DAY THIRTY ONE

Vector Algebra
Learning & Revision for the Day
u Vectors and Scalars u Angular Bisectors u Scalar Triple Product
u Types of Vectors u Position Vector (PV) u Vector Triple Product
u Addition, Subtraction u Components of a Vector in 2D and 3D u Linear Combination,
and Scalar Multiplication u Scalar (Dot) Product Linear Independence
of Vectors and Dependence
u Vector (Cross) Product

Vectors and Scalars

Physical quantities are divided into two categories Scalar Quantities and Vector Quantities.
Those quantities which have only magnitude and not related to any fixed direction in space
are called scalar quantities or simply scalars. Examples of scalars are mass, volume, density,
work, temperature etc.,
Vectors are those quantities which have both magnitude as well as direction.
Displacement, velocity, acceleration, momentum, weight, force etc., are examples of vector
–→ →
quantities. A directed line-segment is a vector, denoted as AB (or AB) or simply a (or a).

A a B
(Initial point) (Terminal point)
●
Magnitude (or length) of a vector a is denoted by|a| and it is always a non-negative scalar.

Types of Vectors
(i) A vector whose initial and terminal points coincide is called the zero or null vector and it
is denoted as 0.
(ii) A vector whose magnitude is 1, is called a unit vector. The unit vector in the direction of a
a
is given by and is denoted by a$ . Unit vectors parallel to X-axis, Y-axis and Z-axis are
a
denoted by i, j and k, respectively.
(iii) Vectors are said to be like when they have the same sense of direction and unlike when
they have opposite directions.
(iv) Two vectors a and b are said to be equal, written as a = b, if they have same length and
same direction.
(v) Vectors which are parallel to the same line are called collinear vectors or parallel vector,
otherwise they are called non-collinear vector. If a and b are two collinear vectors, then
a = λb for same λ ∈ R.
(vi) Vectors having the same initial point are called coinitial vectors.
(vii) Vectors having the same terminal point are called a 1 , a 2 , a 3 , ... in consecutive order, then their sum is
coterminous vectors. represented by the nth side, but in opposite direction
(viii) A system of vectors is said to be coplanar, if they are (as shown in the adjoining figure).
→ → → →
parallel to the same plane or lie in the same plane (iv) If a and b are two vectors, then the subtraction of b from a
otherwise they are called non-coplanar vectors. → →
is defined as the vector sum of a and − b and it is denoted
(ix) The vector which has the same magnitude as that of a → → → → → →

given vector a but opposite direction, is called the by a− b , i.e., a− b = a+ (− b ).

negative of a and is denoted by − a. (v) To subtract b from a, we reverse the direction of b and
(x) A vector having the same direction as that of a given add it to vector a.
vector a but magnitude equal to the reciprocal of the (vi) Let PQRS be a parallelogram such that PQ = a = SR and
given vector is known as the reciprocal of a and is PS = b = QR. Then, diagonal PR = a + b (addition of
denoted by a −1 . vectors) and diagonal SQ = a − b (subtraction of vectors).
(xi) A vector which is drawn parallel to a given vector through a
S R
a specified point in space is called a localised vector. a–
(xii) Vector whose initial points are not specified are called b
free vectors. b b
(xiii) When a particle is displaced from point A to other point B, b
then the displacement AB is a vector, called displacement a+
P a Q
vector of the particle.
(xiv) Two vectors are called orthogonal, if angle between the (ii) If a is a vector and λ is a scalar (i.e. a real number), then λa
two is a right angle. is a vector whose magnitude is λ times that of a and whose
direction is the same as that of a if λ > 0 and opposite of a
Addition, Subtraction and if λ < 0.
Thus, λa = λ a
Scalar Multiplication of Vectors
There are three laws for vector addition, which are given below.
Important Results
(i) Triangle law If the vectors a and b lie along the two
sides of a triangle in consecutive order (as shown in (i) a + b = b + a (ii) a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c
the adjoining figure), then their sum (resultant) a + b (iii) a − b ≠ b − a (iv) a ± b ≤ a + b
is represented by the third side, but in opposite (v) a ± b ≥ a − b (vi) λ 1 (λ 2a) = (λ 1 λ 2 )a = λ 2 (λ 1a)
direction.
(vii) (λ 1 + λ 2 )a = λ 1 a + λ 2 a (viii) λ (a + b) = λa + λb

b NOTE When the sides of a triangle are taken in order, it leads to zero
a+
b resultant, e.g., In ABC, AB + BC + CA = 0.

O a Angular Bisectors
(ii) Parallelogram law If the vectors lie along two Let a and b are unit vectors, the internal bisector of angle
adjacent sides of a parallelogram (as shown in the between a and b is along a + b and external bisector of angle is
adjoining figure), then diagonal of the parallelogram along a − b.
through the common vertex represents their sum. b
a+b

b b
+ a
a

O a
a–b
(iii) Polygon law If (n − 1) sides of a polygon represents
vector If a and b are not unit vectors, then above angle bisectors are
a b a b
+
a3 a3 along + and − , respectively.
a2 |a | | b| |a | | b|
+
a1 a2 These bisectors are perpendicular to each other.
O a1
 where Ax , A y and Az are the magnitudes of A x , A y and A z ,
Position Vector (PV) respectively.
Every point P ( x, y, z) in space is associated with a vector Here Ax , A y and Az are called scalar components of A and Ax ,
whose initial point is O(origin) and terminal point is P. This
A y and Az are called Vector components of A.
vector is called position vector and it is given by
If two vectors a = (a1 , a2 , a3 ) and b = (b1 , b2 , b3 ) are equal, then
OP (or r) = x i + y j + z k.
their resolved parts will also equal i.e. a1 = b1 , a2 = b2 and
Using distance formula, the magnitude of OP (or r) is a3 = b3 . If a = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k and b = b1 i + b2 j + b3 k, then
OP = x2 + y2 + z2
(i) a + b = (a1 + b1 )i + (a2 + b2 )j + (a3 + b3 )k
●
If A (a1 , a2 , a3 ) and B (b1 , b2 , b3 ) have position vectors then (ii) a − b = (a1 − b1 )i + (a2 − b2 )j + (a3 − b3 )k
a and b respectively, then AB = b − a
(iii) λa = λa1 i + λa2 j + λa3 k
and AB = | b − a | = (a1 − b1 )2 + (a2 − b2 )2 + (a3 − b3 )2
●
If a and b are the PV of A and B respectively and r be the Scalar (Dot) Product
PV of the point P which divides the join of A and B in the
mb ± na The scalar product of two vectors a and b is given by
ratio m : n, then r = . a ⋅ b = |a || b|cos θ, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π .
m±n
Properties of Scalar Product is listed below:
Here, ‘+’ sign takes for internal division and ‘−’ sign takes
for external division. 1. a ⋅ b = b ⋅ a [commutative law]
●
If a, b and c be the PV of three vertices of ∆ABC and r be the 2. a ⋅ b = 0, if a ⊥ b
a+b+c 3. a ⋅ a =|a |2
PV of the centroid of ∆ABC, then r =
3 4. i ⋅ i = j ⋅ j = k ⋅ k = 1
and i ⋅ j = i ⋅ k = j ⋅ k = j ⋅ i = k ⋅ i = k ⋅ j = 0
Components of a Vector 5. If a = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k and b = b1 i + b2 j + b3 k,
in 2D and 3D then a ⋅ b = a1 b1 + a2 b2 + a3 b3
6. a ⋅ (α ⋅ b) = α (a ⋅ b)
The process of splitting a vector is called resolution of a
vector. The parts of the vector obtained after splitting the 7. a ⋅ (b ± c) = a ⋅ b ± a ⋅ c [distributive law]
vectors are known as the components of the vector. 8. For any two vectors a and b, we have
(i) | a + b |2 = | a |2 + | b |2 + 2 (a ⋅ b)
Let A x is the resolved part of A along X-axis i.e. the projection
(ii) | a − b |2 = | a |2 + | b |2 − 2 (a ⋅ b)
of A on X-axis. Similarly, A y is the resolved part of A along
(iii) (a + b) ⋅ (a − b) = | a |2 − | b |2
Y-axis, i.e. the projection of A on Y-axis.
(iv) a ⋅ b < 0 iff a and b are inclined at an obtuse angle.
Then, by the parallelogram law, (v) a ⋅ b > 0 iff a and b are inclined at an acute angle.
Y 9. If a = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k and b = b1 i + b2 j + b3 k are inclined
at an angle θ, then
P
M a1b1 + a2b2 + a3b3
cos θ =
Ay A a12 + a22 + a32 b12 + b22 + b32

j Ax 10. If r is a vector making angles α , β and γ with OX , OY

X¢ X and OZ respectively, then
O i N
Y¢ cos α = r ⋅ i, cos β = r ⋅ j, cos γ = r ⋅ k
r = | r |cos α i + | r |cos β j + | r |cos γ k
OP = ON + NP or A = A x + A y = Ax $i + A y $j
If r is a unit vector, then
Where Ax and A y are the magnitudes of Ax and A y .
r = (cos α ) i + (cos β) j + (cos γ) k
Similarly, in three dimension we can represents vector A. 11. Projection of a on b(scalar component of a along b) is
as A = A x + A y + A z = Ax i + A y j + Az k
Y A

a
j Ay

O b
X M
k O Ax i
Az a⋅b
OM =
Z b
 12. Components of a along and perpendicular to b are Properties of Scalar Triple Product are listed below:
a⋅b $  a ⋅ b $ 1. [a b c] = [b c a] = [c a b]
OM = ⋅ b and MA = a −   ⋅ b, respectively.
b  b  2. [a b c] = − [b a c] = − [c b a] = − [a c b]
13. Work done If a particle acted on by a force F has 3. If λ is a scalar, then [λa b c] = λ [a b c]
displacement d, then work done = F ⋅ d 4. [a b c1 + c2 ] = [a b c1 ] + [a b c2 ]
5. (a × b) ⋅ c = a ⋅ (b × c)
Vector (Cross) Product 6. The scalar triple product of three vectors is zero, if
The vector product of two vectors a and b is given by any two of them are equal or parallel or collinear.
a × b = |a || b|sin θ ⋅ n$ , where n$ is a unit vector perpendicular 7. If a, b and c are coplanar, then [a b c] = 0
to a and b such that a, b and n$ form a right handed system and 8. If [a b c] = 0, then any two of the vectors are parallel or
θ (0 ≤ θ ≤ π ) is the angle between a and b. a, b and c are coplanar or c = α a + βb.
Properties of vector product are listed below:
9. Four points with position vectors a, b, c and d will be
1. a × b = − (b × a) coplanar, if [b − a, c – a, d – a] = 0.
2. (a × b)2 = |a|2 | b|2 − (a ⋅ b)2 10. Volume of parallelopiped, whose coterminous edges
3. ma × b = m (a × b) = a × mb are a, b and c is [a b c] .
4. a × (b ± c) = a × b ± a × c 11. If a = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k, b = b1 i + b2 j + b3 k
and (b ± c) × a = b × a ± c × a a1 a2 a3
5. a × b = 0 ⇔ a || b, where, a and b are non-zero vectors.
and c = c1 i + c2 j + c3 k, then [a b c] = b1 b2 b3
6. If a = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k and b = b1 i + b2 j + b3 k
c1 c2 c3
i j k
a⋅ a a⋅ b a⋅ c
then, a × b = a1 a2 a3
12. [a × b b × c c × a] = [a b c]2 = b ⋅ a b⋅ b b⋅ c
b1 b2 b3
c⋅ a c⋅ b c⋅ c
7. The vector perpendicular to both a and b is given by
a⋅ u a⋅ v a⋅ w
a × b.
13. [a b c] ⋅ [u v w] = b ⋅ u b ⋅ v b ⋅ w
8. The unit vectors perpendicular to the plane of a and b
a×b c⋅ u c⋅ v c⋅ w
are ± and a vector of magnitude λ perpendicular
|a × b| 14. If a = a1 l+a2 m+a3 n; b = b1 l+b2 m+b3 n and
λ (a × b) a1 a2 a3
to the plane of (a and b or b and a ) is .
|a × b| c = c1 l+c2 m+c3 n, then [a b c] = b1 b2 b3 [l, m, n]
9. If i, j and k are three unit vectors along three mutually c1 c2 c3
perpendicular lines, then
i × i = j × j = k × k = 0, i × j = k, j × i = − k, j × k = i, Tetrahedron and Its Volume
k × j = − i, k × i = j, i × k = − j
A tetrahedron is a three dimensional figure formed by four
10. (i) The area of parallelogram with adjacent sides a and
triangles, as shown in figure
b is a × b .
(ii) The area of quadrilateral with diagonals d 1 and d 2 A (a)
1
is d 1 × d 2 .
2
(iii) The area of triangle with adjacent sides a and b, is (a)
1
a ×b . O
2
(iv) If a, b, c are position vectors of a ∆ABC, then the
1 (b) (c)
area = (a × b) + (b × c) + (c × a) . (b) B C (c)
2
11. Three points with position vectors a, b, c are collinear Volume of tetrahedron
if a × b + b × c + c × a = 0 1
OABC = [a b c]
6
Scalar Triple Product If a, b, c and d are position vectors of vertices A, B, C and D of a
If a, b, c are three vectors, then their scalar triple product is tetrahedron ABCD, then its volume
defined as the dot product of a and b × c. It is denoted by 1
= [a − d b − d c − d ].
[a b c]. Thus, [a b c] = a ⋅ (b × c). 6
 If two non-zero vectors a and b are linearly dependent,
Vector Triple Product
●

then it means
If a, b and c are three vector quantities, then the vectors (i) there are non-zero scalar α and β such that α a + βb = 0 .
a × (b × c) and (a × b) × c represents the vector triple product
(ii) a and b are parallel.
and is given by
(iii) a and b are collinear.
a × (b × c) = (a ⋅ c) b − (a ⋅ b) c
(iv) a × b = 0
(a × b) × c = (a ⋅ c) b − (b ⋅ c) a
Otherwise, a and b are linearly independent.
Properties of Vector Triple Product are listed below:
●
If three non-zero vectors a, b and c are linearly dependent,
1. (a × b) × c = a × (b × c) if some or all a, b and c are zero
vectors or a and c are collinear. then it means
2. a × b × a = (a × b) × a = a × (b × a) (i) there are non-zero scalars α , β and γ such that
αa + βb + γc =0
3. Vector a × (b × c) is perpendicular to a and lies in the
plane of b and c. (ii) a, b and c are parallel to same plane.
a ⋅c a ⋅d (iii) a, b and c are coplanar.
4. (a × b) ⋅ (c × d ) = .
b ⋅c b ⋅d (iv) a = α 1 b + α 2c etc.
(v) [a b c] = 0
Linear Combination, Linear Otherwise a, b and c are linearly independent.

Independence and Dependence ●

A set of non-zero vectors a 1 , a 2 , a 3 , ……, a n is said to be
linearly independent, if x1a 1 + x2a 2 + ...+ x na n = 0
A vector r is said to be a linear combination of vectors
⇒ x1 = x2 = ... = x n = 0, where x1 , x2 ,... x n are scalars.
a, b, c, K etc., if there exist scalars x, y, z, ... etc., such that
r = x a + yb + z c + K

DAY PRACTICE SESSION 1

FOUNDATION QUESTIONS EXERCISE

1 Let us define the length of a vector a i + b j + c k as π
6 Let | a | = 2 2, | b | = 3 and the angle between a and b is .
| a | + | b | + | c |. This definition coincides with the usual 4
definition of length of a vector a i + b j + c k iff If a parallelogram is constructed with adjacent sides
(a) a = b = c = 0 2a − 3 b and a + b, then its longer diagonal is of length
(b) any two of a, b and c are zero (a) 10 (b) 8
(c) any one of a, b and c are zero (c) 2 26 (d) 6
(d) a + b + c = 0 7 If a,b and c are unit vectors, then
2 The non-zero vectors a,b and c are related by a=8b and | a − b | 2 + | b − c | 2 + | c − a | 2 does not exceed to
c = –7b. Then, the angle between a and c is j
AIEEE 2008 (a) 4 (b) 9 (c) 8 (d) 6
π π 8 a and c are unit collinear vectors and | b | = 6, then
(a) π (b) 0 (c) (d)
4 2 b − 3 c = λa , if λ is
3 If a vector r of magnitude 3 6 is directed along the (a) − 9, 3 (b) 9, 3
bisector of the angle between the vectors (c) 3, – 3 (d) None of these
a = 7 i − 4 j − 4 k and b = − 2i − j + 2k, then r is equal to
9 If a and b are unit vectors, then what is the angle
(a) i − 7 j + 2 k (b) i + 7 j − 2 k between a and b for 3 a − b to be a unit vector?
(c) i + 7 j + 2 k (d) i − 7 j − 2 k j
NCERT Exemplar
4 If C is the mid-point of AB and P is any point out side AB (a) 30° (b) 45°
then j
AIEEE 2005 (c) 60° (d) 90°
(a) PA +PB +PC =0 (b) PA +PB + 2PC =0 10 If a and b are unit vectors inclined at an angle α , α ∈ [ 0, π ]
(c) PA +PB =PC (d) PA +PB = 2PC to each other and | a + b | < 1. Then, α belong to
5 If the vectors AB = 3 i + 4 k and AC = 5 i − 2 j + 4 k are the π 2π 2π 
(a)  ,  (b)  , π
sides of a ∆ ABC, then the length of the median through 3 3   3 
 π π 3π
A is JEE Mains 2013 (d)  ,
j
(c)  0,  
(a) 18 (b) 72 (c) 33 (d) 45  3 4 4 
11 If a, b and c are unit vectors satisfying a − 3 b + c = 0, 21 Let u, v w be three vectors such that
then the angle between the vectors a and c is | u | = 1,| v | = 2, | w | = 3
π π π π
(a) (b) (c) (d) If the projection of v along u is equal to that of w along u
4 3 6 2
and v and w are perpendicular to each other, then
12 The value of a , for which the points, A, B, C with position | u − v + w | is equal to
vectors 2 i − j + k, i − 3 j − 5 k and a i − 3 j + k
(a) 4 (b) 7 (c) 14 (d) 2
respectively are the vertices of a right angled triangle
π 22 If a, b and c are three mutually perpendicular vectors,
with C = are
2 j AIEEE 2006 then the projection of the vector
a b (a × b )
(a) –2 and –1 (b) –2 and 1 l +m +n along the angle bisector of the
(c) 2 and –1 (d) 2 and 1 |a | |b| | a ×b |
13 If the vectors a = i − j + 2 k, b = 2 i + 4 j + k and vector a and b is
c = λ i + j + µk are mutually orthogonal, then ( λ , µ ) is l 2 + m2
(a) (b) l 2 + m2 + n2
equal to j AIEEE 2010 l + m2 + n2
2

(a) (– 3, 2) (b) (2, – 3) l 2 + m2 l+m

(c) (– 2, 3) (d) (3, – 2) (c) (d)
l + m2 + n2
2 2
14 Let a and b be two unit vectors. If the vectors c = a + 2 b
and d = 5 a − 4 b are perpendicular to each other, then 23 Resolved part of vector a along the vector b is a 1 and that
the angle between a and b is j AIEEE 2012
perpendicular to b is a 2 , then a 1 × a 2 is equal to
π π π π (a × b) b (a × b) a
(a) (b) (c) (d) (a) (b)
6 2 3 4 | b |2 | a |2
15 If p, q and r are perpendicular to q + r, r + p and p + q (c)
(a ⋅ b) (b × a )
(d)
(a ⋅ b) (b × a )
respectively and if | p + q | = 6, | q + r | = 4 3 and | b| 2 |b×a |
| r + p | = 4, then | p + q + r | is
(a)5 2 (b) 10 24 A particle is acted upon by constant forces 4i + j − 3k
(c)5 (d) 15 and 3i + j − k which displace it from a point i + 2j + 3k to
the point 5i + 4j + k The work done in standard units by
16 Let a and b be the position vectors of points A and B with the forces is given by j
AIEEE 2004
respect to origin and | a | = a, | b | = b. The points C and D
(a) 40 units (b) 30 units
divide AB internally and externally in the ratio 2 : 3. If (c) 25 units (d) 15 units
OC and OD are perpendicular, then
(a) 9a 2 = 4 b 2 (b) 4 a 2 = 9b 2 25 If u and v are unit vectors and θ is the acute angle
(c) 9a = 4 b (d) 4 a = 9b between them, then 2 u × 3v is a unit vector for
(a) exactly two values of θ j
AIEEE 2007
17 A vector of magnitude 2 coplanar with i + j + 2 k and
(b) more than two values of θ
i + 2j + k and perpendicular to i + j + k is (c) no value of θ
(a) − j + k (b) i − k (c) i − j (d) i − 2 j + k (d) exactly one value of θ
18 If the positive numbers a, b and c are the 26 If the vectors c , a = x i + y j + z k and b = j are such that
p th, q th and r th terms of GP, then the vectors a, c and b form a right handed system, then c is
log a ⋅ i + log b ⋅ j + log c ⋅ k and (q − r )i + (r − p )j + ( p − q )k (a) z i − x k (b) 0 j
AIEEE 2002
are (c) y j (d) − z i + x k
(a) equal (b) parallel
(c) perpendicular (d) None of these
27 If a = i+ j+ k and b = j − k, then a vector c such that
a × c = b and a ⋅ c = 3 is j
NCERT Exemplar
19 The distance of the point B with position vector 5 2 2 2 5 5
(a) i+ j+ k (b) i+ j+ k
i + 2 j + 3 k from the line passing through the point A, 3 3 3 3 3 3
whose position vector is 4 i + 2 j + 2 k and parallel to the 5
(c) i +
2
j+
1
k (d) None of these
vector 2 i + 3j + 6 k is 3 3 3
(a) 10 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 8 28 Vectors a and b are not perpendicular and c and d are
20 Let a = 2 i − j + k, b = i + 2j − k and c = i + j − 2 k be three two vectors satisfying b × c = b × d and a ⋅ d = 0. Then,
vectors. A vector of the type b + λ c for some scalar λ, the vector d is equal to j
AIEEE 2011
2 a ⋅ c b⋅c
whose projection on a is of magnitude , is (a) c +  b (b) b +  c
3  a ⋅ b  a ⋅ b
(a) 2 i + j + 5 k (b) 2 i + 3 j − 3 k a ⋅ c b⋅c
(c) 2 i − j + 5 k (d) 2 i + 3 j + 3 k (c) c −  b (d) b −  c
 a ⋅ b  a ⋅ b
29 If u, v and w are non-coplanar vectors and p, q are real 40 If V is the volume of the parallelopiped having three
numbers, then the equality coterminous edges, as a, b and c, then the volume of the
[ 3 u p v p w ] − [ p v w q u] − [ 2 w q v q u] = 0 parallelopiped having three coterminous edges as
holds for j AIEEE 2009
α = (a ⋅ a ) a + (a ⋅ b ) b + (a ⋅ c )c
(a) exactly two values of (p, q) β = (a ⋅ b ) a + (b ⋅ b ) b + (b ⋅ c ) c
(b) more than two but not all values of (p, q) γ = (a ⋅ c ) a + (b ⋅ c ) b + (c ⋅ c ) c
(c) all values of (p, q) (a) V 3 (b) 3V
(d) exactly one value of (p, q) (c) V 2 (d) 2V
30 Let v = 2i + j − k and w = i+ 3 k. If u is a unit vector, then 41 If a, b and c are non-coplanar vectors and λ is a real
the maximum value of [u v w ] is number, then the vectors a + 2b + 3c , λb + 4c and
(a) − 1 (b) 10 + 6 ( 2λ − 1) c are non-coplanar for
(c) 59 (d) 60 (a) no value of λ
(b) all except one value of λ
31 If a = i − j, b = j − k, c = k − i and d is a unit vector such
(c) all except two values of λ
that a ⋅ d = 0 = [ b c d ], then d is/are
i+ j−k i + j − 2k (d) all values of λ
(a) ± (b) ±
3 6 1 1
42 If a = ( 3 i + k ) and b = ( 2i + 3j − 6 k ), then the value
i+ j+k 10 7
(c) ± (d) ± k
3 of ( 2a − b ) ⋅ [(a × b ) × (a + 2b )] is j AIEEE 2011

32 The vector ( i × a ⋅ b ) i + ( j × a ⋅ b ) j + (k × a ⋅ b ) k is equal to (a) −3 (b) 5

(c) 3 (d) −5
(a) b × a (b) a (c) a × b (d) b
$ b$ and c$ be three unit vectors such that
43 Let a,
33 The points with position vectors α i + j + k, i − j − k, i + 2j − k,
i + j + βk are coplanar if 3 $
a$ × (b$ × c)
$ = (b+c$ ). If b$ is not parallel to c,
$ then the
(a) (1 − α)(1 + β) = 0 (b) (1 − α)(1 − β) = 0 2
$ $
(c) (1 + α)(1 + β) = 0 (d) (1 + α)(1 − β) = 0 angle between a and b is j JEE Mains 2016
3π π 2π 5π
34 Let a = i + j + k,b = i − j + 2k and c = xi + ( x − 2) j − k If (a) (b) (c) (d)
4 2 3 6
the vector c lies in the plane of a and b, then x equal to
j AIEEE 2007 44 If a = j − k and c = i − j − k. Then, the vector b satisfying
(a) 0 (b) 1 a × b + c = 0 and a ⋅ b = 3, is j
AIEEE 2010
(c) – 4 (d) –2 (a) − i + j − 2 k (b) 2 i − j + 2 k
(c) i − j − 2 k (d) i + j − 2 k
35 If the vectors pi + j + k, i + qj + k and i + j + r k
( p ≠ q ≠ r ≠ 1) are coplanar, then the value of 45 Let u be a vector coplanar with the vectors a = 2$i + 3$j – k$
pqr − ( p + q + r ) is j
AIEEE 2011 and b = $j+k$ . If u is perpendicular to a and u ⋅ b=24, then
(a) −2 (b) 2 2
u is equal to
(d) −1 JEE Mains 2018
j
(c) 0
(a) 336 (b) 315 (c) 256 (d) 84
36 Let α = a i + b j + c k, β = bi + c j + a k and γ = c i + a j + bk
be three coplanar vectors with a ≠ b and v = i + j + k. 46 Let a, b and c be three unit vectors such that a is
Then, v is perpendicular to perpendicular to the plane of b and c. If the angle
(a) α (b) β (c) γ π
(d) All of these between b and c is , then | a × b − a × c | 2 is equal to
3
37 If a , b, c are non-coplanar vectors and λ is a real 1 1
number, then [ λ ( a + b ) λ2 b λc ] = [ a b + c b ] for (a) (b)
3 2
(a) exactly two values of λ j
AIEEE 2005 (c) 1 (d) 2
(b) exactly three values of λ
(c) no value of λ 47 The vectors a and b are non-collinear. The value of x, for
(d) exactly one value of λ which the vectors, c = ( 2x + 3) a + b and
d = ( 2x + 3) a − b are collinear is
38 Let a, b and c be three non-zero vectors which are 1 1
pairwise non-collinear. If a + 3 b is collinear with c and (a) (b)
2 3
b + 2 c is collinear with a, then a + 3 b + 6 c is equal to 3
(c) − (d) None of these
(a) a + c (b) a (c) c (d) 0 2
39 If [ a × b b × c c × a ] = λ [ a b c ] , then λ is equal to
2
48 It is given that a, b, c are mutually perpendicular vectors
j
JEE Mains 2014 of equal magnitudes.
(a) 0 (b) 1 Statement I Vector (a + b + c ) is equally inclined to a, b
(c) 2 (d) 3 and c.
 Statement II If α , β and γ are the angles at which (b) Statement I is true; Statement II is false
(a + b + c ) is inclined to a, b and c, then α = β = γ. (c) Statement I is false; Statement II is true
(a) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is a (d) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is a
correct explanation for Statement I correct explanation for Statement I
(b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is 50 Statement I A relation between the vectors r, a and b is
not a correct explanation for Statement I a ×b
r × a = b ⇒r = .
(c) Statement I is true; Statement II is false a ⋅a
(d) Statement I is false; Statement II is true Statement II r ⋅ a = 0.
1 (a) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is a
49 Statement I For a = − the volume of the
3 correct explanation for Statement I
parallelopiped formed by vectors i + a j , a i + j + k and (b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is
j + a k is maximum. not a correct explanation for Statement I
Statement II The volume of the parallelopiped having (c) Statement I is true; Statement II is false
three coterminous edges a , b andc is | [ a b c ] |. (d) Statement I is false; Statement II is true
(a) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is
not a correct explanation for Statement I

DAY PRACTICE SESSION 2

PROGRESSIVE QUESTIONS EXERCISE

$ b = $i + $j and c be a vector such that
1 Let a= 2$i + $j − 2k, 7 If b = 4 i + 3j and c be two vectors perpendicular to each
c – a = 3, (a × b ) × c = 3 and the angle between a and other in the xy-plane. Then, a vector in the same plane
a × b is 30°. Then, a ⋅ c is equal to j JEE Mains 2017 having projections 1 and 2 along b and c
25 1 respectively, is
(a) (b) 2 (c) 5 (d)
8 8 (a) i + 2 j (b) 2i − j
(c) 2i + j (d) None of these
2 Given, two vectors are i − j and i + 2j, the unit vector
coplanar with the two vectors and perpendicular to first is 8 The unit vector which is orthogonal to the vector
1 1 3 i + 2 j + 6 k and is coplanar with the vectors 2 i + j + k
(a) (i + j) (b) (2 i + j)
2 5 and i − j + k, is
(c) ±
1
(i + j) (d) None of these 2i − 6 j + k 2i − 3j
(a) (b)
2 41 13
3j − k 4i + 3j − 3k
3 Vectors a and b are such that | a | = 1, | b | = 4 and a ⋅ b = 2. (c) (d)
10 34
If c = 2a × b − 3 b, then the angle between b and c is
π 5π π 2π 9 The values of x for which the angle between the vectors
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 6 3 3 2x 2 i + 4x j + k and 7i − 2j + x k is obtuse and the angle
4 A unit vector d is equally inclined at an angle α with the between the Z-axis and 7i − 2j + x k is acute and less
π
vectors a = cos θ ⋅ i + sin θ ⋅ j, b = − sin θ ⋅ i + cos θ ⋅ j and than is given by
c = k. Then, α is equal to 6
1 1
(a) 0 < x < (b) x > or x < 0
(a) cos−1 
1 
(b) cos−1 
1 
  2 2
 2  3
1
−1 1 π (c) < x < 15 (d) No such value for x
(c) cos (d) 2
3 2
10 If a and b are unit vectors, then the greatest value of
5 Let p = 3 ax 2 i − 2 ( x − 1) j , q = b ( x − 1) i + x j and ab < 0 .
| a + b | + | a − b | is
Then, p and q are parallel for atleast one x in
(a) 2 (b) 4
(a) (0, 1) (b) (1, 0)
(c) 2 2 (d) 2
(c) (1, 2) (d) None of these
11 Let u = i + j, v = i − j and w = i + 2j + 3j. If n is a unit vector
6 If | a | = | b | = | c | = 1 and a ⋅ b = b ⋅ c = c ⋅ a = cos θ, then the
such that u ⋅ n = 0 and v ⋅ n = 0, then | w ⋅ n | is equal to
maximum value of θ is
π π 2π 2π (a) 3 (b) 0
(a) (b) (c) (d) (c) 1 (d) 2
3 2 3 5
12 Let b and c be non-collinear vectors. If a is a vector such (AB) (AC) 1 1
(a) (b) +
that a ⋅ (b + c ) = 4 and a × (b × c ) = ( x 2 − 2x + 6) b AB + AC AB AC
+ sin y ⋅ c then ( x , y ) lies on the line 1 AB 2 + AC 2
(c) (d)
(a) x + y = 0 (b) x − y = 0 AD (AB) 2 (AC) 2
(c) x = 1 (d) y = π
18 Let a, b and c be three non-zero vectors such that no two
13 If a = a1i + a 2 j + a 3 k, b = b1i + b2 j + b3k, 1
of them are collinear and (a × b ) × c =
| b | | c | a . If θ is
c = c1i + c 2 j + c 3k, | c | = 1 and (a × b ) × c = 0, then 3
2
a1 a 2 a 3 the angle between vectors b and c, then a value of sin θ
b1 b2 b3 is equal to is j JEE Mains 2015

c1 c2 c3 2 2 − 2 2 −2 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 3 3
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) | a | 2 | b | 2 (d) | a × b | 2
19. Let ABCD be a parallelogram such that AB = q , AD = p,
14 If a is a unit vector and projection of x along a is 2 and and ∠BAD be an acute angle. If r is the vector that
a × r + b = r, then is equal to coincides with the altitude directed from the vertex B to
1 1
(a) [a − b + a × b] (b) [2a + b + a × b] the side AD, then r is given by
2 2
3(p ⋅ q)  q⋅p
(c) a + a × b (d) a − a × b (a) r = 3 q − p (b) r = − q +  p
(p ⋅ q)  p⋅p 
15 Let a, b and c be unit vectors such that a + b + c = 0.
 p⋅q 3(p ⋅ q)
Which one of the following is correct? (c) r = q −  p (d) r = −3 q + p
 p⋅q (p ⋅ q)
(a) a ×b = b × c = c × a = 0
(b) a ×b=b×c =c ×a ≠ 0 20 Statement I If u and v are unit vectors inclined at an
(c) a ×b=b×c =a ×c = 0 angle α and x is a unit vector bisecting the angle
(d) a × b, b × c and c × a are mutually perpendicular u+ v
between them, then x = .
16 Let G 1, G 2 and G 3 be the centroids of the triangular α
2 cos
faces OBC, OCA and OAB of a tetrahedron OABC. If V1 2
denote the volume of the tetrahedron OABC and V2 that Statement II If ∆ABC is an isosceles triangle with
of the parallelopiped with OG 1, OG 2 and OG 3 as three AB = AC = 1, then vector representing bisector of angle A
concurrent edges, then AB + AC
is given by AD = .
(a) 4V1 = 9V2 (b) 9V1 = 4V2 2
(c) 3V1 = 2V2 (d) 3V2 = 2V1 (a) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is a
correct explanation for Statement I
17 ABC is triangle, right angled at A. The resultant of the (b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is
forces acting along AB and AC with magnitudes not a correct explanation for Statement I
1 1 (c) Statement I is true; Statement II is false
and respectively is the force along AD, where D
AB AC (d) Statement I is false; Statement II is true
is the foot of the perpendicular from A onto BC. The
magnitude of the resultant is

ANSWERS
SESSION 1 1 (b) 2 (a) 3 (a) 4 (d) 5 (c) 6 (c) 7 (b) 8 (a) 9 (a) 10 (b)
11 (b) 12 (d) 13 (a) 14 (c) 15 (a) 16 (a) 17 (a) 18 (c) 19 (a) 20 (b)
21 (c) 22 (d) 23 (c) 24 (a) 25 (d) 26 (a) 27 (a) 28 (c) 29 (d) 30 (c)
31 (b) 32 (c) 33 (a) 34 (d) 35 (a) 36 (d) 37 (c) 38 (d) 39 (b) 40 (a)
41 (c) 42 (d) 43 (d) 44 (a) 45 (a) 46 (c) 47 (c) 48 (a) 49 (c) 50 (b)

SESSION 2 1 (b) 2 (a) 3 (b) 4 (b) 5 (a) 6 (c) 7 (b) 8 (c) 9 (d) 10 (c)
11 (a) 12 (c) 13 (d) 14 (b) 15 (b) 16 (a) 17 (c) 18 (a) 19 (b) 20 (a)
DAY THIRTY ONE VECTOR ALGEBRA 345

Hints and Explanations

SESSION 1 Also, AB + BM + MA = 0 10 Since, | a + b |2 < 1
[by properties of a triangle] ⇒ 2 + 2cos α < 1
1 We have,
AC − AB α
| a i + bj + ck | = | a | + | b | + | c | ⇒ AB + = AM ⇒ 4cos 2 < 1
2
⇒ a2 + b 2 + c 2 = | a | + | b | + | c | AB + AC
2
⇒ AM = α 1 2π 
⇒ a2 + b 2 + c 2 = a2 + b 2 + c 2 2 ⇒ cos < ⇒ α ∈  , π
+ 2[| a || b | + | b || c | + | c | a |] 3 i + 4 k + 5 i − 2j + 4k 2 2  3 
=
⇒ | a || b | + | b || c | + | c || a | = 0 2 11 3 b = (a + c )
⇒ ab = bc = ca = 0 = 4i − j+ 4k
⇒ 3| b |2 = | a |2 + | c |2 + 2 a ⋅ c
Hence, any two of a, b and c are zero. ∴ |AM | = 42 + 12 + 42 = 33 ⇒ 3(1 ) = 1 + 1 + 2a ⋅ c
2 Since, a = 8 b and c = −7 b ⇒ 2a ⋅c = 1
6 We have, a ⋅ b = 2 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 1 = 6
So, a is parallel to b and c is 2 1
⇒ | a | | c |cos θ =
anti-parallel to b. The diagonals are (2a − 3 b ) ± (a + b ) 2
⇒ a and c are anti-parallel. i.e. 3a − 2b and a − 4b 1
⇒ cos θ =
So, the angle between a and c is π. ∴Length of diagonals are 2
| 3 a − 2 b |2 = 9 |a | + 4 |b | − 12a ⋅ b π
3 The required vector ∴ θ=
 a  = 9 ⋅ 8 + 4 ⋅ 9 − 12 ⋅ 6 = 36 3
b
r =λ +  , where λ is a scalar. and | a − 4 b |2 = |a | + 16|b | − 8a ⋅ b
 a  12 Since, position vectors of A, B, C are
 b 
= 8 + 16 ⋅ 9 − 8 ⋅ 6 = 104 2 i − j + k , i − 3 j − 5 k and ai − 3 j + k ,
⇒ r = λ  ( 7 i − 4 j − 4 k )
1
So, the length of the longer diagonal is respectively.
9
104 i.e. 2 26. Now,
(− 2 i − j + 2 k )
1 AC = (a i − 3 j + k ) − (2 i − j + k )
+
3  7 Since, (a + b + c ) 2 ≥ 0 ⇒ 3 + 2 ∑ a ⋅ b ≥ 0 = (a − 2) i − 2 j
λ and BC = (a i − 3 j + k ) − (i − 3 j − 5k )
⇒ r = ( i − 7j + 2 k )
9 or − 2 ∑ a ⋅b ≤ 3 = (a − 1) i + 6 k
Given,| r| 2 = 54 ∴ | a − b |2 + | b − c |2 + | c − a |2 Since, the ∆ABC is right angled at C,
λ2 = 6 − 2 ∑ a ⋅b ≤ 9 then
⇒ (1 + 49 + 4) = 54 ⇒ λ = ± 9 BC ⋅ BC = 0
81 8 We have, b − 3 c = λa
⇒ {(a − 2) i − 2 j } ⋅ {(a − 1) i + 6 k } = 0
Thus, the required vector is Taking scalar product with c, we have
⇒ (a − 2)(a − 1) = 0
r = ± ( i − 7j + 2 k ). (b − 3 c ) ⋅ c = λ (a ⋅ c ) ∴ a = 1 and a = 2
4 Let P be the origin outside of AB and C ⇒ b ⋅ c − 3 (c ⋅ c ) = λ (a ⋅ a )
13 Since, the given vectors are mutually
is mid-point of AB, then [Q| a | = | c | = 1 orthogonal, therefore
C and a and c are collinear vectors] a ⋅b = 2 − 4 + 2 = 0
A B ⇒ b ⋅c − 3 = λ
a ⋅c = λ − 1 + 2µ = 0 ...(i)
⇒ b ⋅c = 3 + λ ...(i)
b ⋅c = 2λ + 4 + µ = 0 ...(ii)
Again, b − 3 c = λa
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
⇒ | b − 3 c | = |λ a |
µ = 2 and λ = − 3
P ⇒ |b − 3 c |2 = λ2 | a |2
PA + PB ⇒ | b | + 9 |c |2 − 6 (b ⋅ c ) = λ2 |a |2
2 Hence, (λ , µ ) = (−3, 2)
PC =
2 ⇒ 36 + 9 − 6 (3 + λ ) = λ2 14 Given that,
⇒ 2 PC = PA + PB [from Eq. (i)] (i) a and b are unit vectors,
5 We know that, the sum of three vectors ⇒ 27 − 6λ = λ2 ⇒ λ2 + 6λ − 27 = 0 i.e.| a | = | b | = 1
of a triangle is zero. (ii) c = a + 2 b and d = 5 a − 4 b
∴ λ = − 9, 3
A
9 We have, ( 3 a − b )2 (iii) c and d are perpendicular to each
other, i.e. c ⋅ d = 0
= 3 a 2 + b2 − 2 3 a ⋅ b = 1
Now, c ⋅ d = 0
3+ 1 − 2 3a ⋅b = 1 ⇒ (a + 2 b ) ⋅ (5 a − 4 b ) = 0
[since, a and b are unit vectors] ⇒ 5 a ⋅ a − 4 a ⋅ b + 10 b ⋅ a − 8 b ⋅ b = 0
B
M C Thus, 3 = 2 3 a ⋅ b ⇒ 6a ⋅ b = 3
3 3
∴ AB + BC + CA = 0 a ⋅b = ⇒ | a || b| cos θ = ⇒ a ⋅b =
1
2 2
⇒ BC = AC − AB 2
AC − AB 3 π
⇒ BM = ⇒ cos θ = So, the angle between a and b is .
2 2 3
[since, M is a mid-point of BC] ⇒ θ = 30° [Q |a |= |b|= 1]
15 p ⊥ q + r, q ⊥ r + p and r ⊥ p + q 19 Here, AB = − 3 i + k 23 a 1 = (a ⋅ b )2 b
Now, AB ⋅ (2 i + 3 j + 6 k ) = −6 + 6 = 0 |b |
∴ p ⋅ (q + r ) = 0
q ⋅ (r + p ) = 0 Hence, AB is perpendicular to the given (a ⋅ b ) b
⇒ a2 = a − a1 = a −
r ⋅ (p + q ) = 0 line. | b|2
⇒ p⋅q + p⋅ r = Thus, the required distance
0 (a ⋅ b ) b  (a ⋅ b ) b 
= |AB | = 9 + 1 = 10 Thus, a 1 × a 2 = × a − 
q⋅r + q⋅p= 0 | b|2  | b |2 
r ⋅ p + r ⋅q = 0 20 Given, a = 2 i − j + k , b = i + 2 j − k and (a ⋅ b ) (b × a )
On adding, we get =
c = i + j− 2k | b |2
2 (p ⋅ q + q ⋅ r + r ⋅ p ) = 0 Now, we have;
24 Total force,
Also, |p+ q |= 6 b + λc = (1 + λ ) i + (2 + λ ) j
F = (4 i + j −3 k ) + (3 i + j − k )
+ (−1 − 2λ ) k
⇒ | p + q |2 = 36 ∴ F = 7 i +2 j −4 k
∴Projection of (b + λc ) on
The particle is displaced from
⇒ p2 + q 2 + 2 p ⋅ q = 36 ( b + λc ) ⋅ a 2
a= = [given] A( i +2 j +3 k )
Similarly, q 2 + r 2 + 2q ⋅ r = 48 |a | 3 to B (5 i +4 j + k ).
and r 2 + p2 + 2 r ⋅ p = 16 Now, displacement,
2(1 + λ ) − (2 + λ ) + (−1 − 2λ ) 2
⇒ = AB = (5 i + 4 j + k) − ( i +2 j + 3 k)
Adding all, we get 4+ 1+ 1 3 = 4 i +2 j −2 k
2(p2 + q 2 + r 2 + p ⋅ q + q ⋅ r + r ⋅ p ) = 100 −λ − 1 2 ∴Work done = F ⋅ AB
⇒ 2 (p2 + q 2 + r 2 ) = 100 ⇒ = = (7 i +2 j −4 k ) ⋅ (4 i +2 j −2 k )
6 3
[Q p ⋅ q + q ⋅r + r ⋅ p = 0] = 28 + 4 + 8
⇒ λ + 1=2 ⇒ λ =1
= 40 units
⇒ p2 + q 2 + r 2 = 50 ∴ b + λc = 2 i + 3 j − 3 k
⇒ | p + q + r |2 = 50 21 We have, projection of v along u = 25 Since, (2u × 3v) is a unit vector.
Projection of w along u ⇒ | 2u × 3v| = 1
|p+ q + r |= 5 2 ⇒ 6|u || v||sin θ|= 1
v⋅ u w ⋅ u
⇒ = 1
16.  3 a + 2 b  ⋅ (3 a − 2 b ) = 0 |u | |u | ⇒ sin θ =
6
 5  ⇒ v⋅ u = w ⋅ u …(i)
[Q|u | = |v | = 1]
Also, v and w are perpendicular to each
A(a) Since, θ is an acute angle, then there is
other.
exactly one value of θ for which
∴ v⋅ w = 0 …(ii)
2 (2u × 3v) is a unit vector.
C (3a2 ++ 23b ( Now,
| u − v + w | = |u | + | v | + | w |
2 2 2 26 Since, the vectors a = x i + y j + z k
3
B (b) − 2 (u ⋅ v) − 2 (v ⋅ w ) + 2 (u ⋅ w ) and b = j are such that a, c and b form a
O 90° ⇒ | u − v + w |2 = 1 + 4 + 9 right handed system.
[from Eqs. (i) and (ii)] i j k
⇒ | u − v + w | = 14 ∴ c = b ×a = 0 1 0
(
D 3a – 2 b
3–2 ( 22 A vector parallel to the bisector of the x y z
angle between the vectors a and b is = z i − xk
⇒ 9 |a | − 4 | b | = 0
2 2
a b
+ = a + b. 27 Given, a = i + j + k and b = 0 i + j − k
∴ 9a 2 = 4 b 2 |a | | b |
Let c = xi + yj + zk such that a × c = b
17 A vector coplanar with i + j + 2 k and ∴ Unit vector along the bisector and a ⋅ c = 3
a+b
i + 2 j + k is i + j + 2 k + λ(i + 2j + k ) = Now, a × c = b
= (1 + λ ) i + (1 + 2λ ) j + (2 + λ ) k. |a + b | i j k
It is perpendicular to i + j + k . =
1
(a + b ) ⇒ 1 1 1 = 0 i+ j−k
∴ 1 + λ + 1 + 2λ + 2 + λ = 0 ⇒ λ = −1 2 x y z
So, the required vector is − j + k. Q | a + b |2 = | a |2 + | b |2 + 2 a ⋅ b 
  ⇒ (z − y ) i − j (z − x ) + k ( y − x )
⇒ |a + b | = 1 + 1 + 0 = 2
2
18 Let first term and common ratio of a GP  = 0 i+ j−k
be α and β . Then,
a = α ⋅ β p − 1 , b = α ⋅ βq − 1 , c = α ⋅ β r − 1 ∴ Required projection On comparing, we get
z− y = 0⇒ y = z …(i)
∴ log a = log α + ( p − 1) log β, etc.  a b
= l ⋅ + m − z+ x=1⇒ x=1+ z …(ii)
The dot product of the given two  |a | |a | and y − x= −1 …(iii)
vectors is a ×b  1 Also, a ⋅ c = 3
Σ {log α + ( p − 1)log β} (q − r ) + n ⋅
| a × b | 2
(a + b )
⇒ ( i + j + k ) ⋅( xi + yj + zk ) = 3
= (log α − log β ) Σ (q − r ) ⇒ x+ y + z=3 …(iv)
1
= (l + m )
+ log β Σ p (q − r ) = 0 2
On putting the values of x and y from
Eqs. (i) and (ii) in Eq. (iv), we get
Hence, given vectors are perpendicular. [Q | a | = | b | = 1 and a ⋅ b = a ⋅ (a × b ) (1 + z ) + z + z = 3
= b ⋅ (a × b ) = 0]
 2 Using Eqs. (iii) and (i) in Eq. (ii), we get p 1 1
⇒ 3z = 2 ⇒ z =
3 1 ⇒ 1 q 1 =0
d 12 + d 12 + 4d 12 = 1 ⇒ d 1 = ±
On putting the value of z in Eqs. (i) and 6 1 1 r
(ii), we get 1
∴ d2 = ± ⇒p (q r − 1) − 1 (r − 1) + 1 (1 − q ) = 0
2 5
y = and x = 6
3 3 2 ⇒ pqr − p − r + 1 + 1 − q = 0
and d3 = m
These values of x and y also satisfy Eq. 6 ∴ pqr − ( p + q + r ) = − 2
(iii), we get
5 2 2
Hence, required vector is 36 It is given that α, β and γ are coplanar
x= , y = ,z= ±
1
( i + j − 2 k ). vectors.
3 3 3 6
5 2 2 ∴ [α β γ ] = 0
Hence, c = i + j + k , which is the
3 3 3 32 ( i × a ⋅ b ) i + ( j × a ⋅ b ) j + ( k × a ⋅ b ) k a b c
required vector. = [ i a b] i + [ j a b] j + [ k a b] k ⇒ b c a =0
28 Given, a ⋅ b ≠ 0, a ⋅ d = 0 …(i) Let a = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k c a b
b ×c = b ×d b = b1 i + b2 j + b3 k
and ⇒ 3 abc − a3 − b 3 − c 3 = 0
1 0 0
⇒ b × (c − d ) = 0 ⇒ a3 + b 3 + c 3 − 3 abc = 0
∴ [ iab] = a1 a2 a3 = (a2b3 − b2 a3 ) ⇒ (a + b + c ) (a2 + b 2 + c 2
∴ b || (c − d )
b1 b2 b3 − ab − bc − ca) = 0
⇒ c − d = λb
0 1 0 ⇒ a+ b + c = 0
⇒ d = c − λd …(ii) [Q a + b + c 2 − ab − bc − ca ≠ 0]
2 2
[ j ab] = a1 a2 a3 = (b1 a3 − a1 b3 )
On taking dot product with a, we get ⇒ v⋅α = v⋅β = v⋅ γ = 0
b1 b2 b3
a ⋅d = a ⋅c − λa ⋅ b Hence, v is perpendicular to α, β and γ.
0 0 1
⇒ 0 = a ⋅ c − λ (a ⋅ b ) [from Eq. (i)] 37 Given that,
and [ k ab] = a1 a2 a3
a ⋅c [λ(a + b) λ2 b λ c] = [a b + c b]
⇒ λ= …(iii) b1 b2 b3 λ(a1 + b1 ) λ(a2 + b2 ) λ(a3 + b3 )
a ⋅b
= (a1 b2 − a2b1 ) ∴ λ2b1 λ2b2 λ2b3
(a ⋅ c )
∴ d =c − b ∴ [ i a b] i + [ j a b] j + [ k a b] k λc 1 λc 2 λc 3
(a ⋅ b ) = (a2b3 − b2 a3 )i + (b1 a3 − a1 b3 ) j
a1 a2 a3
29 Since, [3 u p v p w ] − [ p v w q u ] + (a1 b2 − a2b1 ) k = a × b
= b1 + c 1 b2 + c 2 b3 + c 3
− [2w qv qu ] = 0 33 Let P, Q, R and S be the given points
b1 b2 b3
with position vectors αi + j + k ,
∴ 3 p2 [u ⋅ (v × w )] − pq [v ⋅ (w × u )]
i − j − k , i + 2j − k and i + j + βk a1 a2 a3 a1 a2 a3
− 2q 2 [w ⋅ (v × u )] = 0 respectively. Then, ⇒ λ4 b1 b2 b3 = − b1 b2 b3
⇒ (3 p2 − pq + 2q 2 ) [u ⋅(v × w )] = 0 QP = (α − 1) i + 2j + 2 k , c1 c2 c3 c1 c2 c3
But [ u v w] ≠ 0 QR = 0 i + 3 j + 0 k
⇒ 3 p2 − pq + 2q 2 = 0 and QS = 0 i + 2 j + (β + 1) k are coplanar ⇒ λ4 = − 1
∴ p=q = 0 ∴ [ QP QR QS ] = 0 So, no real value of λ exists.
i j k α −1 2 2 38 As a + 3 b is collinear with c.
30 Here, u = 1 and v × w= 2 1 – 1 ⇒ 0 3 0 =0 ⇒ a + 3 b = λc …(i)
1 0 3 0 2 β+1 Also, b + 2 c is collinear with a .
= 3i − 7j − k ⇒ b + 2c = µ a …(ii)
⇒ (α − 1)(β + 1) = 0
v × w = 9 + 49 + 1 = 59 From Eq. (i),
⇒ (1 − α )(1 + β ) = 0
a + 3 b + 6 c = (λ + 6) c …(iii)
[u v w] = u ⋅(v × w) ≤ u v × w ≤ 59 34 Since, given vectors a , b and c are From Eq. (ii),
coplanar. a + 3 b + 6 c = (1 + 3µ ) a …(iv)
31 Let d = d 1 i + d 2 j + d 3 k
1 1 1 From Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get
a ⋅d = ( i − j ) ⋅ (d 1 i + d 2 j + d 3 k )
∴ 1 −1 2 =0 (λ + 6) c = (1 + 3 µ ) a
⇒ d1 − d2 = 0 [Qa ⋅ d = 0]
x x − 2 −1 Since, a is not collinear with c.
⇒ d1 = d2 …(i)
⇒ λ + 6 = 1 + 3µ = 0
Also, d is a unit vector. ⇒ 1 {1 − 2( x − 2)} − 1(−1 − 2 x ) From Eq. (iv), a + 3 b + 6 c = 0
⇒ d1 + d2 + d3 = 1
2 2 2
…(ii) + 1( x − 2 + x ) = 0
Also, [b c d ] = 0 ⇒ 1 − 2x + 4 + 1 + 2x + 2x − 2 = 0 39 We know, [a × b b × c c × a] = [a b c]2
0 1 −1 ⇒ 2x = − 4 ∴ λ =1
⇒ −1 0 1 =0 ⇒ x = −2 40. We have,| [a b c ] | = V
d1 d2 d3 35 Given, a = p i + j + k , b = i + q j + k and Let V1 be the volume of the
⇒ − 1 (− d 3 − d 1 ) − 1 (− d 2 ) = 0 c = i + j + r k are coplanar and parallelopiped formed by the vectors
⇒ d1 + d2 + d3 = 0 p ≠ q ≠ r ≠ 1. α, β and γ.
⇒ 2d 1 + d 3 = 0 Since, a , b and c are coplanar.
[from Eq. (i)] Then, V1 = |[α β γ ] |
⇒ d 3 = − 2d 1 …(iii) ⇒ [a b c ] = 0
 a ⋅a a ⋅ b a ⋅c ⇒ 2b = 3j −3k −2i − j − k |c |
and cos γ =
Now, [α β γ ] = a ⋅ b b ⋅ b b ⋅ c [a b c ] = −2 i + 2 j − 4 k |a + b + c |
a ⋅c c ⋅ b c ⋅c ∴ b = − i + j −2k Now, as| a | = | b | = | c | , therefore
cos α = cos β = cos γ
⇒ [α β γ ] = [abc ] [abc ]
2
45 Key Idea If any vector x is coplanar ∴ α =β = γ
⇒ [α β γ] = [abc ]3 with the vector y and z, then Hence, the vector (a + b + c ) is equally
∴ V1 = |[α β γ ] | x = λy+µb inclined to a , b and c.
= |[a b c ]3| = V 3 Here, u is coplanar with a and b 1 a 0
∴ u = λa + µb 49 V = a 1 1 = a − 1 − a3
41 Let α = a + 2b + 3 c, β = λb + 4 c and Dot product with a , we get ... (i)
γ = (2λ − 1) c 0 1 a
[Qa = 2i$ + 3j$ − k$ , b = j + k , u ⋅ a = 0]
1 2 3 dV
Dot product with b, we get ∴ = 1 − 3 a2 = 0 (say)
Then, [α β γ ] = 0 λ 4 [a b c ] da
u ⋅ b = λ(a ⋅ b ) + µ (b ⋅ b ) 1 d 2V
0 0 (2λ − 1) 24 = 2λ + 2µ ... (ii) Now, a = ± and 2
3 da
[Qu ⋅ b = 24]
⇒ [α β γ ] = λ (2λ − 1) [abc ] = − 6a
Solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
1  d 2V  6
⇒ [α β γ ] = 0, if λ = 0, [Q[a b c ] ≠ 0] λ = −2, µ = 14 ⇒  2 =− (− ve)
2  da   a = 1  3
Dot product with u, we get  3
2
Hence, α, β and γ are non-coplanar for all u = λ(u ⋅ a ) + µ (u ⋅ b ) 1
1 Hence, V is maximum at a = .
values of λ except two values 0 and . u
2
= −2(0) + 14(24) 3
2
1 ⇒ u
2
= 336 50 Since, b = r × a
42 Given, a = (3 i + k )
We have, a × b = a × (r × a )
10
1 46 Since, a ⋅ b = a ⋅ c = 0 and b ⋅ c = 1 = (a ⋅ a ) r − (a ⋅ r ) a
and b = (2 i + 3 j − 6 k ) 2 = (a ⋅ a ) r
7 ∴ | a × b | = | a × c |= 1
∴ (2a − b ) ⋅ {(a × b ) × (a + 2 b )} Q a ⋅r = 0
Now,| a × b − a × c | 2
a ×b
= (2a − b ) ⋅ {(a × b ) × a = | a × b |2 + | a × c |2 − 2 (a × b ) ⋅ (a × c ) ∴ r=
+ (a × b ) × 2b} a ⋅a
1 0
= (2a − b ) ⋅ {(a ⋅ a ) b − (b ⋅ a ) a =1+ 1−2 1 =1
0 SESSION 2
+ 2 (a ⋅ b ) b − 2 (b ⋅ b ) a } 2
= (2a − b ) ⋅ {1 (b ) − (0) a 1 We have, a = 2$i + $j − 2k$
47 Since, d is collinear to vector c.
+ 2 (0) b − 2 (1) a }
∴ c = λd ⇒ a = 4+ 1+ 4 = 3
[a ⋅ b = 0 and a ⋅ a = b ⋅ b = 1]
= (2a − b ) (b − 2a ) ⇒ (2 x + 3)a + b = λ[(2 x + 3)a − b] and b = $i + $j ⇒|b| 1 + 1 = 2
= − (4 |a |2 − 4 a ⋅ b + |b |2 ) ⇒ 2 xa + 3 a + b = 2λx a + 3λ a − bλ Now, c–a =3 ⇒ c –a
2
=9
= − {4 − 0 + 1} = − 5 ⇒ (2 x − 2λx a + 3a − 3λ a ) ⇒ (c − a )⋅ (c – a ) = 9
43 Given a$ = b$ = c$ = 1 + (b λ + b ) = 0 ⇒
2 2
c + a − 2c ⋅ a = 9 ... (i)
3 $ ⇒ (2 x − 2λx + 3 − 3λ) a + (λ + 1) b = 0 Again, (a × b ) × c = 3
and a$ × (b$ × c$ ) = (b + c$ )
2 ∴ (2 x − 2λx + 3 − 3λ) ⇒ a × b c sin30° = 3
Now, consider = 0 and (λ + 1) = 0 ⇒ c =
6
a$ × (b$ × c$ ) =
3 $
(b + c$ ) ⇒ (2 x + 3) − λ(2 x + 3) = 0 and λ = − 1 a ×b
2
⇒ (2 x + 3) (1 − λ) = 0 i$ $j k$
⇒ (a$ ⋅ c) $ $ = 3 b$ + 3 c$
$ b$ –(a$ ⋅ b)c 3 But a × b = 2 1 – 2 = 2i$ − 2$j + k$
2 2 ∴ x = − and λ = 1
2 1 1 0
On comparing, we get
3 3 48. We have, a ⋅ b = b ⋅ c = c ⋅ a = 0 6
a$ ⋅ b$ = − ⇒ a$ b$ cos θ = − and |a | = | b | = |c | ∴ c = =2 ... (ii)
2 2 4+ 4+ 1
Let vector (a + b + c ) be inclined to a , b
3 From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
⇒ cos θ = − [Q a$ = b$ = 1] and c at angles α, β and γ, respectively.
2 (2)2 + (3)2 − 2c ⋅ a = 9
Then,
π 5π ⇒ 4 + 9 − 2c ⋅ a = 9 ⇒ c ⋅ a = 2
⇒ cos θ = cos  π −  ⇒ θ = (a + b + c ) ⋅ a
 6 6 cos α =
|a + b + c | |a | 2 Given two vectors lie in xy-plane. So, a
44 We have, a × b + c = 0 a ⋅a + b ⋅ a + c ⋅ a vector coplanar with them is
= a = xi + y j
⇒ a × (a × b ) + a × c = 0 |a + b + c | |a |
|a | Since, a ⊥ (i − j )
⇒ (a ⋅b ) a − (a ⋅ a ) b + a × c = 0 = ⇒ ( x i + y j ) ⋅ (i − j ) = 0
⇒ 3a − 2 b + a × c = 0 |a + b + c |
⇒ x− y =0
|b |
⇒ 2 b = 3a +a ×c Similarly, cos β = ⇒ x= y
|a + b + c | ∴ a = xi + xj
 and |a |= x2 + x2 = x 2 Let the required vector be α = p i + q j. 12 By expanding a × (b × c ), we get
Then, the projections of α on b and c are a ⋅ c = x2 − 2 x + 6, a ⋅ b = − sin y
∴ Required unit vector α⋅b α ⋅c
a x(i + j ) 1 and , respectively. Given, a ⋅ (b + c ) = 4
= = = (i + j ) |b| |c |
|a | x 2 2 ⇒ x 2 − 2 x + 2 = sin y
b α ⋅c
∴ α⋅ = 1 and =2 [given] ⇒ sin y = x 2 − 2 x + 2
3 Now, | a × b |2 = | a |2 | b |2 − (a ⋅ b )2 |b | |c |
= ( x − 1)2 + 1 ≥ 1
= 16 − 4 = 12 ⇒ 4 p + 3 q = 5 and 3 p − 4 q = 10 But sin y ≤ 1
and | c |2 = ( 2 a × b − 3 b ) ⇒ p = 2, q = − 1 So, both sides are equal only for x = 1.
⋅ ( 2 a × b − 3 b)
= 4 | a × b |2 + 9 | b |2
α = 2i − j
13 If (a × b ) × c = 0, then c = a × b ,
8 A vector coplanar to |a × b |
= 4 ⋅ 12 + 9 ⋅ 16
(2 i + j + k ), ( i − j + k ) and orthogonal to ∴ (a × b ) ⋅ c = |a × b |
= 192 (3 i + 2 j + 6 k ) 2
a1 a2 a3
⇒ |c |= 8 3 = λ [{(2 i + j + k ) × ( i − j + k )}
⇒ b1 b2 b3 = | a × b |2
Now, b ⋅ c = b ⋅ (2a × b − 3 b ) × (3 i + 2 j + 6 k )]
= − 3 | b |2 = − 48 c1 c2 c3
b ⋅c = λ (21 j − 7 k )
Q cos θ = ∴Required unit vector is 14 Here, a ⋅ x = 2 and a × r + b = r …(i)
| b | |c |
(21 j − 7 k ) (3 j − k )
48 3 ± =± Dot product of Eq. (i) with a gives,
=− =− (21)2 + (7)2 10 a ⋅b =a ⋅r = 2
4⋅ 8 3 2
Cross product of Eq. (i) with a gives
5π 9 Let a = 2 x2 i + 4 x j + k
∴ θ= a × (a × r ) + a × b
6 and b = 7 i − 2 j + x k . =a × r = r − b [from Eq. (i)]
4 Let d ⋅ a = d ⋅ b = b ⋅ c = cosα The angle between a and b is obtuse. ⇒ 2a − r + a × b = r − b
⇒ a ⋅ b < 0 ⇒ 14 x2 − 8 x + x < 0 1
⇒ d ⋅ (a − k ) = 0 and d ⋅ (b − k ) = 0 ∴ r = [2a + b + a × b]
⇒ 7 x (2 x − 1) < 0 2
d is parallel to (a − k) × ( b − k)
x ∈  0, 
1
i j k ∴ …(i) 15 Since, a + b + c = 0
 2
∴ d = cos θ sin θ − 1 Taking cross product with a, we get
− sin θ cos θ − 1 Also, it is given, b ⋅ k = x a × b + a × c = 0 or a × b = c × a
(cos θ − sin θ) i + (cos θ b⋅k π 3 Similarly, b ×c = a × b
and < cos =
+ sin θ) j + k |b| 6 2 Thus a × b = b ×c =c ×a
⇒ d=
3 ⇒ 2 x > 3 53 + x2 A
1
cos α = d ⋅ k = ∴ x > 159
2
…(ii)
3
Hence, there is no common value for
 1  c b
⇒ α = cos −1   Eqs. (i) and (ii).
 3
10 Let θ be an angle between unit vectors a
5 Hence, p × q = {3 ax3 and b.
Then, a ⋅ b = cos θ B C
+ 2b ( x − 1)2 } k = f ( x ) k, a
Now,|a + b|2 =|a|2 + |b|2 + 2a ⋅ b
where, f (0) f (1) = 6 ab < 0 Now, as a , b and c are unit vectors and
θ
∴ By intermediate value theorem there = 2 + 2 cos θ = 4 cos 2
2 a + b + c = 0, therefore a , b and c
exists, x in (0, 1) such that f ( x ) = 0. represents an equilateral triangle.
a ⋅a a ⋅ b a ⋅c θ
⇒|a + b | = 2 cos Hence, a × b = b × c = c × a ≠ 0
6 [a b c ] = b ⋅ a b ⋅ b b ⋅ c 2
16 Taking O as the origin, let the position
c ⋅a c ⋅ b c ⋅c θ
Similarly, | a − b | = 2 sin vectors of A, B and C be a , b and c,
1 cos θ cos θ 2 respectively.
= cos θ 1 cos θ ⇒| a + b | + | a − b | Then, the position vectors G 1 , G 2
θ θ b+c c +a
cos θ cos θ 1 = 2  cos + sin  ≤ 2 2 and G 3 are ,
= 1 − 3cos 2 θ + 2cos 3 θ  2 2 3 3
a+b
= (1 − cos θ)2 (1 + 2cos θ) 11 We have, u ⋅ n = 0 and v ⋅ n = 0 and , respectively.
2π 3
⇒ 1 + 2cos θ ≥ 0 ⇒ θ ≤ ⇒ n ⊥ u and n ⊥ v
3 1
u × v ∴ V1 = [a b c ]
⇒ n=± 6
7 Let c = xi + yj |u × v |
and V2 = [OG 1 OG 2 OG 3 ]
Then, b ⊥ c ⇒ b ⋅ c = 0 ⇒ 4 x + 3 y = 0 Now, u × v = ( i + j ) × ( i − j ) = − 2 k
x y Now, V2 = [OG 1 OG 2 OG 3 ]
⇒ = =λ [say] ∴ n=± k
3 −4 b +c c +a a + b 
Hence, =
⇒ x = 3λ , y = − 4λ  3 3 3 
| w ⋅ n | = | ( i + 2j + 3 k ) ⋅ (± k ) | = 3
∴ c = λ (3 i − 4 j )
 1
= [ b + c c + a a + b] 18 Given, (a × b ) × c = 1|b||c |a To find The vector r in terms of p and q.
27 3 Let E be the foot of perpendicular from
2 2 1
= [a b c ] = × 6V1 ⇒ − c × (a × b ) = |b||c |a B to side AD.
27 27 3 AE = Projection of vector q
⇒ 9V2 = 4V1 1
⇒ − (c ⋅ b ) ⋅ a + (c ⋅ a ) b = |b||c|a AE = Vector along AE of length AE
3 = | AE| AE
17 Let| BC | = l
 1|b||c| + (c ⋅ b ) a = (c ⋅ a ) b (q ⋅ p ) p
=
In ∆ ABC, l = AB 2 + AC 2  3  | p |2
AB Since, a and b are not collinear.
∴ tanθ = Now, applying triangles law in ∆ABE,
AC 1
c ⋅ b + |b||c | = 0 and c ⋅ a = 0 we get
B
3 AB + BE = AE
1 (q ⋅ p ) p
⇒ |c || b |cos θ + |b|| c | = 0 ⇒ q+r=
D 3 | p |2
|b||c | cos θ +  = 0
1
⇒ (q ⋅ p ) p
 3 ⇒ r= −q
| p |2
1
q
C ⇒ cos θ + = 0 q ⋅ p
A 3 = −q+ p
AB AC [Q|b| ≠ 0, |c| ≠ 0]  p⋅ p
⇒ sin θ = and cos θ = 1
l l ⇒ cos θ = − 20 In an isosceles ∆ABC in which
3
1 1 AB = AC , the median and bisector from
∴ Resultant vector = i + j 8 2 2
⇒ sinθ = = A must be same line. Statement II is
AB AC 3 3 true.
 1 1 
= i + j 19 Given, u+v
 l sin θ l cos θ  Now, AD =
2
D C
In ∆ ADC, 1 α
and | AD |2 = ⋅ 2 cos 2
AD = AC sin θ = l sin θ cos θ pE 2 2
AB ⋅ AC r α
= So, | AD | = cos
l 2
A B
∴ Magnitude of resultant vector q Unit vector along AD, i.e. x is given by
(i) A parallelogram ABCD such that AD u+v
1  1 1  x= = .
=  +  AB = q and AD = p. | AD | 2 cos α
l 2  sin2 θ cos 2 θ 
(ii) The altitude from vertex B to side 2
l 1
= = AD coincides with a vector r.
( AB ) ( AC ) AD