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4. 助動詞①【ver.2】
4. 助動詞①【ver.2】
4. 助動詞①【ver.2】
助動詞①
助動詞の基本
The train leaves at 6:30. その電⾞は(公式の予定として)6:30 に発⾞する。
can / be able to
I can read French, but I canʼt speak it. フランス語は読めるけど、話せないなあ。
≒ Iʼm able to read French, but Iʼm not able to speak it.
may
“May I ask you a question?” “Sure.” 「質問をしてもよろしいでしょうか」
「もちろん」
cf. “Can/Could I ask you a question?” “Sure.” 「質問していいですか?」
「もちろん」
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4. 助動詞①
must / have to
I have to go to the dentist tomorrow. 明⽇⻭医者に⾏かなきゃ。
cf. I must go to the dentist tomorrow. 絶対に明⽇⻭医者に⾏かなきゃ。
should / ought to
You should be [ought to be] more careful. 君はもっと気をつけたほうがいいよ。
You shouldnʼt [ought not to] park your bike here. ここに⾃転⾞を⽌めるべきではない。
[3] had to → 過去の義務 / will have to → 未来の義務 insist (主張する)・order (命令する)・propose/suggest (提案する)
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4. 助動詞①
shall
“Shall I open the window?” “No, thanks.” 「窓を開けましょうか」
「いや、⼤丈夫です」
“Letʼs eat out tonight, shall we?” “No, letʼs not.” 「今晩外⾷しましょうよ、ね?」
「いや、やめよう」
will
He will surely win the next game. 次の試合は彼が絶対に勝つね。
used to
I used to smoke a lot, but I donʼt nowadays. 昔はよくタバコを吸ったけど、最近は吸わない。
had better
Perhaps youʼd better cancel the tour. ツアーを解約したほうがいいかもね。
7. shall 9. used to
[1] Shall I ~?「〜しましょうか」
(申し出) [1] used to のニュアンスは【過去と現在との対⽐】
[2] Shall we ~?「〜しませんか」
(提案) 過去の習慣 「昔は〜していたが、今は…していない」
[3] You shall ~.「〜してあげましょう」
(⼦供などに対して) 過去の状態 「昔は〜だったが、今は…ではない」
※ 主語は You だが、話者の意志が表れている [2] used to は would often とは異なり、
8. will ① 過去との対⽐を含意する
[1] will のニュアンスは【90%の強い⾃信】 ② 過去の状態を表せる(×would (often) be)
義務・可能系 → 強い意志「〜つもり」 10. had better
推量系 → 強い推量「〜だろう」 [1] 命令「〜しなさい」
・忠告「〜したほうがよい」
[2] ⼀般論+will → 習性・習慣「〜するものだ」 →「さもないと〜」という脅迫的ニュアンスがある
※ 主語は無冠詞複数形が多い [2] had better の否定形は had better not(例外あり)
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4. 助動詞①
need
You neednʼt finish it by tomorrow. それは明⽇までにやらなくてもいいよ。
= You donʼt need to finish it by tomorrow.
= You donʼt have to finish it by tomorrow.
dare
I dare not tell her the truth. 思い切って彼⼥に本当のことを⾔う勇気がない。
= I donʼt dare to tell her the truth.
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4. 助動詞①
ランダムチェック
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4. 助動詞①
解答
1. You need to [have to] make an effort if you want 23. Earthquakes can occur at any time.
to master English. 24. “May I ask you a question?” “Sure.”
2. You shall have a new bicycle for your birthday. 25. “Need I submit the report today?”
3. I dare not tell her the truth. “Yes, you must.”
= I donʼt dare to tell her the truth. (= “Do I need to [have to] submit the report
4. You must watch the movie. Itʼs really exciting. today?" "Yes, you must.")
5. He will surely win the next game. 26. I wanted to go to their wedding, but I couldnʼt.
6. Youʼd better not expect too much. 27. You must not use a smartphone in class.
7. He may or may not be ill. 28. You donʼt have to take off your shoes here.
8. I can read French, but I canʼt speak it. 29. How dare you say such a thing?
9. She had to get up early this morning. 30. Itʼs important that he (should) decide what to do.
10. We could reach the top of the mountain. 31. Boys will be boys. / Accidents will happen.
11. The doctor ordered that I (should) have no coffee. 32. Can the rumor be true? No, it canʼt be true.
12. Why should I apologize to you? 33. I must go to the dentist tomorrow.
13. “Will you pass me the salt?” “OK, here it is.” 34. It may be snowing in Hokkaido.
14. It should be [ought to be] very cold in Moscow in 35. I used to smoke a lot, but I donʼt nowadays.
winter. 36. “Shall I open the window?” “No, thanks.”
15. Youʼll be able to see the stars tonight. 37. "You neednʼt finish it by tomorrow.
16. May all your dreams come true! = You don't need to [donʼt have to] finish it by
17. If I miss the last train, I will have to walk home. tomorrow."
18. We were able to reach the top of the mountain. 38. “Letʼs eat out tonight, shall we?”
19. You shouldnʼt [ought not to] park your bike here. “No, letʼs not.”
20. Perhaps youʼd better cancel the tour. 39. “Can you pass me the salt? “OK, here it is.”
21. “Shall we go to a movie tomorrow?” 40. I have to go to the dentist tomorrow.
“Yes, letʼs.” 41. “Can/Could I ask you a question?” “Sure.”
22. You must be tired after a long journey. 42. Hadnʼt you better apologize to her?
43. There used to be a big cherry tree here.
44. You should be [ought to be] more careful.