durometer calibration
and repair services, leading manufactures of durometers and, most importantly, end
users of all types of non-IRHD durometers that ASTM D2240-97 was in desperate need
of updating and revision, it was the general opinion of this large and diverse group of
interests (manufacturers, service suppliers, distributors and users) that by revising the
current edition of ASTM D2240-97 simultaneously with the incorporation of Type M
durometer procedures the result would be a more comprehensive, accurate and usable
test method.
One that was more in tune with the need for quality specific procedures. This
consensus, was not extemporaneous, but rather an arduous process that, by spirit and
design, satisfied all concerned.

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 Precision Data and Evaluation of Type M Durometer Hardness
Proposed Revisions to ASTM D2240-97

Those involved in the revision to the existing test method, ASTM D2240-97 and
the inclusion of Type M durometer hardness procedures hold an interest in industry
wide quality control and quality assurance. Their cooperative effort has demonstrated
a unique precedent for the development of a test method, one which it is felt, will not
only lead to approval of this method; but as a guide in establishing a cooperative
consensus in the development of future test methods and procedures.
Background
The measurement of micro durometer hardness has been designated by the
manufacturers of these instruments as Type M and this designation has become
generally accepted by the end users. We recommend that The Type M designation
remain to prevent further misunderstanding
The lack of documentation for the use and calibration of Type M durometers has
created confusion as to the meaning of the values attained and doubt as to the validity
of the test results. The establishment specific procedures for use, calibration and
apparatus specifications of Type M durometers and more comprehensive procedures
for the use and calibration of all other non-IRHD durometer types was necessary to
remove the continuing confusion and doubt.
It is generally misunderstood that the hardness values attained using a Type M
durometer are, in some way, equivalent, or nearly equivalent, to the values achieved
using a Type A durometer. The underlying reasons for this misconception are
manifold:
• Each Type M durometer is supplied, by the manufacturer, with an
individual set of rubber test blocks for the purpose of calibration and
for confirming the state of calibration of the instrument.
• The test block values are achieved by establishing their values using
a recently calibrated Type A durometer.
• Using these individually supplied test blocks, the Type M durometer is
then adjusted (calibrated) in an attempt to mimic the results gained
earlier by the Type A durometer, following no specific procedure other
than to adjust (calibrate) the Type M durometer as closely as possible
to the values achieved by the Type A durometer on the accompanying
test blocks.
"The Type M durometer was designed, and the calibration processes
developed in a completely empirical fashion in an attempt to accomplish
durometer hardness determinations on specimens that were
dimensionally smaller than those that could be attained using an A scale
durometer in accordance with ASTM D2240-91, by mimicking the results
attained using a Type A Durometer."
William Galbraith, late General Manger of Shore Instruments, paraphrased from an
October 1991 conversation with Michael Warner.

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 Precision Data and Evaluation of Type M Durometer Hardness
Proposed Revisions to ASTM D2240-97

It is stated in ASTM D2240-97 §4.1, and upheld more strongly in this most
recent revision, that there is "... no simple relationship between the results obtained
with one type of durometer and those obtained with another type of durometer..."
It is this very statement that led to the development of more comprehensive
calibration specifications and use procedures for all durometer types and the
incorporation and establishment of unique Type M durometer procedures. The
underlying precept being that although the instruments are similar in design and
function, the results obtained are unique to that durometer type and are not to be
correlated or related to another durometer type.
Exception may be made to this, as a function of the study of the viscoelastic
properties of specific materials, and "... not as an empirical test intended for control
purposes." (ASTMD2240-97§4.1)
To our collective knowledge, no specific calibration specifications or procedures
were ever publicly available for Type M durometers. Additionally, the calibration
procedures outlined in §7. of ASTM D2240-97 are held by most to be inadequate to
successfully calibrate a non-IRHD durometer.
Interestingly, Type M hardness testing, although truly undefined, was accurate
enough; the instrument reliable enough; the reputation of the manufacturers good
enough; and the demand for the instrument great enough to perpetuate its use long
enough to establish the instrument as a "standard" for determining the hardness values
for the specimens mentioned, i.e., those dimensionally unsuitable for testing-with other
durometer types.
In the past few years, as the polymer processing industry has re-navigated the
course of quality, the question of Type M durometer hardness procedures has risen
more frequently, as has the comprehensiveness of the procedures outlined in ASTM
D2240-97 for other durometer types. Our mission is threefold: to dissolve the
misconceptions of Type M durometer hardness testing; definitively dispel the myth of
correlation among durometer types; and establish accurate specifications and sound
procedures for the use and calibration of all non-IRHD durometers.
Conclusion
The conceptual problem in attaining equivalent Type A durometer values with a
Type M durometer are similar to attempting to correlate Type A and Type D durometer
values, or for that matter, any one durometer type to another. The reasons for this
misconception can be generally identified as follows:
• Undocumented statements indicating that Type M determinations are
in some way equivalent, or nearly equivalent, to their A scale
counterparts.
• The comparison chart displayed in Note 2 of ASTM D2240-91 that,
although it is specifically stated to the contrary, gives rise to the
understanding that durometer hardness determinations of different
scales can be related or correlated.
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 Precision Data and Evaluation of Type M Durometer Hardness
Proposed Revisions to ASTM D2240-97

The facts behind dispelling the misconception are, in general terms, that there
should be no attempt made at comparisons between instruments of different scales for
the following reasons:
• Main spring loading (indentor force applied to the specimen) of the
instruments of different scales are dissimilar.
• Indentor geometry varies between instruments of different scales
directly affecting the force applied to the specimen.
• Mechanical dissimilarity among durometers of different scales.
• Viscoelastic properties of the materials being tested.
The purpose for establishing Type M procedures and the revision of the existing
procedures for other durometer types as described in ASTM D2240-97 and the
accordant procedures for use and calibration is to:
• Provide NIST traceability for mass, force and dimensional
determinations used in caJibration and use procedures as well as
apparatus specifications.
• Application of specific forces to achieve specific durometer vaJues
over the instruments' useful range.
• Replace non-specific procedures and specifications with those proven
through sound scientific method and more in tune to contemporary
needs for quality assurance, quality control.
• Provide users, manufactures, suppliers and distributors with a means
for achieving reliable, repeatable, and reproducible results through
specific standardized procedures

Page 4

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 Precision Data and Evaluation of Type M Durometer Hardness
Proposed Revisions to ASTM D2240-97

Presentation of Precision Data (C^A<=I

J

Following the ASTM D4483 Model "^

1. Scope
1.1 The "...determin[ation] of indentation hardness of substances classified as
rubber, cellular materials, elastomeric materials, thermoplastic elastomers, and
some hard plastics." (ASTM D224o-97§i.i) is a commonly used test method in the rubber
industry. ASTM D2240-97 "... permits hardness measurements based on either
initial indentation or indentation after a specified period of time, or both."
1.2. This revision to ASTM D2240-97 accommodates "... specimens that are, by
their dimensions or configuration ordinarily unable to have their durometer
hardness determined by the other durometer types described."
2. Significance
2.1. This revision is directed at establishing a precision calculation for Type M
durometer hardness, also referred to as micro hardness or micro indentation
hardness, similar to that achieved for the other durometer types described in ASTM
D2240-97§1.1.
2.2. This revision of ASTM D2240-97 strives to improve the calibration and use
specifications and procedures.
3. Intel-laboratory Study (ILS)
3.1. The Type M durometer hardness determinations were made in accordance
with the proposed revision to ASTM D2240-97.
3.2. The instrument calibration specifications used were those outlined in the
proposed revision to ASTM D2240-97
3.3. The ILS was conducted in accordance with ASTM E691 -92.
3.4. The ILS was conducted in accordance with ASTM D4483-94
4. Interlaboratory Testing Program
4.1. It is designed as an Interlaboratory Test Program for the purpose of
preparing a precision statement with essential comparative and relative data.
4.2. All calculations in arriving at the precision data, and the precision and bias
statement se forth are in accordance with the spreadsheet calculations outlined in
ASTM D4483-94.
4.3. The interlaboratory effort consisted of a program whereby six independent
laboratories tested 21 separately compounded materials of the same description,
resulting in 21 individual hardness values, tested by way of 5 replicate (single) test
measurements, such as determinations, conducted on two consecutive days.

Page 5

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 Precision Data and Evaluation of Type M Durometer Hardness
Proposed Revisions to ASTM D2240-97

4.3.1. The test results, or raw data, were submitted directly to an

independent 3rd party (Chairman of ASTM D11.10. Mr. Peter Surette) for
retention until all laboratories had completed, their participation in the ITP. The
raw data was then compared to the data which was used to determine the
precision and bias statements assure validity and accuracy.
4.3.2. The accuracy of the raw data and the calculations used to determine
the precision and bias statements was reverified by Mr. Alan Veith.
4.4. Two separately conducted Interlaboratory Test Programs (ITPs) were
conducted.
4.4.1. The first, or Phase 1, was conducted with the instruments in a state of
calibration and service as were used by the participating laboratories on a
routine basis.
4.4.2. The second, or Phase 2, was conducted after the instruments were
calibrated in accordance with the proposed revisions to ASTM D2240-97 and
serviced according to the manufacturer's recommendations.
4.4.3. The purpose of conducting two ITPs was to demonstrate precision as
it may ordinarily be experienced and as it would be experienced when the
instruments are calibrated in accordance to the proposed revisions to ASTM
D2240-91. The materials used in Phases 1 and 2 were the same.
5. Testing Materials
5.1. The materials were furnished by Shore Instrument Company (now
Wilson-Shore Instruments Division of Instron Corporation), Part Number 71430
Rubber Test Block Set. Each of the 3 material sets consisted of 7 individual rubber
discs of 7 different colors, varying degrees of hardness, differing compounds and
individually serialized as described in Table 1.
5.2. The materials used to conduct the ITP were de-identified. They were
re-serialized between each of the two phases.
6. Precision, Data and Calculations
6.1. A Type 1 precision was measured on a short term basis, that is a period
of one day separated replicate test measurements.
6.2. Test conditions were maintained in accordance with §6. through §10. of
the proposed revisions to ASTM D2240-9.
6.3. The data and calculations are presented in a series of tables following-the
format described in ASTM 4483-91. The data used in determining the precision
parameters is from Phase 2 of the ITP.
6.3.1. The outlier replacement technique was the fr-value and /c-value
analysis
6.3.2. A test is the arithmetic mean, or the sum of the individual
determinations divided by the number of determinations.
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 Precision Data and Evaluation of Type M Durometer Hardness
Proposed Revisions to ASTM D2240-97

Therefore:
p = 6; q = 21; n = 5 where:
p = the number of laboratories,
q = the number of materials, and
n = the number of determinations (5 determinations were mandated)
Table 1 Materials Used in the ITP
Serial Number Color Material Description
Material Set 1
1.1 White Silicone
1.2 Yellow Silicone
1.3 Blue Silicone
1.4 Green Silicone
1.5 Red Silicone
1i Brown Silicone
1.7 Black EPDM
Material Set 2
2.1 White Silicone
2.2 Yellow Silicone
2.3 Blue Silicone
2.4 Green Silicone
2.5 Red Silicone
2.6 Brown Silicone
2.7 Black EPDM
Material Set 3
3.1 White Silicone
3.2 Yellow Silicone
3.3 Blue Silicone
3.4 Green Silicone
3.5 Red Silicone
3.6 Brown Silicone
3.7 Black EPDM

7. Presentation of Data
7.1. The data used to.determine the Type 1 precision statement for the Type M
durometer method is presented, as prescribed by ASTM D4483-94, at the end of
this document The calculations used are duly noted and referenced appropriately
to ASTM D4483-94.

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 Precision Data and Evaluation of Type M Durometer Hardness
Proposed Revisions to ASTM D2240-97

Type M Durometer Calibration

The means by which a Type M durometer is calibrated is critical to the values
achieved when making harness determinations, and requires special considerations.
The reliability and durability of hand held durometers, long taken for granted, does not
apply to the Type M durometer. As a result, attention to its fragility is generally
overlooked.
In comparison to Type A and Type D durometers, the Type M mainspring
imposes extremely low resistance to indentor movement (0.77 N). Approximately
1/1 Oth of that imposed by a Type A mainspring (8.06 N) and approximately 1/60th of
that imposed by a Type D durometer (44.50 N). Additionally, the indentor movement, in
total, and for each durometer unit indicated, is 1/2 of the that of all other non-IRHD
durometer types and the indentor itself is approximately 40% smaller in diameter.
The result is, that by applying a preload on the mainspring, or calibrated spring
(refer to ASTM D2240-97 § 5.1.5), of 0.32N (33 gf) and the incremental application of
0.0442N (4.5 gf) to the indentor will affect an incremental 10 point durometer unit
increase in a mere 0.005 in. of indentor movement.
The delicacy required in calibration of Type M durometers may best be
exemplified by the fact that in many instances the indicating hand is modified. In some
instances a portion of the 'spade' (refer to Fig. A1) is removed, in others a minuscule
amount of mass is added, by way of soldering, to affect the action of the mainspring.
The necessity of this is due to the fact that the mass of the dial indicating hand is
approximately 16 g., or roughly 20% of the total force capacity of the mainsprinq
H y
(7B gf). '
The mainsprings, or calibrated springs, used in non-IRHD durometers of all
types, by their mechanical nature are nonlinear in their resistance to applied force. The
linearity is proportional to the capacity of the mainspring, i.e., as the capacity of the
mainspring increases the linearity over the effective range increases. The relatively
low capacity of the Type M durometer mainspring increase its sensitivity to the
nonlinear nature of the mainspring.
Additionally, the mass relationship of the mainspring to the indicating hand and
its configuration is such that it can dramatically influence the action of the mainspring.
The mass of the 'spade' influences the hardness values attained: as the 'spade' mass
is increased, the values below mid-scale are increased, and those above mid-scale are
decreased. The values attained at mid-scale are less susceptible to this influence as
the dial indicating hand is in a nearly vertical position, lessening the effect of the
'spade' mass. This was borne out during the development of the calibration procedure.

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 Precision Data and Evaluation of Type M Durometer Hardness
Proposed Revisions to ASTM D2240-97

During development of calibration procedures and the evaluation of suitable

applied forces necessary to provide reproducible and repeatable Type M hardness
determinations, the durometers were calibrated with out the dial indicating hands
installed and tests performed. This, lean heartily attest, was an arduous and tedious
process. The 'point' of the dial indicating hand rests upon a stop pin at 'zero' to
prevent the uncoiling of the mainspring. Without the indicating hand in place to prevent
this, it was necessary to recalibrate the instrument after each test.
The procedure that existed prior to the development of these latest standardized
and comprehensive methods was to record 5 Type A determinations for each of the 7
'test blocks' that accompany each Type M durometer from the manufacturer and
determine the Type A arithmetic mean. The Type M durometer was then adjusted, or
'calibrated', as closely as possible to mimic the Type A results that were attained. This,
of course, is the foundation of the historic problems associated with Type Ivt durometer
determinations:
• the Type M durometer was 'calibrated' to material specific 'standards',
allowing for unknown variations in results when testing materials
bearing differing viscoelastic properties;
• the Type M durometer was 'adjusted' to Type A durometer
determinations of an uncertain or unascertained status of calibration;
• the 'adjustment' procedure was ill defined undocumented and, at best,
relied upon the patience and persistence of the person responsible
for the task
• this adjustment procedure included the addition of mass, or in some
cases, the actual removal of material from the dial indicating hand to
compensate for the inability of the durometer to mimic Type A results.
The major accomplishments of the recently developed calibration procedures
are:
Calibrating the instrument with a new dial indicating hand, eliminating
the influence of dial indicating hands that have been altered.
Allowing for the calibration of the mainspring in a uniform fashion
independent of the Type A scale.
Establishing a specific mainspring preload. This provides a
consistent 'starting point' for the calibration of the mainspring.
Previously, an undetermined preload was used and the instrument
was adjusted 'by feel' until Type A results were most closely mimicked.
Without a definitive mainspring preload, the results attained between
instruments can vary greatly.

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 Precision Data and Evaluation of Type M Durometer Hardness
Proposed Revisions to ASTM D2240-97

An example is that if instruments are calibrated with preloads differing

as little as 10 gf, and corresponding incremental loads differing as
little as 0.08 gf, the net affect may be as much as a 3 to 5 point
difference in the indicated hardness value throughout out the effective
range. The 33 gf preload'that was established through
experimentation was arrived at independently by 3 separate
laboratories without the knowledge of the other. Corporate Consulting
Service & Instruments, Inc., Akron, OH, Boeing Commercial Airplane
Group, Everette, WA, and Shore Instrument & Manufacturing Co.,
Freeport, NY

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 S^}.',:->>--'-.'"-- NAVAIK 1/-ZUMF-17

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Section Page

1 Introduction and Description 1

2 Equipment Requirements 2

3 Preliminary Operations 3

4 Calibration Process '. 4

4.1 0-A Beam Measurements 4
4.2 0-D Beam Measurements • 5

Navy Calibration Checklist 7

Appendix A: Weight Pan and Hqlder A-l

ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure Page

1 Test Configuration 3

TABLES

Table Page

1 Calibration Description.... .... 1

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 • '•' ■■■•>"'■■

SECTION 1

INTRODUCTION AND DESCRIPTION

1.1 This procedure describes che calibration of the Shore Instrument &
«g. Co., Inc. SD-1 Durocalibrator. The instrument being calibrated is re-
ferred to herein as the TI (Test Instrument).

1.2 All comments concerning this procedure should be directed to the

Metrology Engineering Center, Naval Plant Representative Office, Pomona
California. Use of the Calibration Problem Report cards provided with
this procedure is recommended.

1.3 This procedure includes tests of essential performance parameters

only. Any malfunctions noticed during calibration, whether specifically
tested for or not, should be corrected.

Table I. Calibration Description

TI Performance Test
Characteristics Specifications Method

Beam balance Range: A scale Comparison with standard

56' to 822 grams weights
Tolerance: +/-2.0 grams

Range: D scale
1 to 10 lb
Tolerance: +/-5.0 grams

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 NAVMR17-20MF-17 ™T^;«

SECTION 2

EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS*

NOTE

Minimum use specifications are the principal parameters required

for performance of the calibration, and are included to assist
in the selection of alternate equipment, which may be used at the
discretion of the using laboratory. Satisfactory performance of
alternate items shall be verified prior to use. All applicable
equipment must bear evidence of current calibration.

Item Minimum Use Calibration

Specifications Equipment

2.1 Parallels Two each to lift TI suffic- Taft-Peirce 9150C

iently for pan to hang free

2.2 Weight pan and Locally manufactured See Appendix A

coupling
(
2.3 Weights Range: 56 to 825 grams Troemner 508B and
.Uncertainty: Class C 5A2B or 540B
Range: 1/32 oz to 8 lb
Uncertainty: Class C

*The instruments utilized in this procedure were selected from those

known to be available at Department of Defense facilities, and the
listing by make or model number carries no implication of preference,
recommendation, or approval by the Department of Defense for use by
other agencies. Ic is recognized that equivalent equipment produced
by other manufacturers may be capable of equally satisfactory per-
formance in the procedure.

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 NAVAIR 17-20MF-17

SECTION 3

PRELIMINARY OPERATIONS

3-1 Verify that the TI is clean and free from defects that would impair
its operation.

3.2 Place the TI as shown in Figure 1 so that the weight pan and weights
can be suspended below the TI base. The work surface should be sturdy and
free from vibration.

3.3 Remove the counterweight connected to the bottom of the TI push rod
by loosening the set screw as shown in Appendix A.

3.4 Attach the coupling and weight pan to the TI push rod.

3.5 Adjust the TI leveling screws so that the bubble is centered in the
circular level attached to the TI base casting.

3.6 Insert the small diameter push rod adapter in the hole of the push rod
and rotate the beam locking cam to lock the beam.

BEAM -> SLIDE < ™S COUNTER

\ Y WEIGHT \fT^
n WEIGHT
" 122
£r^-M~~b-i-x
o-p n
&
T3°Ln 0)3
LEVELING
SCREW

2.1
PARALLELS

2.3
WEIGHTS

Figure 1. Test Configuration

, «=_■." ■.--., i-.-.,■

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 NAV^IR 17-20MF-17

SECTION 4

CALIBRATION PROCESS

NOTE

Unless otherwise specified, verify the results of each test

and take corrective action whenever the test requirement is
not met, before proceeding.

4.1 0-A BEAM MEASUREMENTS

4.1.1 Slide the counterweight (small weight) over the front of the bean
t„J. ^\ 8 " Che l0Ck SCreW* AdjUSC the counterweight fine adjustment
screw so that an equal amount protrudes from each end of the weight.

inde^n. nlnCf CC?ng

e Sl diUg Wei ht (sma11 Wei8ht) on che bea
i
Che
f
f beam (end
» wich i« attached
h" **?** t "" ° °PPosite the counterweight). Push
the beam"8 * '° *" *" indeXin* Pin enters ch* °"A locating hole on

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U r
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bv
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the h^
beam ilevel
, findicator.
! ° Tighten ^P?«ximately level as shown
the lock screw.

Titbit ,AdJ??C tH! fln* adJust0,ent s"ew as necessary to balance the beam.
Tighten the fine adjustment lock screw.

5 ChC TI Sliding WeighC C

t*hl'!' HT ° "ch position shown in the following
table and place standard weights in the weight pan until the TI beam is
balanced as shown by the beam level indicator at each position.

TI Beam Position No. Tolerance Limits

(grams)

00 54.0 to 58.0
10 130.6 to 134.6
20 207.2 to 211.2
30 283.8 to 287.8
40 360.4 to 364.4
50 437.0 to 441.0
60 513.6 to 517.6
70 590.2 to 594.2
80 666.8 to 670.8
90 743.4 to 747.4
100 820.0 to 824.0

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 NAVAIR 17-20MF-17

4.1.6 Add the value of each of the standard weights, and verify that the
sum is within the tolerance limits at each "beam position.

4.1.7 Adjust the TI beam locking cam to lock the beam, and remove the
standard weights.

4.2 0-D BEAM MEASUREMENTS

4.2.1 Remove the small sliding weight and counterweight from the TI.

4.2.2 Slide the counterweight (large weight) over the front of the beam
and finger tighten the lock screw. Adjust the counterweight fine adjustment
screw so that an equal amount protrudes from each end of the weight.

4.2.3 Place the sliding weight (large weight) on the beam with its attached
indexing pin facing the rear of the beam (end opposite the counterweight).
Push the sliding weight so that its indexing pin enters the 0-D locating hole
on the beam.

4.2.4 Remove the small diameter push-rod adapter and replace it with the
brass push-rod adapter•

4.2.5 Release the locking cam, loosen the counterweight lock and slide
the counterweight as necessary so that the beam is approximately level as
shown by the beam level indicator. Tighten the lock screw.
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4.2.6 Adjust the counterweight screw as necessary to balance the beam.
Tighten the fine adjustment lock screw.

4.2.7 Move the TI sliding weight to each position listed in the following
table, and place standard weights in the weight pan until the TI beam is
balanced as shown by the beam level indicator at each position.

NOTE '

When using slotted or hook weights in lieu of the weight pan,

the beam should be rebalanced prior to adding weights.

O
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 NAVAIR 17-20MF-17

TI Beam Tolerance Limits

Position No.

10 15 13/16 oz to 1 lb 5 gTams
20 1 lb 15 13/16 oz to 2 lb 5 grams
30 2 lb 15 13/16 oz to 3 lb 5 grams
40 3 lb 15 13/16 oz to 4 lb 5 grams
50 4 lb 15 13/16 oz to 5 lb 5 grams
60 5 lb 15 13/16 oz to 6 lb 5 grams
70 6 lb 15 13/16 oz to 7 lb 5 grams
80 7 lb 15 13/16 oz to 8 lb 5 grams
90 8 lb 15 13/16 oz to 9 lb 5 grams

NOTE

5 grams is equal to 0.17635 oz.

CAUTION

DO NOT USE THE 100 POSITION LOCATING HOLE WITH THE LARGE WEIGHT
AS IT MAY SLIP OFF AND CAUSE DAMAGE TO THE TI.

4.2.8 Add-the value of each of the weights used, and verify that the sum
of the weights is within the tolerance limits.

4.2.9 Adjust the TI beam locking cam to lock, the beam, remove the weights,
and set the sliding weight to the 50 or 60 position to prevent unnecessary
wear on the knife edge bearings. Remove the weight pan and coupling connected
in step 3.4 and reattach the counterweight removed in step 3.3 and secure all
the equipment.

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