k|fb]lzs cfly{s ultljlw cWoog

-dw]z k|b]z_

cw{–jflif{s k|ltj]bg
-cf=j=@)&*÷&(_

g]kfn /fi6« a}+s

hgsk'/ sfof{no
-@)&( c;f/_
 e"ldsf
g]kfn /fi6« a}+s P]g, @)%* -bf];|f] ;+zf]wg, @)&# ;d]t_ sf] bkmf !@ df a}+sn] ;dli6ut cy{tGq,
ljQLo ahf/sf] ljsf;, d'b|fk|bfo, d"No l:y/tf, shf{sf] lj:tf/, zf]wgfGt/ l:ylt tyf ljb]zL
ljlgdo nufotsf ljifodf cfk"mn] u/]sf tYofÍut ljZn]if0f u/L ;f] sf] hfgsf/L lgoldt ?kn]
k|sfzg / k|;f/0f ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf eP cg'?k g]kfn /fi6« a}+sn] b]zsf] ;dli6ut cfly{s tyf ljQLo
If]qsf tYofÍx¿sf] ;+sng, cWoog Pjd\ ljZn]if0f u/L ;f] ;DaGwL k|ltj]bgx¿ lgoldt ?kdf
;fj{hlgs ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .

d'n'ssf] zf;sLo :j?k ;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf ?kfGt/0f eP kZrft\ s]Gb|Lo a}+ssf] e"ldsfnfO{ k|fb]lzs
:t/;Dd k'¥ofpg] clek|fon] ;a} k|b]zdf a}+ssf k|fb]lzs sfof{no :yfkgf ul/g'sf ;fy} cfly{s
ultljlw cWoogsf] nflu tf]lsPsf lhNnfx¿sf] ;+Vof %* af6 && k'¥ofOPsf] 5 . a}+ssf] sfo{If]q
lj:tf/;Fu} cfly{s ultljlw cWoog Pjd\ k|ltj]bg k|sfzg ;DaGwL sfo{nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ cjnDag
ul/Psf] dfu{bz{gdf ;d;fdlos ;+zf]wg u/L æcfly{s ultljlw tyf ljz]if cWoog dfu{bz{g,
@)&^Æ sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] 5 . pQm dfu{bz{g cg';f/ dw]z k|b]zsf] * j6f lhNnfx¿ -;Kt/L,
l;/xf, wg'iff, dxf]Q/L, ;nf{xL, /f}tx6, af/f / k;f{_ sf] cfly{s jif{ @)&*÷&( sf] k|yd cw{ jflif{s
cjlwdf ePsf] cfly{s ultljlwx¿sf] cWoog u/L of] k|ltj]bg tof/ ul/Psf] 5 .

dw]z k|b]zsf * j6} lhNNffx¿sf] s[lif, pBf]u, ;]jfsf ;fy} k"jf{wf/ ljsf; nufotsf cy{tGqsf
k|d'v If]qx¿;Fu ;DalGwt tYofÍ ;+sng tyf k|zf]wg ug'{sf ;fy} a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yf ;DaGwL
tYofÍ, s[lif afnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn / wfg, ds}, ux'F, hf}, sf]bf] / kmfk/sf] s[lif pTkfbg;Fu ;DalGwt
tYofÍ tyf 3/hUuf /lhi6]«zg / /fh:j ;DaGwL tYofÍ g]kfn /fi6« a}+s cfly{s cg';Gwfg ljefu,
cfly{s cg';gwfg dxfzfvfaf6 k|fKt u/L cfjZos k|zf]wg ;lxt of] k|yd cw{–jflif{s cfly{s
k|ltj]bg tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . If]qut cfly{s ultljlwsf] tYofÍLo cj:yfsf ;fy} k|To]s If]qdf
ljBdfg ;d:of÷r'gf}tL / ;Defjgfx¿nfO{ ;d]t k|ltj]bgdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . dw]z k|b]zsf
lhNNffl:yt ljleGg ;/sf/L sfof{no, If]qLo lgb]{zgfno Pjd\ ;DalGwt kl/of]hgf÷pBf]u
k|lti7fgaf6 k|fKt tYofÍsf cfwf/df lhNnfut tyf k|b]zsf] ;du| cj:yf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 eg]
;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfo÷JolQm tyf ljifo lj1;Fusf] cGt/lqmof Pjd\ ;j]{If0fstf{sf] ljZn]if0f ;d]tsf
cfwf/df If]qut ;d:of÷r'gf}tL tyf cfufdL jif{ tyf afFsL cjlwsf] kl/b[Zo lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 .

æcfly{s ultljlw tyf ljz]if cWoog dfu{bz{g, @)&^Æ sfof{Gjogdf cfP kZrft\ dw]z k|b]zsf *
j6} lhNnfx¿sf] cfly{s jif{ @)&*÷&( sf] cw{–jflif{s tYofÍnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL tof/ ul/Psf] of]
cWoog k|ltj]bgn] gLlt lgdf{tf Pjd\ ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ k|fb]lzs cfly{s cj:yf nufot
ljBdfg ;d:of÷r'gf}tL, ;Defjgf Pjd\ kl/b[Zosf af/]df hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpg ;xof]u k'¥ofpg]
ljZjf; ul/Psf] 5 .

lgb]{zs
lg/f tfNrfe8]n
g]kfn /fi6« a}+s
hgsk'/ sfof{no

i
 ljifo ;"rL
k]h g+=
e"ldsf i
ljifo ;"rL ii
tflnsf ;"rL iv
rf6{ ;"rL iv
sfo{sf/L ;f/f+z v
kl/R5]b M ! kl/ro !–#
!=! k[i7e"ld !
!=@ k|ltj]bg th'{df ljlw, ;+/rgf / TfYofÍ ;+sng !
!=# cWoog k|ltj]bgsf] ;Ldf @
!=$ cWoog k|ltj]bgsf] 9fFrf #

kl/R5]b M @ k|b]zsf] t'ngfTds l:ylt $–!)

@=! s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg $
@=!=! /fli6«o s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf k|b]zsf] If]qut lx:;f $
@=!=@ /fli6«o s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf k|b]zut of]ubfg %
@=!=# k|b]zut s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf] j[l4b/ %
@=@ k|b]zut ljQLo ;]jf tyf ljQLo pks/0fsf] l:ylt ^
@=# k|fb]lzs Ifdtf, ;Defjgf tyf r'gf}tL *

kl/R5]b M # s[lif If]q !!–!(

#=! s[lif pkhn] 9fs]sf] e"—If]q !!
#=@ s[lif pTkfbg !@
#=# kz'k+IfL, df5f tyf jghGo pTkfbg !$
#=$ l;FrfO tyf df};d !^
#=% If]qut s[lif shf{ !^
#=^ ;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{ !&
#=& s[lif If]qsf r'gf}tL / ;Defjgf !*

kl/R5]b M $ pBf]u If]q @)–@#

$=! k|d'v pBf]ux¿sf] Ifdtf pkof]u tyf pTkfbg @)

ii
 $=@ ;du| cf}Bf]lus shf{ l:ylt @)
$=# If]qut cf}Bf]lus shf{ l:ylt @!
$=$ cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] r'gf}tL / ;Defjgf @@

kl/R5]b M % ;]jf If]q @$–#)

%=! ko{6g @$
%=@ ;fj{hlgs lgdf{0f tyf l/on:6]6 @$
%=# ljQLo ;]jf @%
%=$ lgIf]k tyf shf{ l:ylt @%
%=% oftfoft @^
%=^ ;]jf If]q shf{ @^
%=& ;]jf If]qsf] r'gf}tL / ;Defjgf @(

kl/R5]b M ^ k"jf{wf/ / /f]huf/L #!–#&

^=! k"jf{wf/ If]q #!
^=@ /f]huf/L #$
^=# k"jf{wf/ / /f]huf/L If]qsf r'gf}tL / ;Defjgf #%

kl/R5]bM & cfly{s kl/b[Zo #*–#(

&=! k|b]zsf] cfly{s kl/b[Zo #*
&=!=! s[lif tyf jghGo pTkfbg #*
&=!=@ cf}Bf]lus pTkfbg #*
&=!=# ;]jf If]q #(
&=!=$ k"jf{wf/ If]q #(

iii
 tflnsf ;"rL
zLif{s Kf]h g+=
tflnsf @=!M ljQLo ;]jf tyf ljQLo pks/0fsf] l:ylt &
tflnsf @=@M dw]z k|b]zsf] hg;+Vof ljj/0f &
tflnsf #=!M t/sf/L tyf afujfgLn] 9fs]sf] e"–If]q -x]S6/df_ !@
tflnsf #=@M dw]z k|b]zsf ljleGg lhNnfdf s[lif afnLsf] pTkfbg -d]=6gdf_ !#
Tfflnsf #=@M dw]z k|b]zdf t/sf/L tyf afujfgL pTkfbg -d]=6gdf_ !$
tflnsf #=#M dw]z k|b]zsf] kz'k+IfLhGo pTkfbg !%
tflnsf #=$M dw]z k|b]zdf df5f pTkfbg l:ylt -d]=6gdf_ !^
Tfflnsf #=%M dw]z k|b]zdf k|jflxt s[lif shf{ -?=s/f]8df_ !&
Tfflnsf #=^M dw]z k|b]zdf k|jflxt ;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{ -?=s/f]8df_ !&
Tfflnsf $=!M lhNnfut pBf]u If]q shf{sf] l:ylt -?=s/f]8df_ @!
Tfflnsf %=!M ;fj{hlgs lgdf{0f tyf l/on:6]6 @$
tflnsf %=@M a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf zfvfx¿ @%
Tfflnsf %=#M dw]z k|b]zdf oftfoftsf] l:ylt @^
tflnsf %=$M ;]jf If]q shf{sf] l:ylt -?=s/f]8df_ @&
Tfflnsf %=%M lhNnfut ;]jf If]q shf{ -?=s/f]8df_ @&
tflnsf ^=!M >d :jLs[lt lng]x¿sf] ;+Vof #$

rf6{ ;"rL
zLif{s Kf]h g+=
rf6{ @=!M k|b]zut s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf If]qut of]ubfg -k|ltzt_ $
rf6{ @=@M s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf k|b]zut of]ubfg -k|ltztdf_ %
rf6{ @=#M k|b]zut s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf] j[l4b/ ^
Rff6{ #=!M vfB tyf cGo afnLx¿n] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn -xhf/ x]S6/df_ !!
rf6{ #=@M l;+lrt e"ldsf] If]qkmn -x]S6/df_ !^
rf6{ $=!M cf}Bf]lus shf{ nufgL l:ylt -?=s/f]8df_ @)
rf6{ %=!M lgIf]k tyf shf{ l:ylt -?=s/f]8df_ @^

iv
 sfo{sf/L ;f/f+z
dw]z k|b]zsf * j6f lhNnfx¿df ePsf] cfly{s ultljlwx¿sf] :ynut tyf u}/:ynut ;j]{If0faf6 k|fKt
tYofÍ tyf ;"rgfsf] cfwf/df tof/ ul/Psf] cfly{s jif{ @)&*÷&( sf] k|yd cw{—jflif{s cWoog
k|ltj]bgsf] ;f/ ;+If]k lgDgfg';f/ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

s[lif
1. ;ldIff cjlwdf dw]z k|b]zdf vfB tyf cGo afnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmndf )=!) k|ltzt, t/sf/L tyf
afujfgLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmndf )=*% k|ltzt / kmnkm"n tyf d;nfn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmndf !=&(
k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] 5 .

2. ;ldIff cjlwdf vfB tyf cGo afnLsf] pTkfbgdf #=)$ k|ltztn] x|f; cfPsf] 5 eg] t/sf/L tyf
afujfgL pTkfbgdf )=&% k|ltzt, kmnkm"n tyf d;nf pTkfbgdf @=)% k|ltztn]] j[l4 ePsf] 5 .

3. ;ldIff cjlwdf kz'hGo pTkfbg tkm{ b"w, df;' / c08fsf] pTkfbgdf qmdzM )=$% k|ltzt, #=!$
k|ltzt / %=%( k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] 5 . To;} u/L df5fsf] pTkfbgdf %=$* k|ltztn]] j[l4 ePsf]
5 . jghGo pTkfbg cGtu{t\ sf7sf] pTkfbgdf !*=$^ k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] 5 eg] bfp/fsf]
pTkfbgdf ##=*! k|ltztn] x|f; cfPsf] 5 .

4. @)&* k'; d;fGtdf dw]z k|b]zdf /x]sf a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfaf6 s[lif, df5fkfng / jg If]qdf
?=%) ca{ ! s/f]8 shf{ k|jfx ePsf] 5 h'g s'n shf{sf] !!=&* k|ltzt x'g cfpFb5 .

pBf]u
5. ;ldIff cjlwdf cWoogdf ;d]l6Psf k|d'v pBf]ux¿sf] pTkfbg Ifdtf pkof]u cf};tdf $(=(@
k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .

6. ;ldIff cjlwdf a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfaf6 cf}Bf]lus If]qtkm{ k|jfx ePsf] s'n shf{ @)=$#
k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ ?=! va{ !@ ca{ #$ s/f]8 k'u]sf] 5 . ut cfly{s jif{{sf] o;} cjlwdf o:tf]
shf{ ?=(# ca{ @* s/f]8 /x]sf] lyof] .

;]jf
7. ;ldIff cjlwdf 3/hUuf /lhi6«];g ;+Vofdf @$=(% k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ *(,^)^ k'u]sf] 5 eg] 3/
hUuf /lhi6«]zgaf6 ;+slnt /fh:jdf !%!=@@ k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] 5 .

8. @)&* k'; d;fGtdf a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfn] dw]z k|b]zaf6 kl/rfng u/]sf] lgIf]k !#=@$
k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ ?=@ va{ $& ca{ ( s/f]8 k'u]sf] 5 eg] shf{ k|jfx #&=@( k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{
?=$ va{ @$ ca{ !$ s/f]8 k'u]sf] 5 .

9. dw]z k|b]zaf6 kl/rflnt s'n lgIf]kdf k;f{ lhNnfsf] lx:;f ;a}eGbf a9L @^=*% k|ltzt / /f}tx6
lhNnfsf] lx:;f ;a}eGbf sd ^=^! k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . s'n shf{ k|jfx tkm{ k;f{ lhNnfsf] c+z
;a}eGbf a9L #&=#$ k|ltzt / ;Kt/L lhNnfsf] ;a}eGbf sd $=(& k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . o; k|b]zdf
a}+s ljQLo ;+:yfsf] shf{ lgIf]k cg'kft cf};tdf !&!=^% k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .

v
k"jf{wf/
10. k|b]zdf lgdf{0ffwLg / lgdf{0f x'g] qmddf /x]sf /fli6«o uf}/jsf cfof]hgfx¿df lghu9 cGt/f{li6«o
ljdfg:yn cfof]hgf, k"j{–klZrd /]ndfu{ cfof]hgf, x'nfsL /fhdfu{, sf7df8f}+ t/fO{ dw]z b|'tdfu{
cfof]hgf / /fi6«klt r'/] t/fO{ dw]z ;+/If0f sfo{qmd /x]sf 5g\ .

vi
 kl/R5]b !M
kl/ro
!=! k[i7e"dL
g]kfn /fi6« a}+s P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !@ adf]lhd g]kfn /fi6« a}+sn] d'n'ssf] ;dli6ut cfly{s,
ljQLo / jfXo If]q;+u ;DalGwt tYofÍ tyf ljj/0f ;dfj]z u/L cfly{s ultljlw cWoog k|ltj]bg
k|sfzg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . cfly{s ultljlw tyf ljz]if cWoog dfu{bz{g, @)&^ cg';f/ o:tf]
k|ltj]bg cw{–jflif{s / jflif{s u/L jif{sf] b'O{ k6s k|sfzg x'g] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . ;f]xL adf]lhd
k|b]z sfof{no hgsk'/n] tof/ u/]sf] k|:t't k|ltj]bg cfly{s jif{ @)&*÷&( sf] ;fpgb]lv k';
;Ddsf] cw{jflif{s ljj/0fdf cwfl/t /x]sf] 5 .

ljutdf tf]lsPsf lhNnfx¿af6 tYofÍ ;+sng u/L cWoog k|ltj]bg th"{df ug]{ k|rng /x]sf]df
d'n'sdf ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjogdf cfPkl5 k|b]zut ?kdf ;d]t cfly{s ultljlw cWoog u/L k|ltj]bg
tof/ ug'{sf ;fy} k|b]z :t/df cfjZos ;Nnfx k|bfg ug{'kg]{ b]lvof] . kmn:j?kM cfly{s ultljlw
tyf ljz]if cWoog dfu{bz{g, @)&^ tof/ u/L dfu{bz{gdf pNn]v eP adf]lhd d'n'ssf ;a}
lhNnfx¿af6 tYofÍ ;+sng x'g] u/L k|b]z leqsf lhNnfx¿af6 g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf k|b]z
sfof{nox¿n] tYofÍ ;Íng u/L cfly{s ultljlw cWoog k|ltj]bg k|sfzg ug{] Joj:yf ePsf] 5 .
;f] cg';f/ dw]z k|b]zsf ;Kt/L, l;/xf, wg'iff, dxf]Q/L, ;nf{xL, /f}tx6, af/f / k;f{ u/L *
lhNnfx¿af6 tYofÍ ;Íng u/L of] cfly{s ultljlw cWoog k|ltj]bg tof/ ul/Psf] 5 .

!=@ k|ltj]bg th"{df ljlw, ;+/rgf / TfYofÍ ;+sng

o; k|ltj]bgdf cfly{s jif{ @)&*÷&( sf] klxnf] ^ dlxgfdf dw]z k|b]zsf] ;du| cfly{s l:yltsf]
;fy;fy} s[lif, pBf]u, ;]jf / k"jf{wf/ If]qdf xfl;n ePsf] k|ult ;d]t ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . To:t},
/fli6«o cy{tGqdf dw]z k|b]zsf] of]ubfg / If]qut cfly{s l:yltsf] t'ngfTds ljj/0f ;d]t
k|ltj]bgdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . k|ltj]bgdf s[lif, pBf]u, ;]jf / k"jf{wf/ If]qdf b]lvPsf ;Defjgf /
;d:of Pjd\ r'gf}tLx¿ ;+lIfKt ?kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] klxnf]
^ dlxgfsf] l:ylt tyf afFsL ^ dlxgfsf] cjlwsf] cg'dfgsf] cfwf/df dw]z k|b]zsf] s[lif, pBf]u,
;]jf / k"jf{wf/ If]qsf] cfly{s kl/b[io ;d]t ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} ko{6g If]qdf ;nf{xL
lhNnfsf] e/t tfn, k"jf{wf/ If]qdf hogu/–hgsk'/–s'yf{ /]nj], lghu9 cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn,
x'nfsL /fhdfu{ / sf7df8f}+–t/fO{ dw]z b|'tdfu{sf] k|ult l:ylt, k'j{ klZrd /]ndfu{, gjLs/0fLo
phf{ pTkfbgdf 9Ns]a/l:yt ldlynf ;f]nf/ Knf06, /fli6«o hgu0fgf @)&* cg';f/ dw]z k|b]zsf]
hg;+Vofsf] ljj/0f af/]df ;d]t o; cWoog k|ltj]bgdf ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .

g]kfn /fi6« a}+s P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !@ tyf g]kfn /fi6« a}+s cfly{s ultljlw cWoog dfu{bz{g,
@)&^ cg';f/ o; k|b]zsf] ;a} lhNnfx¿df tf]lsPsf ;/sf/L sfof{no, pBf]u, Jofkf/ / ;]jf
k|bfos lgsfox¿df d"ntM :ynut ;j]{If0f u/L k|fKt tYofÍsf] cfwf/df of] k|ltj]bg tof/ ul/Psf]
5.

k|ltj]bgdf s[lif ;DaGwL tYofÍ ;DalGwt lhNnfsf s[lif 1fg s]Gb|, e]6]/Lg/L c:ktfn tyf kz'
;]jf lj1 s]Gb|, hn;|f]t tyf l;+rfO{ ljsf; l8lehg, ;8s l8lehg sfof{noaf6 ;+sng ul/Psf]
5 . To:t}, d'Vo vfB afnL ;DaGwL s]xL tYofÍ ;+3Lo s[lif tyf kz'kG5L ljsf; dGqfnoaf6
g]kfn /fi6« a}+sdf k|fKt ljj/0f cfly{s cg';Gwfg ljefu dfkm{t lnOPsf] 5 . k|b]zl:yt ;/sf/L

1
 lgsfox¿af6 k|b]zdf s[lif pkhn] 9fs]sf] e"–If]q, s[lif pTkfbg, l;+rfO{, kz'kG5L df5f tyf
jghGo pTkfbg nufotsf tYofÍx¿ :ynut ?kdf ;+sng ul/Psf] 5 .

cf}Bf]lus If]qtkm{, pBf]ux¿sf] pTkfbg, Ifdtf pkof]u, /f]huf/L nufotsf ljj/0f gd"gf 5gf}6df
k/]sf #) pBf]ux¿sf] :ynut ;j]{If0faf6 ;+sng ul/Psf] 5 . a}+lsË If]q cGtu{t s[lif, pBf]u /
;]jf If]qsf] lhNnfut shf{, lgIf]k, zfvf ;+Vof, k'g/shf{, ;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{ cflb tYof+s a}+s tyf
ljQLo ;+:yfx¿n] g]kfn /fi6« a}+sdf k7fPsf] ljj/0f cfly{s cg';Gwfg ljefu dfkm{t lnOPsf] 5 .
;fy}, dfnkf]t sfof{nosf] 3/hUuf /lhi6«]zg ;+Vof / ;f] jfktsf] /fhZjsf] /sd g]kfn /fi6« a}+s
cfly{s cg';Gwfg ljefu dfkm{t lnOPsf] 5 .

;]jf If]q cGtu{Tf ko{6g ultljlw ;DaGwL ljj/0f gd"gf 5gf}6df k/]sf % xf]6nx¿af6 :ynut
;j]{If0faf6 k|fKt ul/Psf] 5 . 3/hUuf gSzfkf; tYofÍ ;DalGwt lhNnfsf gu/kflnsfx¿af6,
k"jf{wf/ ;DaGwL tYofÍ o; k|b]zsf] ef}lts k"jf{wf/, zx/L ljsf; tyf oftfoft Joj:yf dGqfno,
;8s l8lehg sfof{no / gu/kflnsfaf6 ;d]t lnOPsf] 5 . oftfofttkm{ ;jf/L ;+Vof ;DaGwL
ljj/0f oftfoft Joj:yf sfof{noaf6 lnOPsf] 5 . ;xsf/L If]qsf] l:ylt ljZn]if0f ug{ dw]z
k|b]zsf !) j6f jrt tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] gd'gf 5gf}6 u/L ljj/0f ;+sng ul/Psf] 5 .

k"jf{wf/ If]q cGt/ut o; k|b]zdf /x]sf /fli6«o uf}/jsf cfof]hgf ;DaGwL ljj/0f lnFbf ;DalGwt
;/sf/L sfof{nox¿af6 k|sflzt tyf ck|sflzt tYofÍnfO{ cfwf/ dflgPsf] 5 .

!=# cWoog k|ltj]bgsf] ;Ldf

g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@ adf]lhd ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjogdf cfP kZrft tYofÍ k|bfos lgsfox¿sf]
k'g/;+/rgf ePsf]n] tL lgsfox¿;Fu ;DalGwt tYofÍ ;+ul7t tyf ;'–Jojl:yt ug{] sfo{df cem}
k"0f{tf cfO;s]sf] 5}g . kmn:j?kM s[lif pTkfbg / k"jf{wf/ nufotsf sltko ljj/0fx¿ ;dout /
lgsfout Ps?ktf sfod x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . vf;u/L s[lifsf] tYofÍ s[lif tyf kz'kG5L ljsf;
dGqfno / ;8s k"jf{wf/sf] ljj/0f ;8s ljefusf] ljj/0fdf cfwfl/t eO{ k|ltj]bg n]vgsf] sfd
;DkGg ul/Psf] 5 .

o; k|b]zdf ;~rflnt sltko pBf]ux¿sf k|zf;lgs / s]Gb|Lo sfof{no cGo k|b]zx¿df /x]sf]n]
pTkfbg / /f]huf/Lsf ljj/0fx¿ ck]lIft ?kdf pknAw x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . k|b]zdf :yflkt gofF
pBf]ux¿ tyf sltko eO{/x]sf pBf]ux¿n] pknAw u/fpg] tYofÍ Jojl:yt x'g g;s]sf]n]
tYofÍsf] z'4tfdf sdL x'g] b]lvPsf] 5 .

Eff}lts lgdf{0f tkm{ ufpFkfnLsfx¿n] lgdf{0f u/]sf ;8s, l;+rfO{ / vfg]kfgL cfof]hgfx¿sf
lhNnfut ljj/0f kof{Kt dfqfdf pknAw x'g g;s]sf]n] ;f] ;DaGwL tYofÍ k"0f{ x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

;]jf If]qdf vf;u/L ko{6ssf] ljj/0f pknAw u/fpg] cWofudg tyf ko{6g ;"rgf s]Gb| h:tf
cflwsfl/s lgsfo dw]z k|b]zdf gePsf]n] gd"gf 5gf}6df k/]sf ;Lldt xf]6nx¿af6 k|fKt
ljj/0fnfO{ cflwsf/Ls dflgPsf] 5 .

2
!=$ cWoog k|ltj]bgsf] 9fFrf
cfly{s ultljlw tyf ljz]if cWoog dfu{bz{g, @)&^ cg';f/ tof/ ul/Psf] o; k|ltj]bgnfO{ &
kl/R5]bx¿df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . kl/R5]b ! df k|ltj]bgsf] kl/ro k|:t't ub}{ o;sf] ljlw /
;+/rgfsf] af/]df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 eg] kl/R5]b @ df k|b]zsf] t'ngfTds l:ylt / xfnsf] cj:yf
af/] k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . To;}u/L, kl/R5]b # df s[lif If]q, kl/R5]b $ df pBf]u If]q, kl/R5]b % df
;]jf If]q / kl/R5]b ^ df k"jf{wf/ If]qsf] ljj/0f ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . kl/R5]b & df cfly{s kl/b[Zo
k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

3
 kl/R5]b–@
s[lif, pBf]u / ;]jf If]qsf] /fli6«o l:ylt
@=! s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg
g]kfn ;/sf/, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefun] cfly{s jif{ @)&*÷&( df /fli6«o s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg
-k|rlnt d"Nodf_ ?=$* va{ %! ca{ ^# s/f]8 k'Ug] cg'dfg u/]sf] 5 . /fli6«o s'n ufx{:Yo
pTkfbgdf s[lif, pBf]u / ;]jf If]qsf] of]ubfg qmdzM @#=(% k|ltzt, !$=@( k|ltzt / ^!=&^
k|ltzt /xg] cg'dfg 5 .

@=!=! /fli6«o s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf k|b]zsf] If]qut lx::ff

s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefusf] k|f/lDes tYofÍ cg';f/ cfly{s jif{ @)&*÷&( df dw]z k|b]zsf] cfly{s
j[l4b/ $=*@ k|ltzt /xg] cg'dfg 5 . dw]z k|b]zsf] s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg -k|rlnt d"Nodf_ ?=^
va{ $$ ca{ @* s/f]8 k'Ug] cg'dfg 5 . rfn' cfly{s jif{df dw]z k|b]zsf] s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf
s[lif, pBf]u / ;]jf If]qsf] of]ubfg qmdzM #$=#! k|ltzt, !@=!! k|ltzt / %#=%* k|ltzt /xg]
cg'dfg /x]sf] 5 . ljefusf] tYofÍ cg';f/ rfn' cfly{s jif{df d'n'ssf] ;du| s[lif, pBf]u / ;]jf
If]qdf dw]z k|b]zsf] c+z qmdzM !(=)! k|ltzt, !!=@% k|ltzt / !!=%! k|ltzt /xg] cg'dfg
/x]sf] 5 . o; ;DaGwL ljj/0f rf6{ @=! df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

rf6{ @=!M k|b]zut s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf If]qut of]ubfg -k|ltzt_

49.10 53.58 55.61 54.54 51.84

57.42
76.69 ;]jf If]q

17.79 pBf]u
12.11 16.04 14.61
18.41 11.08 If]q
s[lif If]q
33.11 34.31 12.21 29.42 31.50 33.55
25.98
11.10
k|b]z g+= ! dw]z afUfdtL u08sL N'flDjgL s0ff{nL ;'b'/klZrd

-;|f]t M s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu_

ljefuaf6 k|sfzg ePsf] cg'dflgt ljj/0f cg';f/ cfly{s jif{ @)&*÷&( df d'n'ssf] s'n
ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf s[lif If]qsf] ;a}eGbf a9L of]ubfg dw]z k|b]zsf] #$=#! k|ltzt /xg] cg'dfg 5
. To;}u/L pBf]u If]qsf] ;a}eGbf a9L of]ubfg u08sL k|b]zsf] !*=$! k|ltzt / ;]jf If]qsf]
;a}eGbf a9L of]ubfg afudtL k|b]zsf] &^=^( k|ltzt /xg] cg'dfg 5 .

;f]xL ljj/0f cg';f/ k|b]zut s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf s[lif If]qsf] of]ubfg ;a}eGbf sd afudtL
k|b]zdf !!=!) k|ltzt /xg] cg'dfg 5 . To;}u/L pBf]u If]qsf] ;a}eGbf sd of]ubfg s0ff{nL
k|b]zsf] !!=)* k|ltzt / ;]jf If]qsf] ;a}eGbf sd of]ubfg k|b]z g+= ! sf] $(=!) k|ltzt /xg]
cg'dfg

4
5 . dw]z k|b]zdf s[lif, pBf]u / ;]jf If]qsf] of]ubfg qmdzM #$=#! k|ltzt, !@=!! k|ltzt /
%#=%* k|ltzt /xg] cg'dfg 5 .

@=!=@ /fli6«o s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf k|b]zut of]ubfg

cfly{s jif{ @)&*÷&( sf] cg'dflgt s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg -k|rlnt d"Nodf_ ?=$* va{ %! ca{ ^#
s/f]8 dWo] afudtL k|b]zsf] c+z ;a}eGbf a9L #^=(! k|ltzt / s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] ;a}eGbf sd
$=)* k|ltzt /xg] cg'dfg /x]sf] 5 . cg'dflgt /fli6«o s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf dw]z k|b]zsf]
lx:;f !#=@* k|ltzt /xg] cg'dfg 5 . o; ;DaGwL ljj/0f rf6{ @=@ df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

rf6{ @=@ M s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf k|b]zut of]ubfg -k|ltztdf_

;'b'/klZrd
s0ff{nL 6.98%
4.08
k|b]z g+= !
15.73%

N'flDjgL
14.12% dw]z
13.28%

u08sL
8.90%

afUfdtL
36.91%

;|f]t M s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu_

@=!=# k|b]zut s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf] j[l4b/

ut cfly{s jif{sf] t'ngfdf ;ldIff jif{df sf]le8–!( sf] k|sf]k ;fdfGo eO{ cf}Bf]lus lqmofnsnfk
j[l4 x'g], ko{6g cfudgsf ;fy} ;]jf If]qsf ;a} ultljlw a9\g], ;a} df};ddf jiff{t eO{/x]sfn]
s[lifhGo j:t'x¿sf] pTkfbgx¿ a9\g'sf ;fy} cfjfudgdf ;xhtfn] ;fgf 7"nf ;a} k|sf/sf] Jofkf/
Joj;fo ;d]t j[l4 x'g] b]lvPsfn] ;a} k|b]zsf] s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf] j[l4b/ a9\g] cg'dfg /x]]sf]
5 . k|b]zut cfwf/df x]bf{ s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf] j[l4b/ ;a}eGbf a9L afudtL k|b]zdf ^=&$
k|ltzt /xg] cg'dfg /x]sf] 5 eg] ;a}eGbf sd j[l4b/ dw]z k|b]zdf $=*@ k|ltzt /xg] cg'dfg
5.

5
 rf6{ @=# M k|b]zut s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf] j[l4b/

0
2076/77 2077/78 2078/79
-2

-4

-6

-8
k|b]z g+= ! dw]z afUfdtL u08sL N'flDagL s0ff{nL ;'b'/klZrd

-;|f]t M s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu_

@=@ k|b]zut ljQLo ;]jf tyf ljQLo pks/0fsf] l:ylt

cfly{s jif{ @)&*÷&( sf] k|yd cw{jflif{s cjlwsf] s'n lgIf]k kl/rfngdf afudtL k|b]zsf] c+z
;a}eGbf a9L ^*=&^ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 eg] s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] c+z ;a}eGbf sd ! k|ltzt dfq /x]sf]
5 . s'n lgIf]k kl/rfngdf dw]z k|b]zsf] of]ubfg %=)$ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . s'n shf{ k|jfxdf
afudtL k|b]zsf] c+z ;a}eGbf a9L %%=*^ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 eg] ;a}eGbf sd s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] c+z
!=!( k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . s'n shf{ k|jfxdf dw]z k|b]zsf] c+z (=!# k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .

s[lif If]qdf k|jflxt s'n shf{ dWo] ;a}eGbf a9L afudtL k|b]zsf] lx::ff #$=## k|ltzt /x]sf] 5
eg] ;a}eGbf sd s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] !=%! k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . dw]z k|b]zdf s[lif If]qdf k|jflxt
shf{sf] c+z !^=^@ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . ljkGg ju{df k|jflxt shf{ dWo] ;a} eGbf a9L afudtL
k|b]zdf $%=&^ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 eg] ;a}eGbf sd s0ff{nL k|b]zdf !=($ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .
;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{ tkm{ ;aeGbf a9L afudtL k|b]zdf #)=^% k|ltzt k|jfx ePsf] b]lvG5 eg]
s0ff{nL k|b]zdf ;aeGbf sd !=#! k|ltzt /xL ;aeGbf sd shf{ k|jfx ePsf] b]lvG5 . k'g/shf{
tkm{ ;aeGbf a9L afudtL k|b]zdf $@=^) k|ltzt k|jfx ePsf] b]lvG5 eg] s0ff{nL k|b]zdf
;a}eGbf sd @=#) k|ltzt dfq shf{ k|jfx ePsf] b]lvG5 .

a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] s'n zfvf ;+Vof !!,@!% dWo] ;a} eGbf a9L afudtL k|b]zdf @,*^^
/x]sf] 5 eg] ;a} eGbf sd s0ff{nL k|b]zdf s]jn $$$ zfvfx¿ /x]sf] 5 . ;ldIff cjlwdf dw]z
k|b]zdf ;~rflnt a}+s ljQLo ;+:yfx¿sf] zfvf ;+Vof !,&)# /x]sf] 5 .

o;}u/L df]afO{n a}+lsË k|of]ustf{ ;a}eGbf a9L afudtL k|b]zdf ^@,%(,(@% /x]sf] 5 eg] ;a}eGbf
sd s0ff{nL k|b]zdf $,*#,)*! /x]sf] 5 . dw]z k|b]zdf df]afO{n a}+lsË k|of]ustf{ !^,!),*## /x]sf
5g\ . OG6/g]6 a}+lsË k|of]ustf{ ;a}eGbf a9L afudtL k|b]zdf (,#(,^^# / ;a}eGbf sd s0ff{nL

6
k|b]zdf (,(^* /x]sf] 5 . 8]la8 sf8{ / qm]l86 sf8{ k|of]ustf{sf] ;+Vof ;a}eGbf a9L afudtL
k|b]zdf / ;a}eGbf sd s0ff{nL k|b]zdf /x]sf] 5 . o; ;DaGwL ljj/0f tflnsf @=! df k|:t't
ul/Psf] 5 .

tflnsf @=! M ljQLo ;]jf tyf ljQLo pks/0fsf] l:ylt

ljj/0f k|b]z g+= ! dw]z afudtL u08sL n'lDagL s0ff{nL ;'b'/klZrd
s'n lgIf]kdf c+z -Ü_ 7.16 5.04 68.76 7.65 8.22 1.00 2.16

s'n shf{df c+z -Ü_ 11.67 9.13 55.86 7.54 11.46 1.19 3.16

s[lif shf{sf] c+z -Ü_ 17.16 16.62 34.33 9.82 15.63 1.51 4.93

ljkGg If]q shf{ 14.45 8.48 45.76 12.69 12.87 1.94 3.80

;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{sf] c+z -Ü_ 15.19 21.15 30.65 13.06 14.33 1.31 4.32

k'g/shf{sf] c+z -Ü_ 12.15 7.41 42.60 11.89 18.10 2.30 5.54

8]la6 sf8{ k|of]ustf{ 12,46,432 9,58,517 47,83,876 8,84,726 12,79,799 2,01,328 5,00,543

qm]l86 sf8{ k|of]ustf{ 18,120 10,329 1,57,542 11,620 11,774 1,366 4,448

df]afO{n a}+lsË k|of]ustf{ 22,98,472 16,10,833 62,59,925 18,65,936 26,46,171 4,83,081 10,48,050

OG6/g]6 a}+lsË k|of]ustf{ -Ü_ 1,26,681 1,13,142 9,39,663 1,51,700 1,82,066 9,968 33,111

zfvf ;+Vof -s,v,u / 3 ju{_ 1,816 1,703 2,866 1,395 2,166 444 825

-;|f]tM g]kfn /fi6« a}+s_

7
 /fli6«o hgu0fgf @)&* cg';f/ dw]z k|b]zsf] hg;+Vof

/fli6«o hgu0fgf @)&* sf] k|f/lDes gtLhf cg';f/ g]kfnsf] s'n hg;+Vof @,(!,(@,$*) dWo]
k|b]zut cfwf/df ;a}eGbf w]/} hg;+Vof dw]z Kf|b]zdf ^!,@^,@** hgf /x]sf] 5 . h'g s'n
hg;+Vofsf] @)=(( k|ltzt x'g cfpFb5 . dw]z k|b]zsf] s'n hg;+Vofdf k'?ifsf] ;+Vof #),&*,@@#
hgf / dlxnfsf] ;+Vof #),$*,)^% /x]sf] 5 . dw]z k|b]zdf s'n kl/jf/ ;+Vof !!,(),!%$ /x]sf]
5 . hg;+Vofsf] n}lËs cg'kft ljZn]if0f ubf{ dw]z Kf|b]zdf !))=(( /x]sf] 5 . jflif{s hg;+Vof
j[l4b/ x]bf{ dw]z Kf|b]zdf !=@) k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

k|sflzt gtLhf cg';f/ hg 3gTjsf] lx;fan] t/fO{ If]qdf $^! hgf hg;+Vof k|ltju{ lsnf]ld6/
/x]sf]df dw]z k|b]zdf ;a}eGbf w]/} ^#^ hgf hg;+Vof k|ltju{ lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . dw]z
k|b]zsf ljleGg lhNnfx?sf] hg;+Vof ljj/0f tflnsf !=# df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

tflnsf @=@M dw]z k|b]zsf] hg;+Vof ljj/0f

kl/jf/sf] jflif{s
hDdf kl/jf/ n}lËs
lhNnf k'?if dlxnf cf};t hg 3gTj hg;+Vof
hg;+Vof ;+Vof cg'kft
cfsf/ j[l4b/
;Kt/L &,!#,@)# #,%%,%#) #,%&,^&# !,%!,@(% ((=$) $=&! %@# !=)%
l;/fxf &,$*,$!^ #,^(,)$( #,&(,#^& !,%$,%(# (&=@* $=*$ ^#) !=%$
wg'iff *,&#,@&$ $,#$,##% $,#*,(#( !,*),*#@ (*=(% $=*# &$) !=$)
dxf]t/L &,!%,)$) #,%$,(%@ #,^),)** !,$%,()) (*=%& $=() &!$ !=@%
;nf{xL *,%&,#^) $,##,#*@ $,@#,(&* !,^*,$@! !)@=@@ %=)( ^*! !=)#
/f}tx6 *,@%,^@# $,!%,*^$ $,)(,&%( !,#(,$)% !)!=$( %=(@ &## !=&&
Aff/f &,$#,(&% #,*),!(@ #,^#,&*# !,#$,#() !)$=%! %=%$ ^@% )=&%
k;f{ ^,$(,#(& #,#$,(!( #,!$,$&* !,!%,#!* !)^=%) %=^# $*) )=&$
hDdf ^!,@^,@** #),&*,@@# #),$*,)^% !!,(),!%$ *!=@)
->f]t M /fl6«o of]hgf cfof]u, s]Gb|Lo tYof° ljefu_
* cf}ift hg;+Vof j[l4b/
dw]z k|b]zsf lhNnfx? dWo] ;a}eGbf a9L hg;+Vof, kl/jf/ ;+Vof / hgu0fgf 3/ ;+Vof wg'iff
lhNnfdf /x]sf] 5 . o; lhNnfdf s'n hg;+Vof *,&#,@&$ hgf, kl/jf/ ;+Vof !,*),*#@ / 3/
;+Vof !,$^,$&^ /x]sf] 5 eg] ;a}eGbf sd hg;+Vof, kl/jf/ ;+Vof / hgu0fgf 3/ ;+Vof k;f{
lhNnfdf /x]sf] 5 . o; lhNnfdf hDdf hg;+Vof ^,$(,#(& hgf, kl/jf/ ;+Vof !,!%,#!* /
hgu0fgf 3/ ;+Vof (#,&@$ /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

n}lËs cg'kft ;a}eGbf w]/} k;f{ lhNnfdf / ;a}eGbf sd l;/fxf lhNnfdf qmdzM !)^=%) /
(&=@* /x]sf] 5 . kl/jf/sf] cf};t cfsf/sf] cfwf/df x]bf{ /f}tx6 lhNnfdf ;a}eGbf a9L k|lt
kl/jf/ %=(@ hgf / ;Kt/L lhNnfdf ;a}eGbf sd k|lt kl/jf/ $=&! hgf /x]sf] 5 .

hg3gTjsf] lx;fan] ;a}eGbf w]/} wg'iff lhNnfdf &$) hgf k|ltju{ ls=ld= / ;a}eGbf sd k;f{
lhNnfdf $*) hgf k|ltju{ ls=ld= /x]sf] 5 . dw]z k|b]zdf lhNnfut ?kdf jflif{s hg;+Vof
j[l4b/sf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ ;a}eGbf a9L /f}tx6 lhNnfdf !=&& k|ltzt / ;a}eGbf sd )=&$ k|ltzt
k;f{ lhNnfdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

8
@=# k|fb]lzs Ifdtf, ;Defjgf tyf r'gf}tL M
@=#=! k|fb]lzs Ifdtf, ;Defjgf
s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefusf cg';f/ cfly{s jif{ @)&*÷&( df dw]z k|b]zsf] s'n k|fb]lzs ufx{:Yo
pTkfbgdf s[lif If]qsf] ;a}eGbf a9L #$=#! k|ltzt of]ubfg /xg] cg'dfg /x]sf] 5 eg] vfgL tyf
pTvgg\ If]qsf] ;a}eGbf sd )=!* k|ltzt of]ubfg /xg] cg'dfg /x]sf] 5 . ef}uf]lns lx;fjn]
;dtn e"–efudf cjl:yt /x]sf] dw]z k|b]z cfly{s lqmofsnfksf b[li6n] ;d[4 k|b]zsf] ?kdf
ljsl;t x'g ;Sg] ;Defljt k|b]zsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . ;di6Lut ?kdf dw]z k|b]zsf] cfly{s
ljsf;sf ;Defjgfx¿nfO{ b]xfo adf]lhd pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 .
▪ s[lifof]Uo e"ldsf] k|r'/tf, oftfoft tyf cf}Bf]lus k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f ug{ t'ngfTds ;xhtf tyf
j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf] nflu k|:yfg ljGb' ;d]t ePsf] sf/0fn] dw]z k|b]zdf s[lifsf cltl/Qm
cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] ljsf;sf] klg plQs} ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 .
▪ of] k|b]z ef/tLo ;Ldf;Fu hf]l8Psfn]] pTkfbgzLn pBf]u tyf snsf/vfgfx¿ :yfkgf u/L
pTkflbt j:t' ef/ttkm{ lgsf;L ug{ ;d]t t'ngfTds ?kn] lgs} ;xh /x]sf] 5, .
▪ dw]z k|b]zdf ljleGg wfld{s d7 dlGb/x¿ /x]sf sf/0f w]/}] ;+Vofdf ef/tLo ko{6sx¿sf]
cfjfudg x'g] ub{5 . k|l;4 hfgsL dlGb/ oxL k|b]zdf /x]sfn] wfld{s tyf ;f+:s[lts
ko{6gsf] klg /fd|f] ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5,
▪ kf]v/f kl5 w]/} tfn tyf kf]v/Lx¿ /x]sf] hgsk'/wfd h:tf zx/ dw]z k|b]zdf /x]sfn]
oxfFl:yt kf]v/Lx¿sf] ;/;kmfO{ tyf ;8s k"jf{wf/ ;'wf/ / u'0f:t/Lo xf]6n tyf /]i6'/]G6sf]
:yfkgf u/L hn dgf]/~hg h:tf lqmofsnfkdf j[l4 ug{ ;s] oxfF cfGtl/s tyf afXo
ko{6ssf] k|j4{g u/L /fh:j ;+sngdf ;d]t j[l4 ug{ ;lsg] k|r'/ ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5, .
▪ ;nf{xL lhNnfsf] afudtL gu/kflnsfdf lgld{t e/t tfn d'n'ss} 7"nf] dfgj lgld{t hnfzo
/x]sf] / of] tfn 7"nf hnfzo gePsf] ef/tLo /fHo laxf/ glhs} /x]sfn] oxfF ef/tLo
gful/sx¿ ;d]t cfsif{0f u/L ko{6g ljsf; tyf cfly{s ultljlw a9fpg'sf ;fy} ef/tLo
d'b|f cfh{gsf] /fd|f] ;|f]t aGg ;Sg] ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5, .
▪ dw]z k|b]zsf] /fhwfgL hgsk'/nfO{ u08sL k|b]zsf] /fhwfgL kf]v/f;Fu ;Lwf xjfO{dfu{n]
hf]l8Psfn] ToxfF cfpg] ko{6sx¿nfO{ oxfF cfslif{t u/L ko{6g If]qsf] nfe lng ;lsg]
;Defjgf /x]sf] 5,
▪ dw]z k|b]znfO{ hogu/, hgsk'/ s'yf{ /]nj] ;]jfn] ef/tLo ;Ldf;Fu hf]8]sf]n] oxfF pTkflbt
;fdfgx¿ ef/ttkm{ lgsf;L ug{'sf ;fy} ef/tLo ko{6sx¿nfO{ cfjfudgdf ;'ljwf ePsf]n]
;f]af6 nfe lng ;lsg] ;Defjgf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
▪ of] k|b]zdf d'n'ssf] s'n hg;+Vofsf] sl/a @)=(( k|ltzt hg;ª\Vof j;f]jf; ug]{ ePsf]n]
cf}Bf]lus pTkfbg / vktsf nflu 7"nf] cj;/ x'gsf ;fy} >dzlQm tyf >dahf/sf] ;d]t
nfe /x]sf] 5 .
▪ d'n'ss} 7"nf] hnfzo /x]sf] ;Ktsf]zL gbL k|b]zsf] ;Ldf x'Fb} au]sf]n] gbLdf hn dgf]/~hg
ug]{ ko{6ssf] nflu pko'Qm /x]sf]n] ToxfFaf6 klg ko{6g k|j4{gsf] ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 .

9
▪ k|b]zsf] glhs} /x]sf] l;Gw'nLu9Ldf o'4 ;+u|xfnosf] :yfkgf ePsf]n] ;f] cjnf]sg ug{]
ko{6snfO{ cfslif{t ug{ ;lsg'sf ;fy} k|z:t df5f kfng x'g] o; k|b]zdf dT:o ko{6g;Fu
;DalGwt lqmofsnfk ;d]t j[l4 ug{ ;lsg] b]lvPsf] x'Fbf ;f] sf] k|j4{g / ljsf;sf nflu
:t/Lo xf]6n tyf nh ;~rfng x'g ;s]df /f]huf/L >[hgf x'gsf ;fy} ko{6sLo ultljlw
ljsf; ug{ ;Sg] ;Defjgf b]lvG5 .
@=#=@ k|fb]lzs r'gf}tL
▪ zx/L If]qsf ;8sdf htftt} y'k|g] kmf]xf]/ tyf lgdf{0f ;DkGg x'g g;s]sf ;8saf6 pT;h{g
x'g] w'nf]sf] sf/0f b]lvPsf] jftfj/0fLo k|b'if0fnfO{ lgoGq0f ub}{ k|b]znfO{ ;'Gb/ / cfsif{s
k|b]zsf] ?kdf ljsf; ug'{ .
▪ z}lIfs u'0f:t/df ;'wf/ u/L dw]z k|b]zdf cjl:yt hgsk'/ / jL/u+h h:tf 7"nf / Jofkfl/s
zx/nfO{ z}lIfs xjsf] ?kdf ljsf; ug{ .
▪ w]/} cufl8b]lv df5fkfngsf] nflu k|l;4 /x]sf] hgsk'/ tyf k/jfgLk'/ h:tf dT:o ljsf;
s]Gb|x¿ tyf dw]z k|b]zsf] cGo :yfgx¿sf] df5f pTkfbg Ifdtf clej[l4 u/L cfly{s
lqmofsnfkdf clej[l4 ug'{ .
▪ ef}uf]lns b[li6n] ;'ud /x]sf] dw]z k|b]zsf] t'ngfTds nfe lnFb} cf]Bf]lus ljsf; u/L
d'n'ssf] s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf k|b]zaf6 cf}Bf]lus If]qdf of]ubfg j[l4 ug .
▪ k/Dk/fut ?kdf xF'b} cfPsf] lgjf{xd'vL s[lifnfO{ cfw'lgsLs/0f tyf Joj;foLs/0f ug{',
pTkfbgd"ns pBf]u wGbf tyf snsf/vfgf :yfkgf u/L pTkfbg a9fpg'sf ;fy} /f]huf/L
>[hgf ug'{ .
▪ ef}uf]lns tyf wfld{s ;Dkbf, h}ljs ljljwtf cflbsf] plrt ;+/If0f / k|j4{g u/L ko{6sLo
uGtJo If]qsf] ?kdf ljsf; ug'{ .
▪ s[lif If]qnfO{ k|lt:kwL{ agfpg dnvfbsf] ;j{;'ne cfk"lt{, pTkflbt cGgsf] plrt d"No k|flKt
tyf Joj:yfkg ldnfpg'sf] ;fy} ahf/sf] k|aGw u/L s[lifhGo lqmofsnfkdf o'jfx¿nfO{
cfslif{t ug'{ .
▪ j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] nflu ljb]zdf /x]sf o'jfx¿n] k7fPsf] ljk|]if0fnfO{ pTkfbgd'ns If]qdf
nufgL ug'{ .
▪ k;f{ hGo hGt' cf/If, glhs} /x]sf] sf]zL 6Kk' jGo hGt' cf/If, l;Gw'nLsf] o'4 ;+u|xfno, e/t
tfn, k|b]zdf /x]sf wfld{s tyf ;fF:s[lts If]qsf] kmfO{bf lnFb} k|r'/ ;Defjgf af]s]sf] oxfFsf]
ko{6g If]qsf] ljsf; ug'{ .
▪ jif]{gL >d ahf/df k|j]z ug]{ oxfFsf hgzlQmnfO{ plrt /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ pknAw u/fpg'sf
;fy} pTkfbgd'ns sfddf nufpg' /
▪ >d ahf/df JofKt >dsf] cNk pkof]unfO{ ;s];Dd a9L pkof]u x'g] jftfj/0f tof/ ug'{sf
;fy} k"jf{wf/ ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{nfO{ tLj|tf lbg', d'n'ssf] ;a} If]qdf k'Ug ;xh oftfoft
;~hfnsf] nfe lnFb} cfly{s lqmofsnfkdf j[l4 u/L k|b]znfO{ cfly{s ?kn] ;d[4 agfpg' .

10
 kl/R5]bM #
s[lif If]q
#=! k|d'v s[lif afnLn] 9fs]sf] e"–If]q
cfly{s jif{ @)&*÷&( sf] cw{ jflif{s cjlwdf dw]z k|b]zdf k|d'v s[lif afnLx¿ cGtu{t\ vfB
tyf cGo afnL, t/sf/L tyf afujfgL / kmnkm"n tyf d;nfn] 9fs]sf] e"–If]qkmn !=@% k|ltztn]
j[l4 eO{ ( nfv !^ xhf/ @ ;o *) x]S6/ k'u]sf] 5 . ut cfly{s jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf pQm e"–
If]qkmndf )=&@ k|ltztn] x|f; eO{ ( nfv $ xhf/ ( ;o *) x]S6/ /x]sf] lyof] .

#=!=! vfB tyf cGo afnL

;ldIff cjlwdf ;du| vfB tyf cGo afnL cGtu{t wfg, ds}, ux'F, hf}, sf]bf], kmfk/, cfn', pv',
e6df;, ;'tL{, ;gkf6, bnxg, t]nxg cflb afnLn] 9fs]sf] e"–efudf )=!) k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ *
nfv #^ xhf/ ^ ;o $% x]S6/ k'u]sf] 5 . ;f] cjlwdf wfgn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmndf )=@@ k|ltzt x|f;
eO{ # nfv *! xhf/ $ ;o !& x]S6/, cfn'n] 9fs]sf] If]qkmndf )=!( k|ltzt j[l4 eO{ %@ xhf/
!) x]S6/, ;'tL{n] 9fs]sf] If]qkmndf )=&^ k|ltzt j[l4 eO{ $)) x]S6/ k'u]sf] 5 eg] ds}n] 9fs]sf]
If]qkmndf %=@# k|ltzt, sf]bf]n] 9fs]sf] If]qkmndf )=)% k|ltzt, pv' v]tLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmndf
#=!^ k|ltzt / bnxg tyf t]nxgn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmndf qmdzM )=$) k|ltzt / @=%( k|ltztn]
x|f; cfPsf] 5 . ut cfly{s jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf ;du| vfB tyf cGo afnLn] 9fs]sf] e"–If]qkmndf
!=)! k|ltztn] x|f; cfPsf] lyof] . ;ldIff cjlwdf ;Kt/L, l;/fxf, wg'iff, ;nf{xL / k;f{ lhNnfdf
wfg afnLn] 9fs]sf] e"–If]qdf qmdzM !=&% k|ltzt, !=)* k|ltzt, #=%& k|ltzt, @=*^ k|ltzt /
!)=^% k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] 5 eg] /f}tx6 / af/fdf qmdzM !=)# k|ltzt / )=)* k|ltztn] x|f;
cfPsf] b]lvG5 .

;ldIff cjlwdf dw]z k|b]zdf vfB tyf cGo afnLn] 9fs]sf] e"–If]qnfO{ rf6{ g+= #=! df k|:t't
ul/Psf] 5 .

Rff6{ #=! M vfB tyf cGo afnLx¿n] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn -xhf/ x]S6/df_

400

350

300

250
2076/77
200
2077/78

150 2078/79

100

50

wfg ds} ux'F cfn' pv' bnxg t]nxg

-;|f]tM cWoog If]qsf lhNnf s[lif 1fg s]Gb|x¿_

11
 #=!=@ t/sf/L tyf afujfgL
;ldIff cjlwdf t/sf/L tyf afujfgLn] 9fs]sf] e"–If]qdf )=*% k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ %( xhf/ # ;o
% x]S6/ k'u]sf] 5 . ut cfly{s jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf t/sf/L tyf afujfgLn] 9fs]sf] e"–If]qdf !=^(
k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ %* xhf/ * zo % x]s6/ k'u]sf] lyof] . ;ldIff cjlwdf t/sf/L tyf afujfgLn]
9fs]sf] e"–If]qsf] j[l4 cfpg'df sf]le8–!( dxfdf/Lsf] k|efjdf sdL cfO{ pTkflbt t/sf/Ln] ;dod}
ahf/ kfpg'sf ;fy} ;du| v]tLkftL j[l4 x'g' xf] . t/sf/L tyf afujfgLn] 9fs]sf] e"–If]qkmndf
dxf]Q/L lhNnfdf ;aeGbf a9L !# xhf/ @@ x]S6/ cyf{t\ s'n dw]z k|b]zsf] @@ k|ltzt / k;f{
lhNnfdf ;aeGbf sd @ xhf/ @ zo %) x]S6/ cyf{t\ s'n dw]z k|b]zsf] #=&( k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .
o; ;DaGwL ljj/0f tflnsf #=! Dff k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

tflnsf #=! M t/sf/L tyf afujfgLn] 9fs]sf] e"–If]q -x]S6/df_

cf=j= @)&&÷&* cf=j= @)&*÷&( -lx:;f k|ltzt_

qm=;+= lhNnf
k'if d;fGt ;Dd k'if d;fGt cf=j=@)&*÷&(| k'if d;fGt
1 ;Kt/L 9,900 10,500 17.71

2 l;/fxf 7,565 7,565 12.76

3 wg'iff 3,500 3,500 5.90

4 dxf]Q/L 13,000 13,050 22.00

5 ;nf{xL 11,090 11,100 18.72

6 /f}tx6 5,225 5,000 8.43

7 Aff/f 6,325 6,340 10.69

8 k;f{ 2,200 2,250 3.79

hDdf 58,805 59,305 100

-;|f]tM ;DalGwt lhNnfsf, s[lif 1fg s]Gb|_

#=!=# kmnk"mn tyf d;nf
;ldIff cjlwdf kmnkm"n tyf d;nf afnLn] 9fs]sf] e"–If]qkmndf !=&( k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ $&
xhf/ * ;o $^ x]S6/ k'u]sf] 5 . kmnkm"n tyf d;nf afnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn dWo] cfFkn] 9fs]sf]
If]qkmndf @=!* k|ltzt, s]/fv]tLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmndf #=!^ k|ltzt / cGo kmnkm"nn] 9fs]sf]
If]qkmndf #=#$ k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] b]lvG5 eg] d;nf -cb'jf, a];f/ cflb_ n] 9fs]sf] If]qkmndf
)=$! k|ltztn] x|f; cfPsf] b]lvG5 . ut cfly{s jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf o:tf] afnLn] 9fs]sf] e"–
If]qkmndf !=@( k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ $& xhf/ ^ x]S6/ k'u]sf] lyof] .

#=@ s[lif pTkfbg

;ldIff cjlwdf k|b]zsf] ;du| s[lif afnLx¿ -vfB tyf cGo afnL, t/sf/L tyf afujfgL /
kmnkm"n tyf d;nf_ sf] s'n pTkfbgdf %=)$ k|ltztn] x|f; cfO{{ #) nfv *$ xhf/ ( ;o !#
d]=6g k'u]sf]] b]lvG5 . vfB afnL cGtu{t s'n v]tL ul/Psf] If]qkmndf ;fdfGo j[l4 eP tfklg
l;FrfO{ ;'ljwfdf pNn]vgLo j[l4 gx'g', dnvfb / aLp lahgsf] ;xh pknJwtf gx'g' / a]df};dL

12
jiff{t\ tyf Aff9Lsf] sf/0f vfB tyf afnLx¿sf] pTkfbgdf x|f; cfPsf] xf] eg] ;du| s[lif
afnLx¿sf] pTkfbgdf x|f; cfpg'df k;f{ lhNnfdf cjl:yt >L/fd ;'u/ ldN; aGb x'g uPsf]n]
To; If]qdf pNn]vlgo ?kdf pv' v]tL ug]{ ls;fgx¿ 36]sf]n] pTkfbg 36\g' tyf pv' ls;fgx¿n]
;dod} pv'sf] d'No gkfPsf]n] yk afnL nufpg k|f]T;flxt gx'Fbf ;du|df pv'sf] pTkfbg 36\g'
cflb k|d'v sf/0fx¿ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ut cfly{s jif{{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf o:tf] afnLsf] s'n pTkfbgdf
#=^) k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] lyof] .

#=@=! vfB tyf cGo afnL

;ldIff cjlwdf ;dod} jiff{ ePsf] / l;FrfO{sf] ;'ljwfn] t]nxgsf] pTkfbg !)=*# k|ltztn] /
cfn'sf] pTkfbg )=& k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] 5 eg] wfgsf] pTkfbg #=@$ k|ltzt, pv'sf] pTkfbg
(=)! k|ltztn] x|f; cfPsf] 5 . wfg afnL kfs]/ leq\ofpg] ;dodf k/]sf] em/Ln] kfs]sf] wfgafnL
gfz ePsf] sf/0fn] wfg afnLsf] pTkfbgdf x|f; cfPsf] xf] eg] ljut jif{b]lv >L/fd ;'u/ ldn
aGb x'g uO{ k;f{ lhNnfdf pv' pTkfbg gePsf]n] ;du| pv'sf] pTkfbgdf x|f; cfPsf] xf] .

ut cfly{s jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf wfgsf] pTkfbgdf !!=!$ k|ltzt, sf]bf]sf] pTkfbgdf )=&!
k|ltzt tyf bnxgsf] pTkfbgdf #=)! k|ltztn]] x|f; cfPsf] eP klg cfn', pv', ;gkf6 tyf
t]nxg pTkfbgdf qmdzM @#=(@ k|ltzt, !=(& k|ltzt, !@=!) k|ltzt / @^=)* k|ltztn] j[l4
ePsf] lyof] . dw]z k|b]zdf vfB tyf cGo afnLsf] pTkfbg ;DaGwL ljj/0f tflnsf #=@ df k|:t't
ul/Psf] 5 .

tflnsf #=@ M dw]z k|b]zsf ljleGg lhNnfdf s[lif afnLsf] pTkfbg -d]=6gdf_

cf=j= @)&*÷&( k'if d;fGt

vfB tyf cGo t/sf/L tyf kmnkm"n tyf
qm=;+= lhNnf lx:;f Ü lx:;f Ü lx:;f Ü
afnL afuafgL d;nf
1 ;Kt/L 2,15,687 7.29 1,19,250 14.50 54,188 30.26

2 l;/fxf 3,78,752 12.80 87,678 10.66 7,960 4.44

3 wg'iff 3,72,576 12.59 92,943 11.30 13,058 7.29

4 dxf]Q/L 3,03,816 10.27 1,28,515 15.62 8,109 4.53

5 ;nf{xL 4,08,111 13.79 1,33,312 16.21 5,793 3.23

6 /f}tx6 6,09,721 20.60 61,813 7.51 89,380 49.91

7 Aff/f 4,23,814 14.32 1,59,088 19.34 - -

8 k;f{ 2,47,172 8.35 40,000 4.86 600 0.34

hDdf 29,59,650 100 8,22,599 100 1,79,088 100.00

-;|f]tM ;DalGwt lhNnfsf s[lif 1fg s]Gb| _

#=@=@ t/sf/L tyf afUfjfgL
dw]z k|b]zdf ;ldIff cjlwdf t/sf/L tyf afujfgLsf] pTkfbg )=&% k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ * nfv
@@ xhf/ % ;o (( d]= 6g k'u]sf] 5 . pTkflbt t/sf/L dWo] ;a}eGbf a9L af/f lhNnfdf ! nfv
%( xhf/ ** d]= 6g cyf{t\ s'n dw]z k|b]zdf pTkflbt t/sf/Lsf] !(=#$ k|ltzt pTkfbg ePsf]

13
 5 eg] k;f{ lhNnfdf ;a}eGbf sd $) xhf/ d]=6g cyf{t\ s'n dw]z k|b]zdf pTkflbt t/sf/Lsf]
$=*^ k|ltzt pTkfbg ePsf] 5 . ut jif{ ;f]xL cjlwdf t/sf/L tyf afujfgLsf] pTkfbg @=@$
k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] lyof] . o; ;DaGwL ljj/0f tflnsf g+= #=@ df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

Tfflnsf #=@ Mdw]z k|b]zdf t/sf/L tyf afujfgL pTkfbg -d]=6gdf_

cf=j= @)&&÷&* cf=j= @)&*÷&( lx:;f -k|ltzt_

qm=;+= lhNnf
k'if d;fGt k'if d;fGt cf=j= @)&*÷&( k'if d;fGt
1 ;Kt/L 1,12,590 1,19,250 14.50
2 l;/fxf 87,678 87,678 10.66
3 wg'iff 92,943 92,943 11.30
4 dxf]Q/L 1,28,515 1,28,515 15.62
5 ;nf{xL 1,32,400 1,33,312 16.21
6 /f}tx6 64,591 61,813 7.51
7 Aff/f 1,59,088 1,59,088 19.34
8 k;f{ 38,700 40,000 4.86
hDdf 8,16,505 8,22,599 100
-;|f]t M ;DalGwt lhNnfsf s[lif 1fg s]Gb| _
#=@=# kmnkm"n tyf d;nf
;ldIff cjlwdf kmnkm"n tyf d;nfsf] pTkfbgdf @=)% k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] 5 . ut cfly{s jif{{sf]
;f]xL cjlwdf o:tf] pTkfbgdf @=#) k|ltztn] x|f; cfPsf] lyof] . ;ldIff cjlwdf kmnkm"nsf] pTkfbg
dWo] d;nf pTkfbgdf !=*^ k|ltztn] x|f; cfPsf] 5 eg] cfFk, s]/f tyf cGo kmnkm"nsf] pTkfbgdf
qmdzM !=@@ k|ltzt, %=%$ k|ltzt / )=^) k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] 5 . ;ldIff cjlwdf cfFk, s]/f tyf
cGo kmnkm"nsf] pTkfbgdf j[l4 x'g'df ljut s]xL jif{ cl3b]lv kmnkm"n v]tL tkm{{ ls;fgx¿sf]
cfsif{0f a9\b} uPsf]n] v]tL ul/Psf] hUufsf] If]qkmndf j[l4 x'g' xf] .

#=# kz'kG5L, df5f tyf jghGo pTkfbg

#=#=! kz'kG5LhGo pTkfbg M
;ldIff cjlwdf dw]z k|b]zdf b"wsf] pTkfbg )=$% k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ @ nfv ^* xhf/ # ;o #*
ln6/, df;'sf] pTkfbg #=!$ k|ltzt j[l4 eO{ $& xhf/ ^ ;o ^@ d]=6g, c08fsf] pTkfbg %=%(
k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ % s/f]8 #( nfv %& xhf/, 5fnfsf] pTkfbgdf !@=$$ k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ (# nfv
^@ xhf/ ju{ ld6/ / pmg pTkfbgdf *)=!& k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ @ xhf/ & ;o %# s]=hL= k'u]sf] 5 .
o;/L pgsf] pTkfbgdf pNn]vgLo ?kdf j[l4 x'g'df ;Kt/L lhNnfdf cl3Nnf] cjlwdf pg pTkfbg x'Fb}
gePsf]df ;ldIff cjlwdf pTkfbg ePsf] sf/0f xf] . ut cjlwdf 5fnfsf] pTkfbgdf !=(# k|ltztn]
x|f; cfPsf]df b"wsf] pTkfbgdf !=@$ k|ltztn], df;'sf] pTkfbg @=)# k|ltzt / c08fsf] pTkfbg
)=%% k|ltztn] a9]sf] lyof] . ;ldIff cjlwdf s'n b"w pTkfbg dWo] l;/fxf lhNnfsf] lx:;f ;a}eGbf
a9L @#=%& k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 eg] /f}tx6 lhNnfsf] lx:;f ;a}eGbf sd #=!@ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .
kz'kG5LhGo pTkfbg ;DaGwL ljj/0f tflnsf #=# df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

14
 tflnsf #=# M dw]z k|b]zsf] kz'k+IfLhGo pTkfbg

b"w -ln=xhf/df_ Dff;' -d]=6gdf_ c08f -uf]6f xhf/df_

lhNnf cf=j= cf=j= cf=j= cf=j= cf=j= cf=j=
@)&&/&* @)&*/&( @)&&/&* @)&*/&( @)&&/&* @)&*/&(
k'if d;fGt k'if d;fGt k'if d;fGt k'if d;fGt k'if d;fGt k'if d;fGt
;Kt/L 24,188 20,318 5,519 5,601 17,352 17,474

l;/fxf 61,235 63,245 6,421 6,730 4,038 4,195

wg'iff 20,523 20,534 2,014 1,933 1,064 1,065

dxf]Q/L 20,727 20,948 8,418 8,899 5,035 5,741

;nf{xL 39,940 40,145 8,797 8,882 4,129 4,181

/f}tx6 8,800 8,364 1,689 1,589 4,304 4,445

Aff/f 35,527 38,596 6,254 6,614 8,470 9,657

k;f{ 56,188 56,188 7,198 7,514 6,707 7,200

hDdf 2,67,128 2,68,338 46,310 47,762 51,099 53,957

-;|f]t M ;DalGwt lhNnfsf s[lif 1fg s]Gb|_

#=#=@ df5f pTkfbg M

;ldIff cjlwdf dw]z k|b]zdf df5fsf] pTkfbg %=$* k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ @) xhf/ $ ;o (& d]= 6g
k'u]sf] 5 . ut jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf o:tf] pTkfbg !=$* k|ltztn] x|f; cfO{ !( xhf/ $ ;o #! d]=
6g /x]sf] lyof] . ;ldIff cjlwdf ;a}eGbf a9L df5f pTkfbg af/f lhNnfdf ePsf] b]lvG5 hxfF dw]z
k|b]zsf] s'n df5f pTkfbgsf] @!=!% k|ltzt tyf ;a}eGbf sd k;f{ lhNnfdf dw]z k|b]zsf] s'n df5f
pTkfbgsf] ^=(# k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . df5f pTkfbg ;DaGwL ljj/0f tflnsf g+= #=$ df k|:t't ul/Psf]
5.

tflnsf #=$ M dw]z k|b]zdf df5f pTkfbg l:ylt -d]=6gdf_

cf=j= @)&&÷&* cf=j= @)&*÷&(

qm=;+= lhNnf
k'; d;fGt k'; d;fGt
1 ;Kt/L 1,610 1,600
2 l;/fxf 2,199 2,256
3 wg'iff 3,495 3,497
4 dxf]Q/L 2,247 2,260
5 ;nf{xL 2,571 2,589
6 /f}tx6 2,355 2,540
7 Aff/f 3,635 4,334
8 k;f{ 1,319 1,420
hDdf 19,431 20,497

-;|f]t M ;DalGwt lhNnfsf e]6]l/g/L c:ktfn tyf kz';]jf lj1 s]Gb|_

15
 #=#=# jghGo pTkfbg M
;ldIff cjlwdf dw]z k|b]zdf bfp/f pTkfbgdf ##=*! k|ltzt] x|f; cfPsf] 5 eg] sf7sf] pTkfbgdf
!*=$^ k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] 5 . ;ldIff cjlwdf sf7sf] pTkfbgdf j[l4 x'g'df k"j{ klZrd /fhdfu{
lj:tf/sf] qmddf ;8s lsgf/df sfl6Psf ljleGg hftsf ?vsf sf7 ahf/df laqmL ljt/0f ul/Psf]
sf/0f xf] .

#=$ l;FrfO{ tyf df};d

;ldIff cjlwdf dw]z k|b]zsf] s'n l;l~rt If]qkmn !=#% k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ @ nfv ($ xhf/ % ;o
(( x]S6/ k'u]sf] 5 . s'n l;l~rt If]qkmn dWo] s'nf]åf/f l;l~rt If]qkmndf @=(^ k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{
&% xhf/ % ;o () x]S6/, gx/åf/f l;l~rt If]qkmndf )=(# k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ ! nfv ^% xhf/ %
;o !& x]S6/ / af]l/ªåf/f l;l~rt If]qkmndf )=%@ k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ $^ xhf/ #) x]S6/ k'u]sf] 5 .

ut jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf ;du| l;l~rt If]qkmn )=!( k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] lyof] . ;f] cjlwdf
s'nf]åf/f l;+lrt If]qkmndf )=@@ k|ltztn], gx/åf/f l;+lrt If]qkmndf )=!) k|ltztn] kf]v/Låf/f
l;+lrt If]qkmndf )=^* k|ltztn] / af]l/ªåf/f l;+lrt If]qkmndf )=$% k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] lyof] eg]
cGo ;|f]tåf/f l;+lrt If]qkmndf $!=$^ k|ltztn] sdL cfPsf] lyof] . dw]z k|b]zdf l;l~rt e"ldsf]
If]qkmn ;DaGwL ljj/0f rf6{ #=@ df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

rf6{ #=@M l;+lrt e"ldsf] If]qkmn -x]S6/df_

600000

500000

400000

300000 s'n v]tLof]Uo If]qkmn

v]tL ul/Psf] If]qkmn

200000 s'n l;Flrt If]qkmn

100000

0
cf=j= @)&^÷&& cf=j= @)&&÷&* cf=j= @)&*÷&(
-;fpg – k';_ -;fpg – k';_ -;fpg – k';_

-;|f]tM lhNnf l:yt hn;|f]t tyf l;+rfO{ ljsf; l8lehg sfof{no_

#=%= If]qut s[lif shf{

;ldIff cjlwdf a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfaf6 dw]z k|b]zsf] s[lif If]qdf k|jfx ePsf] shf{ $#=%#
k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ ?=%) ca{ ! s/f]8 k'u]sf] 5 . ut jif{{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf o:tf] shf{ ?=#$ ca{ *$
s/f]8 /x]]sf]] lyof] . o; k|b]zdf k|jfx ePsf] s'n shf{ dWo] s[lif If]qdf k|jflxt shf{sf] c+z !!=&*
k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . dw]z k\b]zdf k|jflxt s'n s[lif shf{ dWo] ;a} eGbf a9L shf{ k|jfx k;f{ lhNnfdf
!&=&) k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 eg] ;a} eGbf sd shf{ k|jfx ;Kt/L lhNnfdf &=#% k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . o;
;DaGwL ljj/0f tflnsf g+= #=% df k|:t't u/Psf] 5 .

16
 Tfflnsf #=% M dw]z k|b]zdf k|jflxt s[lif shf{ -?=s/f]8df_

qm=;+= lhNnf s[lif shf{ -? s/f]8df_ lx:;f -k|ltzt_

1 ;Kt/L 3,68 7.35

2 l;/fxf 6,87 13.74

3 wg'iff 6,73 13.46

4 dxf]Q/L 4,70 9.39

5 ;nf{xL 8,15 16.3

6 /f}tx6 5,10 10.19

7 af/f 5,93 11.86

8 k;f{ 8,85 17.70

hDdf 50,01 100

-;|f]tMg]kfn /fi6« a}+s_

#=^ ;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{

;ldIff cjlwdf a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfaf6 dw]z k|b]zdf k|jfx ePsf] ;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{ ?=$$ ca{ ^*
s/f]8 k'u]sf] 5 . ut jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf o:tf] shf{ ?=* ca{ %& s/f]8 /x]sf] lyof] . ;ldIff
cjlwdf ;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{ k|jfxdf 7"nf] j[l4 cfpg'df g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf] lgb]{zg adf]lhd a}+s tyf
ljQLo ;+:yfn] ;f] shf{ k|jfx ubf{ lwtf]df cfwfl/t eO{ cGo shf{ ;/x ;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{ k|jfx x'g'
k|d'v sf/0f b]lvG5 . k|jflxt s'n shf{ dWo] ;a}eGbf a9L ?=@^ ca{ !! s/f]8 cyf{t\ %*=$$ k|ltzt
wg'iff lhNnfdf / ;a}eGbf sd ?=(& s/f]8 cyf{t\ @=!& k|ltzt ;Kt/L lhNnfdf /x]sf] 5 . dw]z
k|b]zdf k|jflxt ;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{ ;DaGwL ljj/0f tflnsf g+= #=^ df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

Tfflnsf #=^ M dw]z k|b]zdf k|jflxt ;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{ -?=s/f]8df_

qm=;+= lhNnf ;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{ -?=s/f]8df_ lx:;f -k|ltzt_
! k;f{ 2,50 5.59

@ af/f 2,53 5.65

# /f}tx6 1,44 3.22

$ ;nf{xL 3,60 8.05

% dxf]Q/L 1,84 4.12

^ wg'iff 2611 58.44

& l;/fxf 571 12.77

* ;Kt/L 97 2.17

hDdf 44,70 100.00

-;|f]t M g]kfn /fi6« a}+s_

17
#=& s[lif If]qsf r'gf}tL / ;Defjgf
#=&=! r'gf}tL
dw]z k|b]zdf ef}uf]lns ;'udtf, v]tLof]Uo hldgsf] k|r'/tf / oftfoft tyf 9'jfgLsf] nflu ;xhtf
x'Fbfx'Fb} klg oxfFsf] s[lif If]qdf b]xfo adf]lhd r'gf}tLx¿ /x]sf 5g\ M

▪ s[lif If]qsf] yk cfw'lgsLs/0f, oflGqsLs/0f, Joj;flos/0f u/L s[lif k]zfnfO{ ;fdflhs ?kdf
k|ltli7t / k|lt:kwL{ agfpg' .
▪ s[lif k]zfnfO{ ;Ddflgt agfO{ o'jf hgzlQmnfO{ >d, ;Lk, tyf k'FhL ;lxt of] If]qdf cfslif{t
ug'{ / cfly{s cfTdlge{/tf a9fpg' .
▪ s[lif of]Uo e"lddf l;FrfO{ ;'ljwf pknJw u/fO{ s[lif pTkfbsTj a9fpg lgdf{0ffwLg l;FrfO{
cfof]hgf tf]lsPsf] ;do / nfutdf ;DkGg ug'{ .
▪ k|b]zdf /x]sf nfvf}+ x]S6/ v]tLof]Uo hldgdf df6f]sf] pj{/fzlQm a9fpg ;fd"lxs v]tLdf hf]8
lbO{ s[lif pTkfbsTj j[l4 ug{' .
▪ ;dodf g} s[ifsx¿nfO{ cfjZos kl/df0fdf dnvfb tyf lapaLhg pknAw x'g] ;'lglZrttf
ug'{ .
▪ s[ifsx¿sf] ;Lk ljsf;sf nflu tflnd k|bfg ug'{sf ;fy} v]tL ul/Psf] :yfgdf g} k|fljlws
;]jf pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yf ldnfpg' .
▪ t/sf/L tyf vfBafnLdf cfTdlge{/ aGg afFemf] /x]sf hldg pkof]udf NofO{ pTkfbg clej[l4
u/L s[lifaf6 hgtfsf] hLjg:t/ psf:g' .
▪ k|wfgdGqL s[lif cfw'lgsLs/0f kl/of]hgf cg';f/ dw]z k|b]zsf wg'iff tyf af/f lhNnf
df5fkfngsf nflu ;'k/ hf]gsf] ?kdf /x]sf]df oL If]qx¿df bLuf] sfo{qmdx¿ NofO{
pTkfbgzLntf a9fO{ sfod /fVg / ahf/ lj:tf/sf nflu cWoog cg';Gwfg tyf yk sfo{x¿
ug{sf] ;fy} ;x'lnotx¿ pknJw u/fpg' .
▪ k|wfgdGqL s[lif cfw'lgsLs/0f kl/of]hgf sfo{qmd cg';f/ dw]z k|b]zsf l;/fxf, wg'iff /
;nf{xL lhNnfx¿ wfgsf] hf]g If]qsf] ?kdf :yfkgf ePsf]df ;f] cg'?k pTkfbg tyf
pTkfbsTj a9fO{ bLuf]kgf sfod /fVg' .
▪ /f}tx6 lhNnf wfgsf] lap hf]gsf] ?kdf :yfkgf eO{ sfo{qmd cl3 a9]sf] / g]kfn ;/sf/n]
wfgsf] !!^ k|hfltsf aLp :yfgLo df6f]sf] pj{/tfsf b[li6n] k|efjsf/L x'g] egL l;kmfl/;
u/]sf] ePklg ef/taf6 sd;n k|sf/sf aLpsf] cglws[t cfoft sfod} /x]sf]n] ef/taf6
cfoft x'g] lapnfO{ lg?T;fxg ub}{ laplahg pknAw u/fpg'sf ;fy} o;sf] k|of]unfO{ clej[l4
ug'{ .
▪ k|wfgdGqL s[lif cfw'lgsLs/0f kl/of]hgf sfo{qmd cg';f/ dw]z k|b]zsf dxf]Q/L, /f}tx6 /
k;f{ lhNnfx¿ t/sf/L hf]gsf] ?kdf cfly{s jif{ @)&#÷&$ df g} :yflkt eO;s]sf] eP klg
hgsk'/ nufot 7"nf ahf/ If]qdf ef/taf6 cfofltt t/sf/Lx¿s} bjbjf /x]sfn] sfo{qmd
adf]lhd t/sf/L v]tL u/L t/sf/Ldf cfTdlge{/ x''g' .
▪ t'ngfTds nfesf cfwf/df 5gf}6 ul/Psf If]q / afnLx¿sf] nflu PsLs[t ?kdf ;3g s[lif
sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng u/L s[lifsf] Jofj;flos/0f dfkm{t cf}Bf]uLs/0fsf] cfwf/ v8f ug'{ .

18
#=&=@ ;Defjgf
dw]z k|b]zsf] s[lif If]qdf dfly pNn]v eP adf]lhd r'gf}tLx¿ x'Fbf x'Fb} klg b]xfo adf]lhd
cj;/x¿ klg /x]sf 5g\ M

▪ dw]z k|b]zdf ;aeGbf a9L hg;+Vof /x]sf] / oxfF >d cfk"lt{ ;xh x'g] x'Fbf t/sf/L, kmnk"mn,
df5f, df;' h:tf s[lifhGo j:t'sf] Jofj;flos pTkfbgsf] ;fy} vkt ahf/sf] klg pRr
;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 .
▪ dw]z k|b]zdf ;dtn e"–efusf] ;fy} pj{/ e"ldsf] k|r'/tf /x]sf]n] l;l~rt e"ldsf] If]qkmn
lj:tf/dfkm{t\ vfBfGg tyf cGo afnL / t/sf/L pTkfbgnfO{ ks]6 If]qsf] ?kdf ljsf; ug{
;lsg] ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 .
▪ dw]z k|b]z ;dtn e"lddf /x]sfn] ;tx / e"ldut hn;|f]t k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] b]lvPsf]n]
l;FrfO{sf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ u/L vfB afnL, df5fkfng tyf kmnkm"nsf gofF gofF hftx¿sf]
k|of]u u/L s[lif pTKffbg / pTKffbsTj clej[l4 ug{ ;lsg] ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 .
▪ dw]z k|b]zdf u'7Lsf] hUuf, ;/sf/L hUuf / k|of]udf gcfPsf hUuf w]/} /x]sfn] oxfF pknAw
>dzlQm k|of]u u/L oL hUufx¿ s[lif pTkfbgdf k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] kof{Kt ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 .
▪ dw]z k|b]zaf6 j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] nflu ljb]z hfg] o'jfx¿sf] ;+Vof w]/} /x]sf]n] k'FhL, k|]/0ff,
cfTdljZjf; / pGgt k|ljlw ;DaGwL 1fg ;lxt ljb]zaf6 kmls{Psf o'jfnfO{ s[lif Joj;fodf
cfslif{t u/L pTkfbsTj j[l4 ug{ ;Sg] ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 .
▪ dw]z k|b]zdf pj{/ tyf ;dy/ e"ld /x]sf]n] k|z:t 3fF; v]tL ;d]t nufpg ;lsg] ePsf]n]
kz'kfngsf] dfWodaf6 df;' tyf b'whGo kbfy{sf] pTkfbg a9fO{ /fli6«o s'n ufx{:Yo
pTkfbgdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg ;lsg] k|r'/ ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 .
▪ df5fkfngdf d'n'ss} k|d'v !) j6f lhNnfx¿ dWo] dw]z k|b]zsf k|fo ;a} lhNnfx¿
cu|:yfgdf /x]sf]n] cfw'lgs k|ljlw k|of]u u/L df5fsf] pTkfbg a9fpg ;s] oxfF pTkflbt
df5fn] d'n'snfO{ cfTdlge{/ agfpgsf] ;fy} ljb]z lgsf;L u/L j}b]lzs Jofkf/ / ljb]zL d'b|f
cfh{gdf ;d]t ;3fp k'¥ofpg ;Sg] ;Defjgf b]lvG5 .
▪ uPsf] cfly{s jif{df b]zsf] ;ft k|b]zx¿ dWo] dw]z k|b]zdf ;aeGbf a9L vfB tyf cGgafnL
pTkfbg ePsf] b]lvPsfn] l;FrfO{sf] ;'ljwf j[l4, pGgt hftsf] lap dn tyf cfw'lgs k|ljlw
k|of]u u/]df oxfF pTkflbt vfB tyf cGg afnLn] d'n'snfO{ cfTdlge{/ agfpg ;Sg] ;Defjgf
b]lvG5 .

19
 kl/R5]b M $
pBf]u If]q

$=! k|d'v pBf]ux¿sf] Ifdtf pkof]u tyf pTkfbg

;ldIff cjlwdf dw]z k|b]zsf gd'gf 5gf}6df ;d]l6Psf pBf]ux¿sf] Ifdtf pkof]u cf};tdf
(Average Capacity Utilization) $(=(@ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 eg] ut jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf cf};t Ifdtf
pkof]u $$=*% k|ltzt /x]sf] lyof] . ;ldIff cjlwdf pBf]ux¿sf] cf};t Ifdtf pkof]udf j[lå
cfpg'df sf]le8–!( ;+qmd0fdf sdL cfO{ pBf]ux¿ ;~rfngdf cfpg' tyf pkef]tmfsf] dfu a9\g'sf
;fy} sRrf kbfy{sf] cfk"tL{df ;xhtf ePsf] sf/0f b]lvG5 . ;ldIff cjlwdf dlb/f pBf]un] ;a}eGbf
a9L (#=(# k|ltzt Ifdtf pkof]u u/]sf] b]lvG5 eg] jg:ktL l3p pBf]usf] Ifdtf pkof]u ;a}eGbf
sd %=(# k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvG5 . jg:klt l3p pBf]usf] Ifdtf clt Go"g /xg'df xfnsf lbgx¿df
jg:klt l3psf] ufx{:y tyf cf}Bf]lus k|of]u sd x'Fb} hfg' / o;sf] ljsNkdf e6df;sf] t]n tyf
kfNd t]nsf] k|of]u a9\b} uPsfn] o;sf] ahf/ dfu 36\b} hfFbf pTkfbg sfo{ klg lj:tf/} 36\b} hfg'
k|d'v sf/0fx¿ /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

;ldIff cjlwdf kmnfdsf] 58 tyf klQ pBf]usf] Ifdtf pkof]u *(=&) k|ltzt, xNsf k]o kbfy{
pBf]usf] Ifdtf pkof]u *%=$* k|ltzt, uxF'sf] lk7f] pBf]usf] Ifdtf pkof]u *#=@$ k|ltzt,
e6df;sf] t]n pBf]usf] Ifdtf pkof]u &#=(^ k|ltzt, ;fa'g pBf]usf] Ifdtf pkof]u &@=^) k|ltzt,
cfNd'lgod pTkfbg pBf]usf] Ifdtf pkof]u &!=!& k|ltzt, Chemical Liquid kbfy{ pBf]Ufsf] Ifdtf
pkof]u ^%=(@ k|ltzt, l;d]06 pBf]usf] Ifdtf pkof]u ^)=&( k|ltzt, 3/]n' wft'sf ;fdfg pBf]Ufsf]
Ifdtf pkof]u %(=^# k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 eg] nQf sk8f cGtu{tsf] l;Gy]l6s sk8f, cGg tyf kz' bfgf
cGtu{t kz'bfgf, l:6nhGo pTkfbg, rfdn, wfuf], r'/f]6, tf]/Lsf] t]n, lrgL, k|zf]lwt 5fnf, sfuh -
cvaf/L sfuh afx]s_, O{6f, 8«fO{ l;/k / jg:ktL l3p pBf]usf] Ifdtf pkof]u qmdzM %@=(! k|ltzt,
%@=^# k|ltzt, %)=*) k|ltzt, $&=$% k|ltzt, $%=!& k|ltzt, $#=%( k|ltzt, #&=%^ k|ltzt,
@!=&# k|ltzt, @)=)* k|ltzt, *=%$ k|ltzt, !) k|ltzt, &=!# k|ltzt / %=(# k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .

ut jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf dw]z k|b]zsf k|d'v pBf]ux¿df l;d]G6 pBf]usf] Ifdtf pkof]u (*=#)
k|ltzt, kmnfdsf] 58 tyf klQ pBf]usf] Ifdtf pkof]u *)=!% k|ltzt, ;fa'g pBf]usf] Ifdtf
pkof]u &*=!( k|ltzt, jg:klt l3p tyf t]n pBf]Ufsf] Ifdtf pkof]u ^*=!# k|ltzt, cGg tyf
kz'bfgf pBf]usf] Ifdtf pkof]u ^%=() k|ltzt, r'/f]6 pBf]usf] Ifdtf pkof]u $#=%@ k|ltzt /x]sf]
lyof] eg] k|zf]lwt 5fnf, lrgL, O{§f, sfuh / 8«fO{ l;/k pBf]usf] Ifdtf pkof]u qmdzM #!=@)
k|ltzt, !(=)& k|ltzt, !)=)) k|ltzt, %=&! k|ltzt / !=^) k|ltzt /x]sf] lyof] . ;ldIff jif{df
cWoogn] ;d]6]sf o; k|b]zleq ;~rflnt pBf]ux¿n] ^ xhf/ # ;o ^! hgf g]kfnL / $ ;o $%
hgf ljb]zL gful/sx¿nfO{ k|ToIf /f]huf/L k|bfg u/]sf 5g\ .

$=@ ;du| cf}Bf]lus shf{ l:ylt

;ldIff cjlwdf a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfaf6 dw]z k|b]zdf cf}Bf]lus If]qtkm{ k|jfx ePsf] s'n shf{
@)=$# k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ ?=! va{ !@ ca{ #$ s/f]8 k'u]sf] 5 . ut cfly{s jif{{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf
o:tf] shf{ ?=(# ca{ @* s/f]8 /x]sf] lyof] . ;ldIff cjlwdf dw]z k|b]zdf cf}Bf]lus If]qdf k|jflxt
shf{ dWo] ;a}eGbf a9L shf{ k;f{ lhNnfdf ^!=$% k|ltzt / ;a} eGbf sd ;Kt/L lhNnfdf @=%#
k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . dw]z k|b]zdf ;a eGbf w]/} pBf]ux¿ k;f{ lhNnfdf /x]sf] / sf]le8– !( sf]
dxfdf/L ;fdfGo x'Fb} uP kl5 pBf]ux¿sf ;~rfng Ifdtf pkof]u a9\b} cf}Bf]lus ultljlw / pTkfbg

20
 a9\b} uPsfn] k;f{ lhNnfdf ;aeGbf a9L cf}Bf]lus shf{ k|jfx ePsf] b]lvG5 . o; ;DaGwL ljj/0f
tflnsf $=! Dff k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

Tfflnsf $=! M lhNnfut pBf]u If]q shf{sf] l:ylt -?=s/f]8df_

qm=;+= lhNnf shf{ /sd lx:;f -k|ltzt_

1 ;Kt/L 2,84 2.53

2 l;/fxf 5,84 5.20

3 wg'iff 11,33 10.09

4 dxf]Q/L 6,81 6.06

5 ;nf{xL 6,00 5.34

6 /f}tx6 4,73 4.21

7 Aff/f 5,75 5.12

8 k;f{ 69,04 61.45

hDdf 1,12,34 100

-;|f]tM– g]kfn /fi6« a}+s_

$=# If]qut cf}Bf]lus shf{ l:ylt

;ldIff cjlwdf a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfaf6 dw]z k|b]zdf cf}Bf]lus If]qtkm{ k|jfx ePsf] s'n shf{ dWo]
u}/–vfBj:t' pTkfbg pBf]utkm{ %!=^( k|ltzt, s[lif–jg tyf k]o kbfy{ pTkfbg pBf]utkm{ @%=^)
k|ltzt, lgdf{0f pBf]utkm{ !$=#) k|ltzt, wft'sf] pTkfbg, d]lzg/L tyf On]S6«f]lgS; tyf wft'sf
;fdfg pTkfbg tkm{ ^=() k|ltzt, vfgL pBf]utkm{ !=!! k|ltzt / ljB't, UofF; tyf kfgL pBf]utkm{
)=$) k|ltzt shf{ k|jfx ePsf] 5 .

ut cfly{s jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwsf] t'ngfdf ;ldIff cjlwdf lgdf{0f tkm{ pBf]u tkm{sf] shf{df !!=#$
k|ltzt / ljB't\ UofF; tyf kfgL tkm{sf] shf{df &=%( k|ltztn] x|f; cfPsf] 5 eg] wft'sf pTkfbg,
d]lzg/L tyf On]S6«f]lgS; pTkfbg tkm{ %*=@% k|ltzt, vfgL ;DaGwL pBf]udf !!*=($ k|ltzt, u}/–
vfBj:t' pTkfbgtkm{sf] shf{df @!=@* k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] 5 . To;} u/L s[lif, jg tyf k]o kbfy{
pTkfbg ;DaGwL shf{ k|jfx ut jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwsf] t'ngfdf ;ldIff cjlwdf #$=*% k|ltztn] j[l4
eO{ ?=@* ca{ &% s/f]8 k'u]sf] 5 . cf}Bf]lus If]qdf shf{ j[l4 x'g'df sf]le8–!( sf] k|sf]k ;fdfGo eP
kl5 a9]sf] cf}Bf]lus ultljlw / pTkfbg j[l4 tyf ahf/ dfu j[l4 xf] . o; ;DaGwL ljj/0f rf6{ g+=
$=! df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

21
 rf6{ $=! M cf}Bf]lus shf{ nufgL l:ylt -?=s/f]8df_

7000.00

6000.00
vfgL ;DaGwL
5000.00 s[lif, jg tyf k]o kbfy{
pTkfbg ;DaGwL
4000.00 u}/vfB j:t' pTKffbg
;DaGwL
3000.00 lgdf{0f

2000.00 ljB't, Uof; tyf kfgL

1000.00 wft'sf pTkfbg, d]l;g/L

tyf O{n]S6«f]lgs

cf=j= @)&^÷&& cf=j= @)&&÷&* cf=j= @)&*÷&(

-;fpg – k';_ -;fpg – k';_ -;fpg – k';_

-;|f]t M g]kfn /fi6« a}+s _

$=$ cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] r'gf}tL / ;Defjgf

dw]z k|b]zsf ;Dk"0f{ e"–efu ;dtn efudf /x]sf]n] 9'jfgL nufot ;a} oftfoftsf] ;xhtf /x]sf]
5 . ;fy} blIf0f tkm{sf] ;Ldf ef/t;Fu hf]l8Psfn] lgsf;L ahf/sf] ;d]t cj;/ 5 . t;y{, o;
k|b]zdf pBf]u :yfkgf u/L ;~rfng ug{ / pTkflbt ;fdfg ljb]z lgsf;L ug{ / b]z} e/ k'¥ofpg
t'ngfTds nfe /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o:tf] cj:yf x'Fbf x'Fb} klg o; k|b]zdf cf}Bf]lus If]q;Fu ;DalGwt
b]xfo adf]lhd r'gf}tL tyf ;Defjgfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .

$=$=! r'gf}tL
▪ dw]z k|b]zdf /x]sf cf}Bf]lus If]qdf ljB't cfk"tL{ Joj:yfdf ;'wf/ NofO{ lg/Gt/ phf{ cfk"lt{
dfkm{t\ pBf]u ;~rfngsf] jftfj/0f agfpg' .
▪ ahf/, >dzlQm nufot ef}uf]lns ?kn] cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf] ;Defjgf af]s]sf] :yfgx¿df
cf}Bf]lus hf]gsf] ljsf; ug{' .
▪ x/]s jif{ 7"nf] ;+Vofdf ljb]zLg] >ldsx¿nfO{ :yfgLo pBf]ux¿df cfslif{t u/L pTkfbg ;'wf/
ug'{ tyf nfutdf sdL Nofpg' .
▪ cf}Bf]lus If]qdf k6s k6s >lds / Joj:yfkg lar b]vf kg]{ >d ;DjGwdf ;'wf/ u/L
pTkfbsTj a9fpg' .
▪ >lds, phf{ tyf ahf/ h:tf sf/0fx¿n] pTkfbg cj?4 x'g] cj:yf cGTo ub}{ jif}{ el/ pBf]u
rNg] jftfj/0f agfO{ sRRff kbfy{sf] gf]S;fgL 36fpg' .
▪ hldgsf] d"No cTolws j[l4 ePsf sf/0f gofF pBf]u :yfkgf ug{ cfjZos hldg pknAwtfsf]
nflu plrt jftfj/0f tof/ ug{' .
▪ pBf]u ;~rfngsf] nflu cfjZos ;Lk / Ifdtf ePsf bIf hgzlQmsf] cfk"lt{ ug'{ .
▪ >lds, phf{ tyf sRrf kbfy{sf] sf/0f a9\g] cf}Bf]lus pTkfbg nfut Go"g ub}{ cf}Bf]lus j:t'sf]
k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf clej[l4 ug'{ .
▪ cf}Bf]lus pTkfbg nfut sd ug{ :yfgLo sRrf kbfy{df cfwfl/t pBf]u :yfkgfsf] nflu
k|f]T;fxg ug'{ .

22
▪ k|b]zdf ;~rflnt clwsf+z pBf]ux¿ krf; k|ltzteGbf sd Ifdtfdf ;~rflnt /x]sfn] ;f] sf]
sf/0f kQf nufO{ a9L Ifdtfdf ;~rfng x'g] jftfj/0f tof/ ug'{ .
▪ pTkflbt j:t'x¿ l5d]sL d'n'sx¿df lgsf;L ug{] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f u/L :yfgLo pBf]ux¿sf]
pTkfbg Ifdtf a9fpg' .
▪ dw]z k|b]zdf s[lif tyf df5f kfngsf] /fd|f] ;Defjgf /x]sf] ePtfklg logLx¿sf] Jofj;flos
pTkfbg x'g g;s]sf]n] o;nfO{ Jofj;flos agfpg' .
▪ k|b]zsf] k|d'v s[lif pTkfbgsf] ?kdf /x]sf] pv' ls;fg tyf lrgL pBf]uLx¿sf] aLrdf x'g]
c;dembf/Lsf] cj:yf cGTo u/L pv' ls;fg / lrgL pBf]u;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofsf] bL3{sfnLg
;dfwfg u/L b]znfO{ lrgL pTkfbgdf cfTdlge{/ t'Nofpg' .

$=$=@ ;Defjgf
▪ dw]z k|b]zdf k|l;4 wfld{s tLy{:ynx¿ /x]sf]n] k/Dk/fut ;Lkdf cfwfl/t wfld{s ;f+:s[lts
dxTjsf j:t'x¿df cfwfl/t pBf]ux¿nfO{ k|j4{g u/L :yfgLo hgtfsf] cfo cfh{g a9fpg] tyf
/fh:j kl/rfngsf] cfwf/ km/flsnf] agfpg ;Sg] b]lvG5 .
▪ d'n'ssf] ;aeGbf a9L hg3gTj / a9L hg;+Vof ePsf] k|b]z ePsf]n] ;:tf] >d cfk"lt{ x'g] x'Fbf
dw]z k|b]zdf pBf]ux¿ :yfkgf u/L pTkfbg a9fPdf pTkflbt j:t'x¿sf] k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf
a9\g uO{ s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] of]ubfg a9\g ;Sg] b]lvG5 .
▪ dw]z k|b]zsf] ;Dk"0f{ blIf0fL ;Ldf ef/t;Fu hf]l8Psf]n] ef/taf6 cfoft x'g] cf}Bf]lus sRrf
kbfy{sf] 9'jfgL ;:tf] x'g] sf/0f sd nfutdf j:t' pTkfbg x'g ;Sg] / ;lhn} ef/t lgsf;L ug{
;Sg] ;Defjgf b]lvG5 .
▪ dw]z k|b]zdf k"j{–klZrd /fhdfu{ nufot ;+3Lo /fhwfgL sf7df8f} tyf kxf8L lhNnfx¿ hf]8\g]
;8s ;~hfn /x]sf]n] oxfF b"w, df5f, df;', cGg h:tf s[lifdf cfwfl/t pBf]ux¿ :yfkgf ug{
;s] oL pBf]ux¿af6 pTkflbt j:t'x¿ b]zel/ g} k'¥ofpg ;Sg] k|r'/ ;Defjgf b]lvG5 .
▪ dw]z k|b]zdf pBf]u :yfkgfsf nflu pko'Qm w/ftnLo :j?k /x]sf] sf/0f oxfF pBf]u
snsf/vfgfx¿sf] :yfkgf ug{ ;s] jif]{gL ylkg] nfvf}+ >ldsx¿sf] nflu d'n'sleq} /f]huf/Lsf
cj;/ j[l4 ug{ ;Sg] ;Defjgf b]lvG5 .
▪ wfg, uxF', ds} h:tf cGg afnLsf] k|z:t pTkfbg x'g'sf] ;fy} ;'ud ef}uf]lns ;+/rgf /x]sf]n] of]
k|b]zdf s[lif afnLdf cfwfl/t lk7f]hGo pBf]ux¿ :yfkgf ug{ ;Sg] /fd|f] ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 .

23
 kl/R5]b M %
;]jf If]q
%= ;]jf If]q
;]jf If]q cGtu{t dw]z k|b]zdf ;~rflnt ko{6g, ;fj{hlgs lgdf{0f, l/on:6]6, ljQLo ;]jf, oftfoft,
;~rf/, yf]s tyf v'b|f Jofkf/, xf]6n tyf /]i6'/]G6, ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g, :jf:Yo Pjd\ ;'/Iff Joj:yf
h:tf If]qx¿nfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . tL dWo] k|d'v pk–If]qx¿sf] ;ldIff cjlwsf] l:ylt lgDgfg';f/
/x]sf] 5 .

%=! ko{6g
;ldIff cjlwdf 5gf}6df k/]sf dw]z k|b]zsf] ko{6s:t/Lo xf]6ndf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;+Vof ut
jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwsf] t'ngfdf ;ldIff cjlwdf @$=!& k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] 5 . ut jif{sf] ;f]xL
cjlwdf o; If]qsf] /f]huf/Ldf #)=!# k|ltztn] x|f; cfPsf] lyof] . ;ldIff cjlwdf ko{6s cfudgdf
@)#=^) k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ & xhf/ (@ hgf k'u]sf] 5 . s'n ko{6s cfudgdf ef/taf6 ^ xhf/ *
;o $! hgf / t]>f] d'n'saf6 @ ;o %! hgf ko{6s cfPsf] b]lvG5 . ut jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf ko{6s
cfudgdf &$=@@ k|lztn] x|f; cfO{ @ xhf/ # ;o #^ hgf k'u]sf] lyof] . ;ldIff cjlwdf ko{6s
cfudg ;+Vofdf pNn]vgLo j[l4 x'g'df ljut jif{x¿df sf]le8–!( n] ko{6s cfudg 7Kk /x]sf]df ;f]
sf] k|efj lj:tf/} sd x'Fb} uP/ ko{6s cfjfudgdf ;xhtf cfO{ ;f] If]qsf] ultljlw a9\g' xf] . ko{6s
cfudgdf j[l4 eP;Fu} xf]6nx¿sf] Joj;fo j[l4 ePsfn] oxfF sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿sf] nflu /f]huf/Lsf]
cj;/ ;d]t j[l4 ePsf] b]lvG5 .

%=@= ;fj{hlgs lgdf{0f tyf l/on:6]6

;ldIff cjlwdf dw]z k|b]zsf] ;du| 3/hUuf /lhi6«]zg ;+Vofdf @$=(% k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ *( xhf/
^ ;o ^ k'u]sf] 5 . ut jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf o:tf] ;+Vofdf @)=*# k|ltztn] x|f; cfPsf] lyof] .
;ldIff cjlwdf 3/ hUuf /lhi6«]zg /fh:jdf !%!=@@ k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ ?=@ ca{ @( s/f]8 k'u]sf] 5
. ut jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf o:tf] /sd ?=(! s/f]8 /x]sf] lyof] . ;ldIff cjlwdf gSzf kf; :jLs[t
;+Vofdf (=*( k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ @ xhf/ $$ /xg uPsf] 5 . ut jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf o:tf] ;+Vof !
xhf/ * ;o ^) /x]sf] lyof] .
sf]le8– !( ;+qmd0fsf] sf/0f nufOPsf] aGbfaGbLn] ubf{ aGb /x]sf dfnkf]t sfof{nox¿ aGbfaGbL
v'n] kZrft hghLjg ;xh eO{ 3/hUuf /lhi6«]zgsf] ;+Vofdf ePsf] j[l4 tyf 3/ hUufsf] ;/sf/L
d'Nof+sg t'ngfTds ?kdf a9]sf]n] zx/L If]qdf ;/sf/L d'Nof+sg eGbf ahf/ d'No w]/} u'0ff a9L
ePsf], vl/b laqmLsf] b[li6sf]0fn] vl/b ul/Psf / 5f]6f] ;dodf laqmL x'g] 3/ hUufaf6 c;'n ul/Psf]
k'FhLut nfes/ cflb sf/0fx¿n] 3/hUuf /lhi6«]zgsf] ;ª\Vof a[l4sf] t'ngfdf /fh:j ;+sngdf
pNn]Vo dfqfdf a[l4 ePsf] b]lvG5 . o; ;DaGwL ljj/0f tflnsf g+= %=! Dff k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
Tfflnsf %=! M ;fj{hlgs lgdf{0f tyf l/on:6]6
qm=;+= ljj/0f @)&& k'; @)&* k'; k|ltzt
d;fGt;Dd d;fGt;Dd kl/jt{g
1. 3/hUuf /lhi6«]zg ;ª\Vof 71,714.00 89,606.00 24.95
2. 3/÷ejg :yfoL gS;f kf; ;ª\Vof 1,860.00 2,044 9.89
3. 3/hUuf /lhi6«]zg /fh:j -?=bz nfvdf_ 911.46 2,289.79 151.22
;|f]t M dfnkf]t sfof{no tyf pk–dxfgu/kflnsf÷gu/kflnsf sfof{no .

24
%=# ljQLo ;]jf
;ldIff cjlwdf dw]z k|b]zdf g]kfn /fi6« a}+saf6 Ohfhtkq k|fKt a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿ -n3'ljQ
;lxt_ sf] ;~rfngdf /x]sf s'n zfvf ;+Vof ! xhf/ & ;o # /x]sf] 5 . ut jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf
o; k|b]zdf ;~rflnt s'n zfvf ! xhf/ % ;o !# /x]sf] lyof] .

;~rfngdf /x]sf zfvfx¿ dWo] jfl0fHo a}+ssf %%(, ljsf; a}+ssf *@, ljQ sDkgLsf #! / n3'ljQ
ljQLo ;+:yfx¿sf] ! xhf/ #! zfvfx¿ /x]sf 5g . lhNnfut cfwf/df zfvfx¿sf] pkl:ylt x]bf{ ;a}
eGbf a9L wg'iff lhNnfdf @$@ zfvfx¿ / ;a} eGbf sd /f}tx6 lhNnfdf !*) zfvfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .
;ldIff cjlwdf o; k|b]zdf ;~rfngdf /x]sf a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿df ( xhf/ ^ ;o #^ hgf
sd{rf/Lx¿ sfo{/t 5g\ . h; dWo] ;a} eGbf a9L sd{rf/Lx¿ k;f{ lhNnfdf ! xhf/ % ;o # hgf /
;a} eGbf sd sd{rf/L /f}tx6 lhNnfdf ( ;o !# hgf /x]sf 5g\ . o; ;DaGwL ljj/0f tflnsf g+=
%=@ Dff k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

tflnsf %=@ M a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf zfvfx¿

qm=;+= lhNnf @)&* k'; d;fGt;Ddsf] zfvf sd{rf/L ;+Vof

;+Vof
1. k;f{ 187 1,503

2. af/f 241 1,313

3. ;nf{xL 226 1,171

4. /f}tx6 180 913

5. dxf]Q/L 205 1,074

6. wg'iff 242 1,442

7. l;/fxf 234 1,244

8. ;Kt/L 188 976

hDdf 1,703 9,636

-;|f]tM– g]kfn /fi6« a}+s_

%=$ lgIf]k tyf shf{ l:ylt

a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿n] ;ldIff cjlwdf o; k|b]zaf6 ;+sng u/]sf] s'n lgIf]k ut jif{sf] ;f]xL
cjlwsf] t'ngfdf !#=@$ k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ ?=@ va{ $& ca{ ( s/f]8 k'u]sf] 5 . ut jif{sf] ;f]xL
cjlwdf o:tf] lgIf]k #&=%^ k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ ?=@ va{ !* ca{ @) s/f]8 k'u]sf] lyof] .

;ldIff cjlwdf a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfn] o; k|b]zdf k|jfx u/]sf] shf{ ut jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwsf]
t'ngfdf #&=@( k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ ?=$ va{ @$ ca{ !$ s/f]8 k'u]sf] 5 . ut jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf
o:tf] shf{ !$=@@ k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ ?=# va{ * ca{ ($ s/f]8 k'u]sf] lyof] . o; ;DaGwL ljj/0f
rf6{ g+= %=! Dff k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

25
 rf6{ %=! M lgIf]k tyf shf{ l:ylt -?=s/f]8df _

45000

40000

35000

30000

25000
lgIf]k
20000
shf{
15000

10000

5000

0
2076 k"; d;fGt;Dd 2077 k"; d;fGt;Dd 2078 k"; d;fGt;Dd

-;|f]tM– g]kfn /fi6« a}+s_

%=% oftfoft
;ldIff cjlwdf dw]z k|b]zdf btf{ ePsf s'n ;jf/L ;fwgsf] ;+Vof ut jif{sf] ;f]xL cjwLsf] t'ngfdf
^=*% k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{{ !) nfv (( xhf/ # ;o %* k'u]sf] 5 . ut jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf pQm
;jf/L ;fwgsf] ;+Vof %=&! k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ !) nfv @* xhf/ * ;o $# k'u]sf] lyof] . ;ldIff
cjlwdf ;jf/L ;fwgx¿ dWo] df]6/;fOsnsf] ;+Vofdf ^=#% k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ * nfv #) xhf/ ^
;o $$ / cGo oftfoft ;fwgsf] ;+Vofdf $=#^ k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ @ nfv ^* xhf/ & ;o !$
k'u]sf] 5 . o; ;DaGwL ljj/0f tflnsf %=# df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

Tfflnsf %=# M dw]z k|b]zdf oftfoftsf] l:ylt

qm=;= ljj/0f @)&^ k'; d;fGt @)&& k'; @)&* k'; ;ldIff cjlwsf]
d;fGt d;fGt kl/jt{g -Ü_
1. df]6/;fO{sn 7,35,769 7,81,039 8,30,644 6.35

2. cGo 2,48,633 2,57,499 2,68,714 4.36

s'n ;+Vof 9,73,252 10,28,843 10,99,358 6.85

-;|f]tM– oftfoft Joj:yf sfof{no, dw]z k|b]z_

%=^ ;]jf If]q shf{

;ldIff cjlwdf dw]z k|b]zdf ;~rfngdf /x]sf a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿af6 ;]jf If]qtkm{ k|jfx
ePsf] s'n shf{ @@=@! k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ ?=! va{ $( ca{ %^ s/f]8 k'u]sf] 5 . ut cfly{s jif{{sf]
;f]xL cjlwdf o:tf] shf{ @*=@* k|ltztn] j[l4 eO{ ?=! va{ @@ ca{ #* s/f]8 k'u]sf]] lyof] . o;
;DaGwL ljj/0f tflnsf g+= %=$ df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

26
 tflnsf %=$ M ;]jf If]q shf{sf] l:ylt -?=s/f]8df_

qm=;+= ljj/0f @)&^÷&& k'; @)&&÷&* k'; @)&*÷&( k';

d;fGt d;fGt d;fGt
1. oftfoft, e08f/0f / ;+rf/ 5,48 5,73 6,26

2. yf]s tyf v'b|f ljqm]tf 74,76 97,07 1,28,16

3. ljQ, aLdf tyf crn ;DklQ 6,19 8,35 4,34

4. ko{6g 3,10 4,03 5,07

5. cGo ;]jf 5,89 7,21 5,73

hDdf 95,42 1,22,39 1,49,56

-;|f]tM– g]kfn /fi6« a}+s_

;ldIff cjlwdf dw]z k|b]zdf ;~rfngdf /x]sf a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿af6 ;]jf If]qtkm{ ePsf] s'n
shf{ dWo] ;a}eGbf a9L k;f{ lhNnfdf ?=%# ca{ &( s/f]8 cyf{t\ dw]z k|b]zdf k|jflxt ;]jf If]q
shf{sf] #%=(& k|ltzt / ;a}eGbf sd ;Kt/L lhNnfdf ?=& ca{ &% s/f]8 cyf{t\ dw]z k|b]zdf
k|jflxt s'n ;]jf If]q shf{sf] %=!* k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . ;f] cjlwdf dw]z k|b]Zfaf6 ;]jf If]qdf k|jflxt
shf{sf] lhNnfut l:ylt tflnsf %=% df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

Tfflnsf %=% M lhNnfut ;]jf If]q shf{ -?=s/f]8_

qm=;+= lhNnf /sd lhNnfut lx:;f -Ü_

1. k;f{ 53,80 35.97

2. af/f 12,32 8.24

3. /f}tx6 10,09 6.75

4. ;nf{xL 12,80 8.56

5. dxf]Q/L 12,32 8.24

6. wg'iff 22,86 15.29

7. l;/fxf 17,62 11.78

8. ;Kt/L 7,75 5.18

hDdf 1,49,56 100.00

-;|f]tM– g]kfn /fi6« a}+s_

27
 ;nf{xL lhNnfsf] e/t tfnM ko{6gsf] gofF uGtJo
!= kl/ro
;nf{xLsf] afudtL gu/kflnsfn] afudtL gbLsf] kfgLnfO{ 8fO{ez{g u/L gu/kflnsfsf] j8f
g+= $ / !@ aLr sd}{ofdf lgld{t e/t tfn d'n'ss} cfsif{s ko{6sLo uGtJosf] ?kdf
ljsl;t x'Fb}5 . k"j{ klZrd /fhdfu{b]lv @ ls=dL= blIf0ftkm{ afudtL df5fkf]v/L gfd /x]sf]
dfgj lgld{t of] tfn afudtL gu/kflnsfsf d]o/ e/taxfb'/ yfkfsf] ljz]if ;lqmotf /
;f]rdf lgdf{0f ePsfn] e/t tfnsf] ?kdf k|Voft 5 . of] g]kfns} ;a}eGbf 7"nf] dfgj
lgld{t ;kmf kfgLsf] tfn xf] . of] tfnsf] ulx/fO{ sl/a %) kmL6 b]lv &@ kmL6;Dd /x]sf] 5
. gu/kflnsfsf cg';f/ v]/ uO/x]sf] ;'Vvf /x]sf] au/ hldgnfO{ e'pkof]u gLlt adf]lhd
df5f kfngsf] nflu kf]v/L lgdf{0f ub}{ hfFbf tfndf ko{6sx?nfO{ cfslif{t ug]{ b[li6sf]0fn]
dgf]/~hgfTds lqmofsnfk cl3 a9fpg] lg0f{o eP adf]lhd 8'Ëf ;~rfng z'? ePsf] xf] .
xfn o; tfnsf] d'Vo cfsif{0f eg]s} 8'Ëf ;~rfng / dgf]/~hg xf] .
Tffnsf] pQ/tkm{ /x]sf] v'nf hldgdf ko{6s cfsif{0f ug]{ lx;fan] ;'d]? kj{t\sf] lgdf{0f
eO{/x]sf] 5 . 8'Ëf ;~rfng afx]s o; tfnsf] jl/kl/ cGo ko{6sLo k"jf{wf/x? klg tof/
x'Fb}5 . kl/of]hgfsf] klxnf] r/0fsf] lgdf{0f !@! lj3f hldg If]qkmndf xF'b}5 . h; dWo] !)!
lj3fdf kf]v/L /xg] 5 eg] afFsL /x]sf] jl/kl/sf] hUufdf df]gf] /]n, km'n ;lxtsf] au}Frf,
z]NkmL kfs{, jgef]h :yn, k|ltIffno Pjd\ lztn rf}tf/f h:tf k"jf{wf/ agfpg] qmddf /x]sf]
5 . ko{6sx?sf] nflu zf}rfno lgdf{0fsf] 6]08/ cfXjfg eO{;s]sf] 5 eg] zf}rfnoaf6
pTkfbg x'g] kmf]xf]/ v]tLkftLdf k|of]u x'g] dn agfpg] k|of]hgsf] nflu laqmL u/L o;af6
gu/kflnsfn] cfDbfgL ug]{ p2]Zo lnPsf] 5 .
@= ah]6 Joj:yf / Joj:yfkg
afudtL gu/kflnsfaf6 k|fKt hfgsf/L cg';f/ gu/kflnsfsf] cfGtl/s >f]t, k|b]z ;/sf/ /
;+3Lo ;/sf/af6 k|fKt ah]6df lgdf{0f eO/x]sf] kf]v/Ldf xfn;Dd ?=%* s/f]8 @) nfv
/sd vr{ eO;s]sf] 5 . h; dWo] g]kfn ;/sf/af6 ?=* s/f]8, dw]z k|b]z ;/sf/af6
?=$& s/f]8 &) nfv / gu/kflnsfsf] >f]taf6 ?=@ s/f]8 %) nfv k|fKt eO{ vr{ ePsf]
b]lvG5 . tfn If]qsf] ;Dk"0f{ kl/of]hgf lgdf{0f ;DkGg ug{ sl/a ?=! ca{ @) s/f]8 nfUg]
cg'dfg /x]sf] 5 . ;f] sfddf ;xof]u u/L ko{6g ljsf; ug{ ci6«]lnof ;/sf/ ;d]t OR5's
/xL rf;f] JoQm u/] klg lg0f{o eO{ ;s]sf] 5}g . ;f] ;DaGwdf gu/kflnsfn] cfjZos kxn
ul//x]sf] b]lvG5 . Ps jif{ leq lgdf{0fsf sfdx? ;Sg] of]hgf ;lxt cl3 al9/x]sf] o;
kl/of]hgfdf Boat ;~rfng afx]s cGo ;Dk"0f{ sfdsf] lhDdf gu/kflnsfn] lnPsf] 5 .
#= cfufdL of]hgfx?
gu/kflnsfsf cg';f/ bf]>f] r/0fdf lgdf{0f x'g] yk k"jf{wf/;lxt o; tfnsf] kl/of]hgfnfO{
eljiodf @%) laufxf If]qkmndf lj:tf/ ug]{ sfo{qmd /x]sf] 5 . bf]>f] r/0fsf] sfd cGtu{t\
Dolphin Safari Park, Fishing Station cflb aGg'sf ;fy} 3f]8r9L, pmF6r9L, E-Rickshaw
cflb ;fwgaf6 tfnsf] jl/kl/ ofqf u/L dgf]/~hg lng] k"jf{wf/ tof/ x'Fb}5 . tfnsf] klZrd
tkm{ sl/a #) laufxf hldgdf lkmNd l;6L -Film City_ agfpg DPR tof/ u/L sfd cl3
al9/x]sf] 5 eg] ;f]xL If]qdf ZipLiner ;d]t agfpg] u/L of]hgf cl3 al9/x]sf] 5 . oL
sfdx? gu/kflnsfsf] nufgLdf ;DkGg ug]{ / ;~rfng Joj:yf eg] lghL If]qnfO{ lnhdf
lbg] ;f]rsf ;fy cl3 al9/x]sf] 5 .
$= /f]huf/L >[hgf / /fh:j ;+sng
Tffn ;~rfngdf cfP kZrft 8'Ëf -Boat_ Joj;fo nufot lrof vfhf k;n nufot cGo
k]zf Joj;fo u/L dflg;x?n] /f]huf/L k|fKt u/]sf 5g\ . pQm tfndf xfn @ lsl;dsf Boat
x? ;+rfngdf /x]sf 5g\ . klxnf] k|sf/sf] Boat cGtu{t\ Mini cruise eGg] u/]sf] Jet Boat
;~rflnt 5, h;df Psk6sdf ! ;o hgf JolQmx? ofqf ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf /x]sf] 5 . Motor
Boat Joj:yfg ;ldltsf cWoIfsf cg';f/ tLg tNnf /x]sf] of] Jet Boat sf] klxnf] tnfdf
r9]/ tfn 3'Dg]x?sf] nflu k|lt JolQm ?=# ;o, bf];|f] tnfsf] nflu k|lt JolQm ?=% ;o /

28
 t];|f] tnfsf] nflu k|lt JolQm ?=! xhf/ z'Ns lng] u/]sf] 5 . pgsf cg';f/ o; k|sf/sf] Jet
Boat g]kfndf klxnf] k6s o; tfndf ;+rfngdf cfPsf] xf] . bf];|f] k|sf/sf] Motor Boat
cGtu{t\ Steamer Boat /x]sf] 5 . xfn o;sf] ;+Vof @$ j6f /x]sf 5g\ . o;sf] k|lt JolQm
ef8f ?=@ ;o /x]sf] 5 .
o; tfndf x+;/fh k|hfltsf] xfF; 5fl8Psf] 5 h;n] tfn 3'Dg cfpg] ko{6s?x?sf] nflu
csf]{ dgf]/~hg k|bfg ub{5 . tfndf s]xL ;dokl5 df5f kfng ;d]t ug{] of]hgf /x]sf] /
o;n] gu/kflnsfsf] cfDbfgLsf] >f]t cem a9fpg]5 . o; tfnsf] lgdf{0f;Fu} ;8s lgdf{0f
;d]t ePsfn] ljbfsf] lbg kl/jf/ ;lxt 7"nf] ;+Vofdf cfGtl/s ko{6sx? oxfF cfpg] u/]sf]
kfOG5 . gu/kflnsf >f]tsf cg';f/ xfn af]6 ;~rfns, l6s6 sf6\g] JolQm, ;fgf xf]6n
tyf lrof k;n, c6f]l/S;f rfns / Sofd]/f Dofgx? ;d]t k|ToIf÷ck|ToIf ?kdf sl/j !
xhf/ hgfn] /f]huf/ k|fKt u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
cfGtl/s tyf afx\o ko{6ssf] ?kdf o; 7fpFdf 3'dlkm/ ug{ cfpg] ko{6sx?nfO{ vfg] a:g]
;'ljwfsf] nflu of] tfnsf] blIf0ftkm{ Sofl;gf] ;lxtsf] :6f/ :t/sf] xf]6nsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ x'Fb}
u/]sf] 5 .
%= gu/kflnsfsf] cfly{s >f]tdf of]ubfg
o; tfndf Boat ;~rfng u/L b}lgs ?kdf x'g] s'n cfDbfgLsf] @) k|ltztn] x'g] /sd
gu/kflnsfnfO{ ;]jf z'Ns jfkt a'emfpg' kb{5 . gu/kflnsfsf cg';f/ o;sf] j[xt
kl/of]hgf k"/f ?kdf ;~rfng x'g ;s]df o;af6 gu/kflnsfnfO{ jflif{s ?=!) s/f]8 /fh:j
;+sng x'g] cg'dfg /x]sf] 5 .
ef/tsf] laxf/af6 w]/} ko{6sx? oxfF cfpg] sf/0f ef/tLo ?k}ofF cfh{g x'g] / kf]v/Ldf x'g]
df5f kfngaf6 cfDbfgL a9\g] gu/kflnsfsf] cg'dfg /x]sf] 5 . o;sf] cltl/Qm tfnsf]
blIf0f klZrd tkm{ () laufxf hUufdf @) xhf/ cfFksf] af]6 nufpg] / o;af6
gu/kflnsfnfO{ cfDbfgLsf] /fd|f] >f]t agfpg] of]hgfsf ;fy cfFk au}+rfsf] sfd klg cl3
al9/x]sf] 5 .
^= cGo ck|ToIf kmfO{bfx?
oxfF tfn ag] kl5 cGo ck|ToIf kmfO{bfx? klg ePsf] b]lvG5 . tfnsf] jl/kl/ /x]sf hldg
cf]l;nf] eO{ ;'Vvf hldg klg pj{/ x'g yfn]sf] b]lvG5 eg] tfnsf] kfgL k|of]u u/L jf?0f
oGqdf eg'{sf ;fy} v]tLkftLsf nflu l;FrfO{ ug{ ;d]t ;xh x'g] b]lvPsf] 5 .

%=& ;]jf If]qsf] r'gf}tL / ;Defjgf

dw]z k|b]zdf wfld{s tyf ;fF:s[lts dxTj af]s]sf kf]v/Lx¿ w]/} /x]sfn] o;nfO{ ;/;kmfO{ u/L hn
dgf]/~hgsf] b[li6n] pkof]u ug{ ;s]df wfld{s tyf ;a} k|sf/sf ko{6sx¿nfO{ cfslif{t ug{ ;lsg]
b]lvG5 . pko'Qm ef}uf]lns cjl:ylt ePsfn] c:ktfn tyf 7"nf lzIf0f ;+:yfx¿sf] ;d]t :yfkgf ug{
;s]df z}lIfs tyf :jf:Yo If]qdf ;d]t /fd|f] ;Defjgf af]s]sf] k|b]zsf] ?kdf b]lvG5 . tyflk o;
If]qsf] ljsf;df oxfF b]xfo adf]lhd r'gf}tL / ;Defjgfx¿ /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

%=&=! r'gf}tLx¿
▪ dw]z k|b]zdf cjl:yt ldlynf If]qsf] ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] ?kdf /x]sf] ldlynf snf tyf ;+:s[lt
h:tf df}lns snf ;F:s[lt ;d]6\g] ljifo j:t'x¿sf] ;+/If0f / ljsf; ug'{ .
▪ dw]z k|b]zdf ;]jf/t a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿sf] ljQLo ;|f]t tyf ;fwgnfO{ pTkfbgd"ns
If]qdf kl/rfng u/L cfly{s j[l4 tyf pTkfbsTj j[l4 ug'{ .
▪ hgsk'/ If]qdf /x]sf] dfgj lgld{t kf]v/L tyf tfn tn}of nufot zx/sf] plrt ;/;kmfO{ tyf
>[+uf/ u/L dgf]/~hgfTds ultljlwx¿sf] k|j4{g u/L ko{6g ljsf; ug{' .

29
▪ dw]zdf al9/x]sf] cJojl:yt / b|'t zx/Ls/0fnfO{ /f]sL Jojl:yt / ;'Gb/ zx/Ls/0fsf] ljsf;
ug'{ .
▪ dw]z k|b]zdf x'g] cfGtl/s tyf afXo b'j} lsl;dsf] u'0f:t/Lo ko{6sx¿sf] cfudg j[l4 ug{
cfjZos ;'wf/ ug'{ .
▪ ko{6sLo Pjd\ dgf]/~hgsf :ynx¿sf] vf]hL tyf ljsf; u/L cfGtl/s tyf afXo ko{6sx¿sf]
a;fO{ cjlw nDJofpg' .
▪ :yfgLo Jffl;Gbfx¿df zx/ tyf k|frLg / ;Ff:s[lts ;Dkbfx¿sf] ;/;kmfO{ ;DaGwL hgr]tgf
hufO{ ko{6g If]qsf] ljsf;nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug{' .

%=&=@ ;Defjgfx¿
▪ dw]z k|b]zdf l;d|f}gu9, u9LdfO{, hgsk'/, hn]Zj/ / l5Ggd:tf h:tf P]ltxfl;s Pjd\ wfld{s
dxTjsf tLy{:ynx¿ /x]sfn] o; k|b]zdf wfld{s tyf ;f+:s[lts ko{6g ljsf;sf] /fd|f] ;Defjgf
/x]sf] b]lvG5 .
▪ dw]z k|b]zsf] ;Ldf eP/ aUg] ;Ktsf]zL gbL ;fxl;s hnofqfsf] b[li6sf]0fn] k|Voft /x]sfn]
o:tf ko{6sx¿nfO{ oxfF cfslif{t ug{ ;Sg] /fd|f] ;Defjgf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
▪ dw]z k|b]zsf] tfhf df5f nf]slk|o /x]sf] / xjfO{ tyf :yn oftfoftsf] lx;fan] ;'ud /x]sf]n] ;f]
sf] nfe lnFb} :t/Lo xf]6n tyf /]i6'/]G6sf] :yfkgf u/]df df5fkfng x'g] :yfgx¿df dT:o ko{6g
nufotsf ko{6sLo ljsf; ug{ ;lsg] ;Defjgf b]lvG5 .
▪ pko'Qm ef}uf]lns ;+/rgf /x]sf]n] lzIff, :jf:Yo tyf v]ns'b If]qnfO{ ;dfj]z u/L PsLs[t ko{6g
sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{ ;lsg] ;Defjgf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
▪ hgsk'/ If]qdf /x]sf] kf]v/L tyf tfn tn}ofx¿ nufot zx/sf] plrt ;/;kmfO{ / >[+uf/ u/L
ko{6s cfslif{t ug{ ;s]df o;af6 ;d]t ko{6g If]qsf] lj:tf/ ug{ ;lsg] b]lvG5 .
▪ dw]z k|b]zdf clwsf+z e"efu ;dy/ ePsf]n] oxfF lgdf{0f ;]jf, pTkfbgd"ns sfo{ / oftfoft
;~hfn ljsf; ug{ ;xh x'g] b]lvG5 .
▪ Eff/t;Fu v'Nnf l;dfgf ePsf]n] ko{6g k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ug{ ;s] :t/Lo ef/tLo ko{6s leq\ofpg
;lsg] pRr ;+efjgf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
▪ dw]z k|b]z s[lif tyf df5fkfngdf cu|:yfgdf /x]sfn] s[lifnfO{ cfsif{s / cfw'lgs Joj;fosf]
?kdf ljsf; u/L s[lif ko{6g nufotsf ko{6sLo ljsf; ug{ ;lsg] ;Defjgf b]lvG5 .

30
 kl/R5]b M ^
k"jf{wf/ / /f]huf/L

^=! k"jf{wf/ If]q

dw]z k|b]zdf k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf /fli6«o cfof]hgfx¿ ;~rfngdf /x]sf 5g\ . oxfF lgdf{0ffwLg
/fli6«o uf}/jsf cfof]hgfx¿sf] sfd b|'t ultdf a9\g], hogu/—hgsk'/ s'yf{ /]Nj] ;~rfngsf]
gLltut Joj:yf tyf sfo{ljlwx¿ tof/ eO{ sd{rf/L lgo'lQm nufot sfd cl3 a9L;s]sf],
k|b]zleqsf :yfgLo txx¿n] ljsf; lgdf{0fsf afFsL sfo{x¿df tLj|tf NofpFbf ;8s, vfg]kfgL, 9n
lgdf{0f h:tf ;—;fgf cfof]hgfx¿ ;DkGg x'g] qmddf 5 . x'nfsL /fhdfu{ lgdf{0fsf] sfo{ k|ultdf
j[l4 x'g], hogu/ hgsk'/ s'yf{ /]nj]sf] afFsL v08 lj:tf/ eO{ ljhnk'/f xF'b} jlb{jf;;Dd k'¥ofpg
sfd cl3 al9/x]sf] tyf lghu9 cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:ynsf] sfd cl3 a9fpg ;/sf/n] ah]6 /
sfo{qmdx¿ cl3 a9fPsfn] cfufdL jif{x¿df k"jf{wf/ If]qsf] k|ultdf pNn]Vo j[l4 x'g] cg'dfg 5 .
:yfgLo txdf gofF hgk|ltlglwx¿sf] cfudg;Fu} sfdn] gofF lbzf klxNofpg], :yfgLo cfjZostf
cg'?ksf] ljsf; lgdf{0fsf] klxrfg, hgtfsf] ljsf; k|lt hfu?stf / lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lsf] ;xh
pknAwtf cflb sf/0fn] dw]z k|b]zdf cfufdL lbg k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fsf] ultdf tLj|tf cfpg] cg'dfg
ul/Psf]] 5 .

^=!=! hogu/–hgsk'/–s'yf{ /]nj]

g]kfn /]nj] sDkgL lnld6]8sf] Joj:yfkgdf ;~rfng x'g] u/L hogu/–hgsk'/–s'yf{ /]nj]sf]
ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fsf] sfd ;DkGg eO{;s]sf] 5 . rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] r}t b]lv ;~rfng ug]{
u/L ;f] /]nj]sf] sfd cl3 al9/x]sf] 5 . ef/t ;/sf/sf] k"0f{ nufgLdf ;DkGg ePsf] ef}lts
k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f cGtu{t\ /]nj]sf] lns la5\ofpg] tyf ljleGg :6]zgx¿df Kn]6kmd{ agfpg] / /]nsf]
O{lGhg / aUuL v/Lb ;d]tsf] s'n nfut ?=* ca{ /x]sf] hfgsf/L ;f] sDkgLaf6 k|fKt ePsf] 5 .
sDkgLsf cg';f/ lj=;+= @)&* r}q @) ut]af6 ;~rfng ;'? x'g] xf] /]nsf] ofq' Ifdtf ! xhf/ #
;o /x]sf] 5 h;df P;L Soflagdf %^ hgf / hg/n Soflagdf hDdf ! xhf/ @ ;o $$ hgf
ofq' c6\g] Ifdtf /x]sf] 5 . o; lx;fan] b}lgs ?kdf /]nsf] ofqL ;+Vof @ xhf/ % ;o b]lv #
xhf/ /x]sf] 5 . h;af6 k|ltlbg ?=!=% b]lv ?=@ nfv;Dd cfDbfgL x'g] cg'dfg /x]sf] 5 . xfn
;DkGg k"jf{wf/ cg';f/ wg'iffsf] s'yf{af6, hgsk'/, k/jfx, j}b]xL, dlxgfyk'/, vh'/L, Ogjf{ x'Fb}
ef/tLo ;Ldfl:yt ahf/ hogu/;Dd rNg] o; /]Nj]sf] nDafO{ #% ls=dL= /x]sf] 5 . s'yf{–
ljhnk'/f;Ddsf] #% ls=dL= v08 eg] lgdf{0ffwLg cj:yfdf /x]sf] 5 . s'yf{b]lv dxf]Q/Lsf]
e+uxf;Dd !& ls=ld= ;g\ @)@# sf] gf]e]Da/;Dd ;DkGg x'g] nIosf] ;fy sfd eO/x]sf] 5 .
e+uxfb]lv alb{jf;;Dd !& ls=dL= v08df hUuf clwu|x0f Pjd\ d'cfAhf ljt/0fsf] k|lqmofdf /x]sf]
5.

sDkgLdf xfn &) hgf sd{rf/Lx¿ sfo{/t 5g\ h;df ^) hgf k|fljlws / !) hgf ck|fljlws
/x]sf 5g\ . ;~rfngdf /x]sf] /]n tyf /]nj]sf] lnsnfO{ x/]s jif{ dd{t ul//xg'kg]{ ePsf]n] g]kfn
;/sf/sf] lg0f{o cg';f/ ef/t ;/sf/sf] :jfldTj cGtu{tsf] sf]+sg /]Nj] skf]{/]zg lnld6]8nfO{
?=#% s/f]8 e'QmfgL ug]{ u/L Ps jif{sf] nflu ePsf] ;Demf}tf cg';f/ rfns bn tyf /]n
lj1x¿af6 dd{t nufotsf ef}tLs k"jf{wf/sf sfdx¿ eO/x]sf] 5 .

31
^=!=@ sf7df8f}+–t/fO{ dw]z b|'tdfu{
sf7df8f}–t/fO{ dw]; b|'tdfu{ ;8s cfof]hgf /fhwfgL sf7df8f}nfO{ t/fO{ dw];;Fu 5f]6f] b"/Ldf
hf]8\g] /0fgLlts dxTjsf] b]zs} klxnf] :t/Lo ;8s tyf b|'tdfu{ -Asian Highway Standard
Primary Class A_ xf] . o; b|'tdfu{n] 5f]6f] b"/Ldf /fhwfgL sf7df8f}+nfO{ t/fO{;Fu hf]8L ofqf tyf
9'jfgL ;xh agfpFb} /fi6«sf] cfly{s ljsf;df dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] ck]Iff /flvPsf] 5 . g]kfn
;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ldlt @)&$ j}zfv @! ut]sf] lg0f{o cg';f/ ef}lts k"jf{wf/ tyf oftfoft
dGqfnoaf6 ldlt @)&$ >fj0f @& ut] g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ cfof]hgf x:tfGt/0f eO{ lgdf{0f z'? ePsf]
xf] . g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ cfof]hgf x:tfGt/0f eP kZrft\ Asian Development Bank (ADB) åf/f tof/
kfl/Psf] Feasibility Study & Preliminary Design Report 2008 nfO{ cfwf/ dfgL cfof]hgfsf lgdf{0f
sfo{x¿ cufl8 a9fOPsf] 5 . sf]l/ofsf] Soosung Engineering & Consulting n] b|'tdfu{sf] lj:t[t
kl/of]hgf k|ltj]bg (DPR) tof/ u/L :jLs[ltsf nflu k]z ePsf]df @)&^ ebf} ! ut] :jLs[t
eO{;s]sf] 5 . o;sf] nDafO{ nlntk'/sf] vf]sgf b]lv z'? eO{ dsjfgk'/ x'Fb} af/f lhNnfsf]
lghu9;Dd rf/ n]g ;lxtsf] hDdf &@=% ls=ld= /x]sf] 5 . o; ;8ssf] s'n nDafO{ dWo] %%=%
ls=ld= ;8s v08, !)=%( ls=ld= k'n / ^=$! ls=ld= ;'?Ë dfu{ x'g] s'/f kl/of]hgfsf] ljj/0fdf
pNn]v 5 .

cf=j= @)&$÷&% af6 z'? ePsf] o; cfof]hgf cfly{s jif{ @)*)÷*! df ;DkGg ug]{ nIo /x]sf]
5 . k|f/lDes nfut cg'dfg ?=! va{ !! ca{ cg'dfg /x]sf]df ;+zf]lwt nfut ?=@ va{ !( ca{
k'Ug] cg'dfg /x]sf]5 . sf7df8f}–t/fO{ dw]z b'|tdfu{ ;8s cfof]hgf k|d'vsf] sfof{no h+uL c8\8f,
sf7df8f}sf] k|ltj]bg cg';f/ cf=j= @)&&÷&* df cfof]hgfsf] lglDt ?=* ca{ (# s/f]8 ah]6
ljlgof]hg ePsf]df ?=%# s/f]8 vr{ ePsf]n] ljQLo k|ult ^ k|ltzt eO{ xfn;Ddsf] s'n ljQLo
vr{ ?=!& ca{ @* s/f]8 ePsf] b]lvG5 . nlntk'/sf] vf]sgfdf ;8ssf] lgwf{l/t /]vfª\sg If]qdf
k'/ftflTjs dxTjsf] d7 dlGb/ k/]sf sf/0f ;8ssf] /]vfª\sg kl/jt{g ug{'kg]{ cj:yf / la; SofDk
tyf ;8s lgdf{0f :yndf ljB't\ cfk"lt{ ;xh x'g g;s]sf]n] sfddf s]xL 9LnfO{ ePsf] Joxf]/f ;f]
k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v ePsf] 5 .

^=!=# x'nfsL /fhdfu{

cfly{s jif{ @)^^÷^& af6 z'? ePsf] of] cfof]hgf cfly{s jif{ @)&(÷*) df ;DkGg ug]{ nIo
/x]sf] 5 . k|f/lDes nfut cg'dfg ?=$& ca{ @$ s/f]8 /x]sf]df ;+zf]lwt nfut ?=^% ca{ @)
s/f]8 /x]sf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/ ef}lts k"jf{wf/ tyf oftfoft dGqfno, ;8s ljefuaf6 ;fj{hlgs
ePsf] cf=j= @)&*÷&( sf] bf]>f] q}dfl;s ;ldIff cg';f/ xfn;Ddsf] ;du| ef}tLs k|ult &@=$@
k|ltzt / ljQLo k|ult ?=$*=(@ ca{ cyf{t\ &%=)# k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . xfn;Dddf s'n ! xhf/ &
;o (@ ls=dL= dWo] & ;o (%=@! ls=dL= sfnf]kq] ;DkGg ePsf] 5 eg] afFsL % ;o *! ls=ld=
;8s lgdf{0ffwLg cj:yfdf /x]sf] 5 . s'n @ ;o !( k'n dWo] ! ;o ! j6f k'n ;DkGg ePsf 5g\
. lgdf{0f x'g afFsL dWo] % ;o *! ls=dL= ;8s lgdf{0flwg cj:yfdf /x]sf] 5 .

^=!=$ lghu9 cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn

/fli6«o uf}/jsf] cfof]hgfsf] ?kdf cl3 a9]sf] lghu9 cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:ynsf] lgdf{0fsf] sfd cf=j=
@)&!÷&@ af6 z'? eO{ cfly{s jif{ @)*%÷*^ df ;DkGg ug]{ nIo /x]sf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/ /fli6«o
cfof]uaf6 /fli6«o uf}/jsf cfof]hgfx¿sf] ;+lIfKt kl/ro ;DaGwdf k|sflzt ljj/0f, @)&& cg';f/
g]kfn ;/sf/ / Land Mark Worldwide lar ;DkGg ;Demf}tf cg';f/ lghu9df Po/kf]6{ l;6L
;lxt ljdfg:yn agfpg] ;DaGwdf Land Mark Worldwide tof/ u/]sf] ;DefJotf cWoog

32
k|ltj]bg cg';f/ o;sf] cg'dflgt nfut ?=& va{ /x]sf] lyof] . ;f]xL ljj/0f cg';f/ /fli6«o uf}/jsf]
cfof]hgfsf] ?kdf cl3 al9/x]sf] o; cfof]hgfsf] :jLs[t s'n nfut ?=! va{ ^% ca{ /x]sf] 5 . g]kfn
gful/s p8\8og k|flws/0fsf cg';f/ o; cfof]hgfsf] ug{'kg]{ k|fylds tof/Lsf sfo{x¿ ljdfg:yn
If]qdf tf/af/ ug]{, ^^ laufx lghL hUuf clwu|x0f ug]{, jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"Nof+sg ug]{, asfxf /
k;fxf vf]nfdf $ xhf/ ld6/ gbL lgoGq0fsf] sfo{ ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . ljdfg:yn If]qdf /x]sf
;'s'Djf;L j:tLsf] 3/ hUufsf] nut lnO{ ltgsf] Joj:yfkgsf] nflu e"ld ;'wf/ tyf Joj:yf dGqfno
dfkm{t sf/jfxL cl3 a9fOPsf] 5 . ljdfg:ynsf] u'?of]hgf lgdf{0fsf] %) k|ltzt sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf]
5 . k|yd r/0fsf] lgdf{0f sfo{sf nfuL ! xhf/ ( ;o x]S6/ If]qkmn leq kg]{ ?v kf]nsf] nfut
gDal/Ë sfo{ eO/x]sf] 5 . kl/of]hgfsf] Detail Feasibility Study tyf cfof]hgf:yn j/k/ ;LdfÍg ug]{
sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . xfn cfof]hgf sfof{Gjogdf b]vfk/]sf k|d'v ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿ 6fFluof
a:tL Joj:yfkg / cfof]hgfsf df]8fln6L af/] lg0f{o x'g g;Sg' klg /x]sf] 5 .

gjLs/0fLo phf{M 9Ns]a/l:yt ldlynf ;f]nf/ Knf06

!= kl/ro,
O{sf] kfj/ 8]enkd]G6 sDkgL (Eco-Power Development Company) n] wg'iff lhNnfsf]
9Ns]a/df ;f}o{ phf{ Knf06 lgdf{0f u/L @)&& kmfu'gaf6 pTkfbg z'? u/]sf] 5 . o;
cfof]hgfaf6 pTkflbt ;f}o{ ljB't 9Ns]a/ l:yt ;a :6]zgdfkm{t\ /fli6«o k|;f/0f nfO{gdf h8fg
eO{;s]sf] 5 . dw]z k|b]zdf hnljB't ljsf;sf] ;Defjgf nueu gePsf] cj:yfdf (Eco-
Power Development Company) n] Kushal Projects Nepal ;Fu l8hfO{g, cfk"lt{, lgdf{0f,
;~rfng / dd{t ;d]tsf] ;Demf}tf u/L ;f] Knf06sf] lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . sl/a @)
laufxf hUufdf lgdf{0f ePsf] Knf06af6 gbL / hnfozdf kfgL gx'g] ;'Vvf df};ddf ;f}o{ ljB't
pTkfbgaf6 phf{ cfk"lt{ u/L d'n'ssf] phf{ cfjZostfnfO{ 6]jf k'¥ofpg] / ljB't cfoftnfO{
36fpg ;xof]u ug]{ b]lvG5 .
@= pTkfbg Ifdtf
kl/of]hgfsf cg';f/ k|lt Kofgn @=@) ju{dL6/ If]qkmn ePsf] @* xhf/ % ;o $ j6f Kofgn
Knf06df h8fg u/L ;f]af6 hDdf !) d]ufjf6 ljB't pTkfbg x'g] Ifdtf /x]sf] 5 . o; Knf06df
hl8t # j6f O{Ge6{/dfkm{t\ ljB't pTkfbg x'G5 . klxnf] / bf]>f] O{Ge6{/ $=% d]ufjf6 t]>f]
O{Ge6{/ ! d]ufjf6 Ifdtfsf /x]sf 5g\ . g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;f}o{ tyf hnljB't b'j} k|sf/sf] phf{
pTkfbg ug]{ ;DaGwL gLlt clVtof/ u/] cg'?k ljB't ljsf; ljefun] d'n's e/ hDdf %^ j6f
;f}o{ phf{ pTkfbgsf] O{hfhtkq lbPsf]df dw]z k|b]zdf ;~rfng x'g] @ j6f ;f}o{ phf{
kl/of]hgf dWo] of] Ps xf] . g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ldl>t phf{ pTkfbg ;DaGwL gLlt cg';f/ ;f}o{
phf{n] s'n phf{ pTkfbgsf] sl/a !% k|ltzt lx:;f pTkfbg ug]{ nIf /x]sf] 5 . of] Knf06
g]kfndf xfn;Dd hl8t ;f}o{ ljB't kl/of]hgf dWo] ;aeGbf 7"nf] cfof]hgf /x]sf] 5 .
#= ljB'taf6 x'g] cfDbfgL / /f]huf/L
sDkgLaf6 k|fKt hfgsf/L cg';f/ o; ljB't Knf06af6 pTkflbt ljB't k|lt o'lg6 & ?k}ofF #)
k};fdf v/Lb laqmL ug{ g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f;Fu ;Demf}tf ePsf] 5 . ;f] ;Demf}Tff cg';f/
ldlt @)&& kmfu'g @@ b]lv ljB't u[xsf] Knf06af6 sl/a ! lsnf]dL6/ nDafO{sf] 6«fG;ldzg
nfO{gaf6 g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] ## s]lesf] 9Ns]a/ ;a :6]zg dfkm{t\ /fli6«o k|;f/0f
nfO{gdf h8fg eO{;s]sf] 5 . clen]v cg';f/ dfl;s ?kdf ;aeGbf a9L ljB't pTkfbg !*
nfv &) xhf/ $ ;o ^( lsnf]jf6 cfj/ tyf ;aeGbf sd ljB't pTkfbg !! nfv $! xhf/

33
 $ ;o $! lsnf] jf6 cfj/ ljB't pTkfbg eO{ cf}iftdf dfl;s ?=! s/f]8 * nfv #$ xhf/ !
;o %) cfDbfgL x'g ;Sg] hfgsf/L sDkgLn] pknAw u/fPsf] 5 . sDkgLdf b}lgs ?kdf %
hgf k|fljlws O{lGhlgo/ tyf !) hgf ;fwf/0f tkm{sf u/L hDdf !% hgfn] k|ToIf /f]huf/L
k|fKt u/]sf 5g\ .
$= nufgL >f]t
o; kl/of]hgf lgdf{0fsf nflu s'n nfut hDdf ?=() s/f]8 vr{ ePsf] hfgsf/L kl/of]hgf
sfof{noaf6 k|fKt ePsf] 5 . kl/of]hgf lgdf{0fdf vr{ ePsf] s'n nfut dWo] ljleGg a}+sx?sf]
shf{ /sd / sDkgLsf] :jk"FhL nufgL /x]sf] 5 .

^=@= /f]huf/L
k|b]zsf] /f]huf/L ;DaGwL ljj/0fnfO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/L / cfGtl/s /f]huf/L u/L b'O{ k|sf/sf ljefhg
u/L cWoog ul/Psf] 5 .

^=@=! j}b]lzs /f]huf/L

dw]z k|b]zaf6 j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] nflu 7"nf] ;+Vofdf >ldsx¿ ljb]z uPsf 5g . wg'iff lhNnf
d'n'ss} ;aeGbf a9L j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf >dzlQm k7fpg] lhNnfsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . j}b]lzs
/f]huf/Ldf hfg] sfdbf/sf] ;ª\Vof pNn]Vo /x]tfklg cbIf sfdbf/sf] ;+Vof clws /x]sf]n] o;af6
/fd|f] cfDbfgL ug{ eg] ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g . cfly{s jif{ @)&*÷&( sf] k'; dlxgf;Dddf dw]z k|b]zaf6
>d :jLs[lt lng]sf] ;+Vof *$ xhf/ * ;o * /x]sf] 5 . of] ;+Vof jfXo /f]huf/Lsf nflu
d'n'sel/af6 >d :jLs[lt lng] ;+Vofsf] @*=%% k|ltzt xf] . dw]z k|b]zaf6 j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf uPsf
sfdbf/x¿ dWo] ;a} eGbf a9L sfdbf/ stf/, ;+o'Qm c/a Old/]6\;, ;fpbL c/a, s'j]t / dn]l;ofdf
sfo{/t 5g\ . o; ;DaGwL ljj/0f tflnsf g+= ^=@ df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

tflnsf ^=! M >d :jLs[lt lng]x¿sf] ;+Vof

qm=;+= lhNnf >d :jLs[lt ;+Vof d'n'se/sf];Fu t'ngf -Ü_ d'n'se/sf] hDdf
1. ;Kt/L 8,988 3.03

2. l;/fxf 16,096 5.42

3. wg'iff 21,312 7.17

4. dxf]Q/L 14,559 4.90

297,036
5. ;nf{xL 9,711 3.27

6. /f}tx6 6,317 2.13

7. af/f 4,988 1.68

8. k;f{ 2,837 0.95

hDdf 84,808 28.55

-;|f]t M >d ljefu, dfl;s k|ltj]bg ;fpg b]lv kf}if @)&*_

^=@=@ cfGtl/s /f]huf/L

34
 cfGtl/s /f]huf/L cGtu{t ;+3Lo tyf k|fb]lzs ;/sf/n] jflif{s sfo{qmd tyf cfjlws of]hgf dfkm{t
dw]z k|b]zdf ;~rflnt /f]huf/d"ns b]xfo adf]lhdf sfo{qmdx¿ /x]sf 5g M
▪ ;ª3Lo ;/sf/n] dfgj ljsf; ;'rsfÍdf k5fl8 k/]sf dw]z k|b]zsf ;Ldf If]qsf lhNnfsf]
cfly{s ;fdflhs ljsf; Pjd\ k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fsf nflu t/fO{ dw]z ;d[4 sfo{qmd ;~rfng
u/]sf] 5 .
▪ :yfgLo txdf ;+rflnt ;fj{hlgs lasf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{x¿ >dd"ns k|ljlwdfkm{t\ ;~rfng ug{
k|To]s :yfgLo txdf k|wfgdGqL /f]huf/ sfo{qmd ;~rfng eO{/x]sf] 5 .
▪ ;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{ sfo{qmd cGtu{t :yfgLo :t/d} yk /f]huf/L ;[hgf ug]{ cl3Nnf] jif{sf]
nIfnfO{ yk k|efjsf/L agfpb} pTkfbg clej[l4, /f]huf/L l;h{gf / pBdzLntf ljsf; ug{
;x'lnotk"0f{ shf{ sfo{qmdsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug{ ljz]if hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .
▪ Rffn' cf=j=sf] ah]6 aQmJodf k|wfgdGqL /f]huf/ sfo{qmdaf6 :yfgLo :t/df ;~rfng x'g]
;8s, l;FrfO{, ejg, k'n, gbL lgoGq0f, j[Iff/f]k0f nufot ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf cfof]hgf
tyf sfo{qmddf /f]huf/ ;]jf s]Gb|df ;"rLs[t a]/f]huf/ JolQmx¿nfO{ /f]huf/ lbg] u/L sfo{qmd
;~rfng ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
k|b]z / :yfgLo ;/sf/af6 ;~rflnt /f]huf/ sfo{qmd
▪ k|b]z ;/sf/ / kflnsfx¿af6 ;+rfng ul/g] ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{x¿df oGq pks/0fsf]
k|of]unfO{ lg?T;flxt u/L >dd"ns /f]huf/L ;[hgf ug]{ sfo{qmd ;dfj]z u/]sf] .
▪ sf]le8–!( sf] sf/0f j}b]lzs /f]huf/ u'dfP/ 3/ kmls{Psf o'jfx¿sf] /f]huf/Lsf] nflu d'VodGqL
/f]huf/ sfo{qmd cGtu{t :yfgLo :t/df x'g] ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{x¿, af9L /f]syfd tyf
lgoGq0fsf sfo{x¿, 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u Joj;fo tyf cfw'lgs s[lifhGo lqmofsnfkDffkm{t\
/f]huf/sf cj;/x¿ >[hgf ug]{ sfo{qmdx¿ ;dfj]z u/L sfof{Gjog u/]sf] 5 .
▪ k|wfgdGqL s[lif cfw'lgsLs/0f kl/of]hgfcGtu{t ;'k/hf]g, hf]g, Ans / ks]6 If]q sfo{qmd
;+rfng u/L ls;fgx¿sf] pTkfbgdf k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ ljleGg cg'bfg,
;x'lnotsf ;'ljwf k|bfg ug'{sf] ;fy} ls;fgx¿nfO{ ljleGg lsl;dsf Jofj;flos tflnd
sfo{qmdx¿ ;+rfng u/L :j/f]huf/sf cj;/ >[hgf ug]{ sfo{qmd cl3 a9]sf] 5 .

^=# k"jf{wf/ / /f]huf/L If]qsf r'gf}tL / ;Defjgf

dw]z k|b]zsf] ef}uf]lns w/ftn pko'Qm /x]sfn] 7"nf pBf]ux¿ :yfkgf u/L ;f]af6 cfly{s ultljlw
a9fpg'sf ;fy} /f]huf/L >[hgf x'g] cj;/ b]lvG5 . o;sf ;fy} k'j{ klZrd /fhdfu{ lj:tf/ tyf
sf7df8f}nfO{ t/fO{;Fu hf]8\g] kmfi6 6«ofs lgdf{0fsf] r/0fdf /x]sf]n] o;af6 ;d]t /f]huf/Lsf cj;/
>[hgf ug{ s]xL 6]jf k'Ug] b]lvG5 . lghu9 cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn h:tf 7"nf k"jf{wf/x¿ tof/ x'g]
gLltut lg0f{o eO{;s]sf] eP klg sfd cl3 a9\g ;s]sf] 5}g . ;'gsf]zL dl/g 8fO{ez{gnfO{ ;nf{xL
lhNnfsf] afudtL l;FrfO{ cfof]hgfdf hf]8\g] h:tf 7"nf k"jf{wf/ cfof]hgfx¿ cl3 al9/x]sf 5g\ eg]
x'nfsL /fhdfu{ klg lgdf{0fsf] r/0fdf /x]sf] 5 . oBlk dw]z k|b]zdf k"jf{wf/ / /f]huf/L If]qdf
lgDgfg';f/ r'gf}tL tyf ;Defjgfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .

^=#=! r'gf}tLx¿
▪ dw]z k|b]zdf z'? ePsf x'nfsL /fhdfu{, sf7df8f}—lghu9 b|'tdfu{, /fi6«klt r'/] t/fO{ dw];
;+/If0f sfo{qmd tyf lghu9 cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn h:tf /fli6«o uf}/jsf cfof]hgfx¿ lgwf{l/t
nfut / ;do tflnsfdf ;DkGg ug'{ .

35
▪ k"jf{wf/ If]qsf] ljsf;df lghL / j}b]lzs nufgL cfslif{t u/L dw]z k|b]znfO{ nufgLof]Uo If]qsf]
?kdf ljsf; ug'{ .
▪ ;fj{hlgs–lghL–;fem]bf/L sfo{qmddfkm{t\ 7"nf k"jf{wf/ sfo{qmd tyf cf}Bf]lus If]qdf nufgL
clej[l4 ug's
{ f ;fy} /f]huf/L >[hgf ug{' .
▪ k"jf{wf/ If]qsf] ljsf;df cfpg] ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ cGt/–lgsfo ;dGjo sfod ug]{ /
lgdf{0f z'? ePsf cfof]hgfx¿sf] sfd ;dod} ;DkGg ug{ lgdf{0f Jofj;foL / 7]s]bf/sf] Ifdtf
clej[l4 ug' .
▪ /fli6«o uf}/j nufot 7"nf k"jf{wf/ If]qsf] lgdf{0fsf] nflu ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfo tyf
If]qx¿aLr ;dGjo sfod ug'{ .
▪ ;Kt/L lhNnfdf /x]sf] uh]Gb| gf/fo0f l;+x cf}Bf]lus If]qdf 8]/L / s]xL vfB pBf]ux¿ afx]s
cGo 7'nf pBf]ux¿ ;~rfngdf g/x]sf] ;Gbe{df pQm cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] Joj:yfkgdf ;'wf/ NofO{
yk pBf]ux¿ ;~rfng x'g] jftfj/0f tof/ kfg'{ .
▪ cJojl:yt ?kdf a9\g] zx/Ls/0fn] cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] nflu rflxg] hUuf pknAw x'g ;Sg]
jftfj/0f g/x]sf]n] zx/Ls/0fnfO{ Jojl:yt agfpg' .
▪ dw]z k|b]zdf dfq /x]sf] /]nj] ;]jfsf] k|efjsf/L ;~rfngsf] nflu bIf hgzlQmsf] Joj:yfkg
u/L lbuf] / e/kbf]{ ?kdf ;~rfng ug'{ .
▪ k'j{ klZrd /fhdfu{sf] rf}8fO{ lj:tf/ ug]{ sfd z'? ePsf]df ;f] sfd ;dod} sfd ;DkGg
ug'{ .
▪ lgdf{0f ;DkGg ePsf sdnf afFw, 9Ns]a/ hgsk'/ ;8s h:tf k"jf{wf/ cfof]hgfx¿sf] ;do
;dodf dd{t ;+ef/ u/L o;sf] lbuf]kgf sfod ug'{ .
▪ k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf ag]sf ef}lts k"jf{wf/x¿sf] u'0f:t/ sfod u/L lbuf] ?kdf ;~rfng
ug'{ .
▪ dw]z k|b]zdf cg's'n /x]sf ef}uf]lns :j?ksf] pkof]u ub}{ pTkfbgd"ns pBf]ux¿df nufgL
clej[l4 u/L /f]huf/L ;[hgf ug'{ .

^=#=@ ;Defjgf
▪ dw]z k|b]z ef}uf]lns b[li6sf]0fn] ;dtn e"–efudf /x]sf]n] k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fsf] nflu t'ngfTds
lx;fan] sd nfutdf cGt//fli6«o ljdfg:yn h:tf 7"nf k"jf{wf/x¿sf] ljsf; tyf lgdf{0f x'g
;Sg] ;Defjgf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
▪ s[lifhGo pBf]u;Fu ;DalGwt k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; tyf ;]jfsf] lj:tf/ u/L s[lif If]qsf] pTkfbg /
pTkfbsTj clej[l4 ug{ ;lsg] ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 .
▪ dw]z k|b]zsf] ef}uf]lns ;'udtf tyf oxfFsf] cfly{s ?kn] ;lqmo hgzlQmsf] nfe lnFb} s[lif /
pBf]usf] ljsf;dfkm{t\ kof{Kt cfGtl/s /f]huf/L l;h{gf ug{ ;lsg] ;Defjgf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
▪ ko{6g ljsf;sf nflu cGo ef}lts k"jf{wf/x¿sf] ljsf; u/L ko{6g If]qsf] k|j4{g dfkm{t
k|fb]lzs cfo / /f]huf/L a9fpg ;lsg] ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 .
▪ pko'Qm w/ftnLo :j?k / ef}uf]lns ;'udtfsf] pkof]u u/L oxfF 7"nf ljZjljBfno tyf
c:ktfnx¿ :yfkgf u/L /f]huf/L l;h{gf ug{ ;lsg] ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 .

36
▪ ;"rgf k|ljlw If]qdf ePsf] tLj| ljsf;nfO{ k|of]u u/L oxfFsf] hg;f+lVosLo tyf ef}uf]lns
;'udtfsf] pRrtd k|of]u u/L cf}Bf]lus lqmofsnfkdfkm{t\ nfe lng ;lsg] ;Defjgf /x]sf]
b]lvG5 .
▪ d'n'ss} ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ;Ktsf]zL gbL dw]z k|b]zsf] ;Ldf x'Fb} aUg] ePsf]n] ;f] gbLsf] pko'Qm
:yfgdf afFw afFwL gx/ lgdf{0f ug{ ;s] k|b]zsf] s[lif of]Uo e"lddf l;FrfO{ ;'ljwf k'Ug ;Sg]
;Defjgf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
▪ dw]z k|b]zdf ;/sf/L, u'7L / lghL :jfldTjsf ;dtn !@ lj3f h:tf w]/} v'Nnf hUuf tyf
d}bfgx¿ /x]sf]df xfn;Dd o:tf hldgsf] ;b'kof]u x'g g;ls/x]sf]n] To:tf v'Nnf :yfgx¿sf]
klxrfg u/L km'6an tyf lqms]6 d}bfg h:tf ;+/rgfx¿ tof/ u/L pkof]u ug{ ;Sg] ;Defjgf
/x]sf] b]lvG5 .

37
 kl/R5]bM &
cfly{s kl/b[Zo
&=! k|b]zsf] cfly{s kl/b[Zo
k|b]zsf s[lif lj1, kz'kIfL lj1, dfnkf]t sfof{no, oftfoft Joj:yf sfof{no, l8lehg jg sfof{no,
pBf]uL÷Jofj;foL tyf cGo ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox¿af6 cfly{s kl/b[Zo ;DaGwL k|ZgfjnLdfkm{t\ k|fKt
k|ltlqmof tyf hfgsf/Lsf cfwf/df cfly{s kl/b[Zosf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ dw]z k|b]zdf s[lif, pBf]u / ;]jf
If]qsf] ultljlw rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] afFsL ^ dlxgfsf] cjlw tyf cfufdL cfly{s jif{x¿df a9\b} hfg]
cg'dfg /x]sf] 5 . ljut jif{x¿df cfly{s ultljlwx¿df r'gf}tLsf] ?kdf b]vf k/]sf] sf]/f]gf efO/; -
sf]le8—!(_ sf] ;+qmd0f lj:tf/} 36\b} uPsf] / k|b]zsf] cfly{s ultljlwx¿df o;sf] gsf/fTds k|efj
sd x'Fb} uPsf] cj:yf /x]sf]n] cfly{s ultljlwx¿ rnfodfg x'g] ck]Iff cg';f/ ;f] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsg]
l:ylt b]lvG5 . t/ klg ljsf; lgdf{0f nufot ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] If]qdf x'g] sfd ;DkGg x'g g;sL
k'FhLut vr{ ck]lIft ?kdf x'g g;s]sf]n] cfly{s jif{ @)&*÷&( df k|b]zsf] cfly{s j[l4b/ ;fdfGo
/xg] cg'dfg 5 .
&=!=! s[lif tyf jghGo pTkfbg
dw]z k|b]zdf ;du| s[lif afnLn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmndf j[l4 ePsf], ux'F ds} tyf sf]bf] h:tf cGg
afnLx¿sf] v]tL u/]sf] If]qkmn a9]sf], t/sf/L tyf kmnkm"n / bnxg tyf t]nxg afnL nufPsf]
If]qkmn a9]sf], pGgt lap lahgsf] k|of]u a9]sf], l;l~rt hldgsf] If]qkmn lj:tf/ ePsf], k|fo ;a}
df};d / ;dodf jiff{ ePsf]n] cfufdL lbgdf lxpFb] s[lif afnL / cGo df};dsf cGg afnLx¿sf]
pTkfbgdf j[l4 x'g hfg] b]lvG5 . To;/L g} dw]z k|b]zsf lhNnfx¿sf] nflu 7"nf l;FrfO{ cfof]hgf
nufot k/Dk/fut l;FrfO{ k|0ffnL klg lj:tf/ eO{/x]sf]n] cfufdL jif{x¿df l;FrfO{sf] ;xh pknAwtfn]
s[lif afnLsf] pTkfbgdf yk j[l4 x'g] cg'dfg /x]sf] 5 .
;fy}, xfF; tyf s'v'/f kfng, /fFuf tyf afv|fkfng Joj;fo a9\g'sf ;fy} >f]t s]Gb| :yfkgf ePsf],
df5fkfng Joj;fosf nflu kf]v/Lx¿sf] ;+Vof a9]sf] cflb sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ cfufdL lbgdf b'w, c08f,
df5f tyf df;' pTkfbgdf ;d]t j[l4 x'g] b]lvG5 .
;/sf/n] k|wfgdGqL s[lif cfw'lglss/0f kl/of]hgf dfkm{t\ of] k|b]zsf] wg'iff / af/f lhNnfnfO{ df5f
kfng ;'k/hf]gÙ l;/fxf, wg'iff / ;nf{xL lhNnfnfO{ wfgsf] hf]gÙ dxf]Q/L, /f}tx6 / k;f{nfO{ t/sf/L
hf]gÙ l;/fxf / ;Kt/LnfO{ cfFksf] hf]g / /f}tx6 lhNnfnfO{ wfgsf] lap hf]gsf] ?kdf 3f]if0ff u/L
ljleGg lsl;dsf cg'bfg, ;x'lnot / ls;fg Ifdtf ljsf; sfo{qmd ;+rfng ul//x]sf] x'Fbf dw]z
k|b]zdf s[lif If]qsf] of]ubfg cfpFbf] lbgdf qmdzM a9\b} hfg] b]lvG5 .
:ofnf] 6\o'a j]naf6 l;l~rt hldgsf] If]qkmn a9]sf], Ans tyf ks]6 sfo{qmdaf6 l;FrfO{ tyf s[lif
oflGqsLs/0f h:tf Joj;flos v]tLsf k"jf{wf/x¿ ag]sf], t/sf/L v]tLx¿df cg'bfg k|fKt eO{
Joj;flos t/sf/L v]tLtkm{ ls;fgx¿ cu|;/ /x]sf]n] pTkfbg kl/df0f / v]tL ul/Psf] If]qkmn a9\g]
;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 . t/sf/L / kmnkm"n :j/f]huf/ sfo{qmd, pGgt hftsf] aLplahg, s:6d xfol/ª
h:tf ;'ljwfx¿n] t/sf/L tyf kmnkm"n pTkfbgdf yk /fxt x'g] b]lvG5 .
dw]z k|b]zsf] w]/} efux¿ r'/] jg If]q cGtu{t /x]sf] x'Fbf oxfFsf jgaf6 Go'g jg k}bfjf/ pTkfbg
e}/x]sf] / jghGo pTkfbgdf j[l4 x'g ;Sg] cj:yf /x]sf] b]lvFb}g eg] gofF jgIf]qaf6 sf7 s6fg x'g]
;Defjgf ;d]t g/x]sf]n] jghGo pTkfbg oyfl:yltdf g} /xg] cg'dfg /x]sf] 5 .
&=!=@ cf}Bf]lus pTkfbg
ljZjJofkL ?kdf a9]sf] sf]le8–!( sf] ;+qmd0f lj:tf/} 36\b} uPsf]n] ljut s]xL ;do otf cf}Bf]lus
ultljlwx¿ lj:tf/ ePsf] 5 . sf]/f]gf ;+qmd0fsf ;dodf sd Ifdtfdf ;+rfngdf /x]sf pBf]ux¿
cfly{s ultljlwsf] cj:yf ;'wf/;Fu} Ifdtf cg'?k rNg yfn]sf], sRrf kbfy{x¿sf] cfk"lt{ ;xh /x]sf]
tyf 9'jfgL oftfoft cflb rnfodfg eO{;s]sfn] rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] afFsL cjlw tyf cfufdL cfly{s

38
jif{df cf}Bf]lus ultljlw lj:tf/ x'g] / cf}Bf]lus pTkfbg a9\g hfg] b]lvG5 . k|b]zleq ;~rflnt
lrgL, k]o kbfy{, sfuh, kmnfdsf] 58, cf}ifwLhGo j:t' pTkfbg ug]{ pBf]ux¿sf] Ifdtf pkof]usf]
cj:yf ljutsf] t'ngfdf ;'wf/ cfPsf] sf/0f oL j:t'x¿sf] cf}Bf]lus pTkfbg a9\g] cg'dfg /x]sf] 5 .
tyflk, a}+lsË If]qdf nufgL of]Uo /sdsf] sdLn] cfufdL lbgdf a}+s shf{ lj:tf/ x'g g;sL cf}Bf]lus
If]qdf hfg] shf{ ;xh geP cf}Bf]lus pTkfbg k|efljt x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5 .
&=!=# ;]jf If]q
s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] afFsL cjlw tyf cfufdL jif{df ;]jf If]qsf] of]ubfg qmdzM
a9\b} hfg] b]lvG5 . sf]le8–!( sf] ;+qmd0f qmdzM sd eP;Fu} xf]6n tyf /]i6'/]G6x¿sf] ;~rfng
Ifdtfdf lj:tf/ x'g yfn]sf], cfGtl/s ko{6g ;DaGwL ultljlw a9\g yfn]sf], xjfO{ tyf :yn
oftfoftsf ofq' ;+Vof a9]sf], ef/t tyf t]>f] d'n'saf6 cfpg] ko{6sx¿sf] ;+Vof a9\g yfn]sf],
:jf:Yo ;+:yfx¿ k"0f{ ?kdf ;~rfng x'g yfn]sf], yf]s tyf v'b|f Jofkf/ tyf ;jf/L ;fwg /
ljBfnox¿ Kf"0f{?kdf ;~rfngdf cfPsf]n] cfufdL cfly{s jif{ ;]jf If]qsf] cfly{s j[l4df ;'wf/ x'g]
;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 . dw]z k|b]zdf lgld{t e/t tfnn] w]/} :jb]zL tyf ef/tLo ko{6sx¿ cfslif{t ug{
yfn]sf] tyf hogu/ hgsk'/ s'yf{ /]nj] ;~rfngn] dw]z k|b]zsf] oftfoft tyf ko{6gdf 6]jf
k'¥ofpg] b]lvPsfn] ;]jf If]qsf] dfWodaf6 cfly{s ultljlwx¿ Af9\g] cg'dfg /x]sf] 5 .
&=!=$ k"jf{wf/ If]q
ef}lts k"jf{wf/ If]q cGtu{t hogu/ s'yf{ /]nj]sf] afFsL v08 lgdf{0f x'g] qmddf /x]sf], x'nfsL
/fhdfu{sf] afFsL sfd lgdf{0fsf] qmddf /x]sf] tyf lghu9 cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:ynnfO{ ;/sf/n]
sfo{qmd tyf ah]6sf] dfWodaf6 k|fyldstfdf /fv]sf] / ;'gsf]zL dl/g 8fO{ez{g kl/of]hgfsf] sfd
cl3 al9/x]sf]n] ;f] sf] cGtLd r/0fdf ;nf{xL lhNnfl:yt afudtL l;FrfO{ cfof]hgf:yndf k'¥ofO{ afFw
lj:tf/ ul/g] ePsf]n] cfufdL cfly{s jif{x¿df k"jf{wf/sf] If]qdf s]xL k|ult x'g] b]lvG5 .

39