Chapter 09 Prejudice Disliking Others

Chapter 09
Prejudice: Disliking Others

1. People who are overweight
A. face less discrimination than minority racial groups.
B. face more discrimination than minority racial groups in employment settings.
C. are perceived as happy and content.
D. marry more often and make more money.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
APA Learning Outcome: 3.3 Adopt values that build community at local, national, and global levels
Bloom's Level: Remember
Difficulty: Low
Learning Objective: Understand the nature of prejudice and the differences between prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination.
Topic: Prejudice
Feedback: What Is the Nature and Power of Prejudice?, 255
2. Since the Iraq war, Americans have developed negative views of

A. Arab immigrants.
B. Turks.
C. Orthodox Christians.
D. Jews.
Difficulty: Low
Topic: Prejudice
3. A preconceived negative judgment of a group and its individual members is called

A. speculation.
B. disposition.
C. stigma.
D. prejudice.
Difficulty: Low
Topic: Prejudice
4. Prejudice is different from discrimination in that, prejudice is a negative

A. behavior.
B. conduct.
C. attitude.
D. demeanor.
Difficulty: Low
Topic: Prejudice
5. Attitudes contain all of the following EXCEPT

A. affects.
B. inclinations to act.
C. cognitions.
D. behaviors.
Difficulty: Low
Topic: Prejudice
6. A belief about the personal attributes of a group of people is called a(n)

A. affect.
B. behavioral tendency.
C. illusion.
D. stereotype.
Difficulty: Low
Topic: Prejudice
7. Jay believes that all Muslims are violent extremists. This is an example of
A. discrimination.
B. a stereotype.
C. a behavioral tendency.
D. groupthink.
Bloom's Level: Apply
Difficulty: High
Topic: Stereotypes
8. _____ is a negative attitude; _____ is a negative behavior.

A. Discrimination; racism
B. Racism; stereotyping
C. Discrimination; prejudice
D. Prejudice; discrimination
Difficulty: Low
Topic: Stereotypes
9. In an all-White business, an institutional practice of hiring potential White candidates and excluding all or any non-White
candidates for employment would be termed as
A. racism.
B. feminism.
C. misogyny.
D. linguicism.
Difficulty: Low
Topic: Discrimination
10. An institutional practice that subordinates people of a given gender is called

A. sexism.
B. sadism.
C. racism.
D. linguicism.
Difficulty: Low
11. Mr. Watson's belief that Blacks are lazy is an example of _____. His refusal to rent an apartment to a Black family is an
example of _____.
A. a prejudice; stigma
B. discrimination; prejudice
C. a stereotype; discrimination
D. racism; prejudice
Difficulty: High
Topic: Stereotypes
12. Recent research confirms that prejudiced and stereotyped evaluations

A. are more widespread than formerly believed.
B. remain extremely high for females and extremely low for males.
C. are higher among males than females.
D. can occur outside of one's conscious awareness.
Difficulty: Low
Topic: Prejudice
13. A state police force has set a height requirement of 5 feet 10 inches for all officers. This requirement is irrelevant to job
effectiveness but generally excludes Hispanics and Asians from the force. Such a requirement most clearly reflects
A. racism.
B. scapegoating.
C. disablism.
D. linguicism.
Difficulty: High
14. According to survey research conducted in the U.S., racial prejudice toward African Americans
A. is worse than ever today.
B. has decreased since the early 1940s.
C. has actually increased since the early 1980s.
D. decreased from 1940 to 1960, then stabilized until 1980, and has since increased rapidly.
Difficulty: Low
Topic: Racial Prejudice
15. In the 1940s, researchers Clark and Clark (1947) gave African American children a choice between Black dolls and
White dolls. Results showed that most children
A. chose the Black dolls.
B. chose the White dolls.
C. refused to choose between them.
D. used the dolls in aggressive symbolic play.
Difficulty: Low
16. Identify a region in the brain that underlies fear and aggression and is primarily involved in automatic responding.
A. inferior frontal gyrus
B. superior frontal gyrus
C. cerebellum
D. amygdala
Difficulty: Low
17. Although Marcia says she is not prejudiced against Blacks, she votes against interviewing a job applicant with an African
name for a flimsy reason. She is exhibiting what some social science researchers call
A. overt discrimination.
B. homophobia.
C. modern racism.
D. jingoism.
Difficulty: High
18. Greenwald and his colleagues (2003) asked both Black and White participants to press a "shoot" button when the target
appeared to be holding a gun (rather than a harmless object such as a flashlight). Their results showed that all participants
mistakenly shot at more targets who were
A. White.
B. Black.
C. male.
D. female.
Difficulty: Low
19. Greenwald and his colleagues (2003) asked both Black and White participants to press a “shoot” button when the target
appeared to be holding a gun (rather than a harmless object such as a flashlight). Their results showed that all participants
mistakenly shot at more targets who were Black. This shows that
A. to show prejudice people must be aware of their attitudes.
B. automatic, implicit prejudice exists.
C. people are not prejudiced.
D. prejudice is neither implicit nor explicit.
Bloom's Level: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
20. Ideas about how men and women ought to behave are called _____, whereas people's ideas about how women and men
do behave are called_____.
A. gender-role norms; gender stereotypes
B. gender stereotypes; gender-role norms
C. gender preferences; gender roles
D. sexist attitudes; sexist stereotypes
Difficulty: Low
Topic: Gender Prejudice
21. Jackman and Senter (1981) found that both men and women think that women are more “emotional” than men. This
study particularly shows that
A. gender stereotypes are not as strong as racial stereotypes.
B. members of the stereotyped group accept the stereotypes.
C. stereotypes persist across time and culture.
D. weak gender stereotypes exists in all cultures.
Difficulty: Medium
22. Norms are _____. Stereotypes are _____.

A. descriptive; prescriptive
B. prescriptive; descriptive
C. implicit; explicit
D. explicit; implicit
Difficulty: Low
23. Which of the following statement is FALSE about gender stereotypes?

A. Strong gender stereotypes exist.
B. Members of a stereotyped group accept the stereotypes.
C. Worldwide, women are perceived as more agreeable.
D. Racial stereotypes are stronger than gender stereotypes.
Difficulty: Medium
24. Averaging data from 27 countries, John Williams and his colleagues (19990) found that people everywhere perceive
women as more _____ and men as more _____.
A. agreeable; outgoing
B. outgoing; agreeable
C. intelligent; emotional
D. emotional; intelligent
Difficulty: Low
25. A review of research on gender attitudes conducted by Alice Eagly and her associates (1991) and Geoffrey Haddock and
Mark Zanna (1994) suggests
A. that most people have gut-level negative emotions about women even though they describe them favorably.
B. that most people like women more than men.
C. that women are more intelligent than men.
D. that men and women are viewed as equally understanding and helpful.
Difficulty: Medium
26. In the context of sexism, most Americans agree that

A. the activities of married women are best confined to the home and family.
B. they would probably move if Black people came to live in great numbers in their neighborhood.
C. the two sexes are equally emotional.
D. they would vote for a qualified woman whom their party nominated for president.
Difficulty: Medium
27. Eagly's (1994) "women-are-wonderful" effect is an example of

A. an overt prejudice.
B. a favorable stereotype.
C. hostile sexism.
D. antagonistic sexism.
Difficulty: Low
28. Which of the following is an example of benevolent sexism?

A. "Women have a superior moral sensibility."
B. "Once a man commits, she puts him on a tight leash."
C. "Women are less skilled in mathematics than men."
D. “On the whole, women make bad political leaders than men.”
Difficulty: Medium
29. Around the world, people tend to prefer

A. baby boys, except in the U.S. where girls are preferred.
B. baby boys.
C. baby girls, except in China where boys are preferred.
D. baby girls.
Difficulty: Low
30. Identify the true statement about gay-lesbian prejudice.

A. The prejudice regarding gays and lesbian across all the cultures is the same and consistent.
B. In Western Countries, support for gay marriages has soared over the past two decades.
C. In the U.S., communities where anti-gay prejudice is commonplace are communities with the lowest rates of gay-lesbian
suicide.
D. Over time the prejudice against gays and lesbian gets worse.
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Prejudice
Feedback: What Is the Nature and Power of Prejudice? 265
31. Myers indicates that, until recently, prejudice was greatest in regions where slavery was practiced. This fact is consistent
with the principle that_____ breeds prejudice.
A. frustration
B. unequal status
C. conformity
D. linguicism
Difficulty: Low
Learning Objective: Understand and examine the influences that give rise to and maintain prejudice.
Topic: Prejudice
32. We tend to _____ the competence of those in high-status positions and _____ those who agreeably accept a lower-status
position.
A. like; respect
B. devalue; admire
C. respect; like
D. admire; ignore
Difficulty: Low
Topic: Prejudice
Feedback: What Are the Social Sources of Prejudice?, 266
33. A motivation to have one's group be high in status and on the top over other social groups is what social psychologists
call
A. egalitarianism.
B. social comparison.
C. groupthink.
D. social dominance orientation.
Difficulty: Low
Topic: Prejudice
34. People high in social dominance orientation tend to support policies that _____ hierarchies and oppose policies that
_____ hierarchies.
A. compromise; threaten
B. threaten; compromise
C. maintain; undermine
D. undermine; maintain
Difficulty: Low
Topic: Prejudice
35. People high in social dominance orientation are most likely to

A. support social work.
B. avoid expressing negative attitudes toward minority groups.
C. prefer professions such as politics and business.
D. indulge less in prejudiced behavior
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Prejudice
36. Miguel is high in social dominance. Which of the following majors is he UNLIKELY to choose in college?
A. business
B. politics
C. social work
D. law
Difficulty: High
Topic: Prejudice
37. A belief in the superiority of one's own cultural group, and having a corresponding disdain for all other groups is called
A. misogyny.
B. egalitarianism.
C. ethnocentrism.
D. groupthink.
Difficulty: Low
Topic: Prejudice
38. Kayla's grandparents emigrated from Europe. Kayla holds such a strong belief that people of her group and descent are
superior to all others. She could accurately be described as being
A. homophobic.
B. affiliative.
C. ethnocentric.
D. introspective.
Difficulty: High
Topic: Prejudice

39. A consistent finding concerning Christianity in North America is that, White church members show _____ than
nonmembers.
A. more racial prejudice
B. less racial prejudice
C. more sexism but less racism
D. more conformity but less authoritarianism
Difficulty: Low
40. Which of the following statements is true about religion and racial prejudice?
A. Faithful church attenders are more prejudiced than occasional attenders.
B. Those who scored highest on Gallup’s “spiritual commitment” index were less accepting of a person of another race
moving in next door.
C. Those for whom religion is an intrinsic end in itself express less prejudice than those for whom religion is more a means
to an end.
D. All of the above
Difficulty: Medium
41. In the context of religion and racial prejudice, a consistent finding is that no matter how religious commitment is
assessed,
A. the less devout are less prejudiced.
B. commitment bears no relation to prejudice.
C. the very devout are less prejudiced.
D. the very devout are the most prejudiced.
Difficulty: Medium
42. Gordon Allport has concluded that “The role of _____ is paradoxical. It makes prejudice and it unmakes prejudice.”
A. power
B. religion
C. self-esteem
D. education
Difficulty: Low
43. Studies of Whites by Pettigrew in South Africa and the American South in the 1950s revealed that those who _____ were
also most prejudiced.
A. had the most education
B. conformed most to other social norms
C. were the most disadvantaged
D. had the greatest amount of social power
Difficulty: Low
Topic: Prejudice
44. According to studies done by Hoffman (1977), children of _____ have less stereotyped views of men and women.
A. authoritarian parents
B. employed women
C. devoutly religious parents
D. stay-at-home mothers
Difficulty: Low
Topic: Prejudice
45. Cultural attitudes, including prejudice, are embodied and reinforced in

A. schools.
B. government.
C. the media.
D. all of the above
Difficulty: Low
Topic: Prejudice
46. In examining photographs of people in magazines and newspapers, Archer and his colleagues (1983) found that, relative
to the average female photo, the average male photo is more likely to
A. emphasize the face.
B. emphasize the body.
C. include the situational context.
D. display a standing posture.
Difficulty: Low
Topic: Prejudice
47. Schwarz and Kurz's (1989) research in Germany has confirmed that people whose faces are prominent in photos seem
A. more physically attractive.
B. less powerful.
C. younger.
D. more intelligent and ambitious.
Difficulty: Low
Topic: Prejudice
48. Which of the following statements about the social sources of prejudice is FALSE?
A. A group that enjoys social and economic superiority often uses prejudicial beliefs to justify its privileged position.
B. Children are brought up in ways that foster or reduce prejudice.
C. Religious communities can sustain or reduce prejudice.
D. Social institutions and policies don't support prejudice.
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Prejudice
49. When the cause of our frustration is intimidating or unknown, we often redirect our hostility. This phenomenon is known
as
A. chavinism.
B. displaced aggression.
C. cognitive dissonance.
D. desegregatation.
Difficulty: Low
Learning Objective: Identify and examine the motivational sources of prejudice.
Topic: Motivational Sources of Prejudice
Feedback: What Are the Motivational Sources of Prejudice?, 271
50. More lynching of Blacks took place in the old South during years when cotton prices were low, suggesting that prejudice
is partly explained by
A. chauvinism.
B. the just-world hypothesis.
C. displaced aggression.
D. antisemitism.
Difficulty: Low
51. John has just failed a chemistry test. He goes back to his apartment and criticizes his roommate's choice of music. What
term best describes John's behavior?
A. chauvinism
B. just-world action
C. displaced aggression
D. xenophobia
Difficulty: High
52. Elena's boss told her that she is being let go due to the downsizing of the company. Later that day when she gets home,
she is critical of her friend's choice of restaurant for dinner. What term best describes Elena's behavior?
A. chauvinism
B. just-world action
C. displaced aggression
D. authoritarian regression
Difficulty: High
53. The realistic group conflict theory suggests that prejudice arises
A. when groups share a common goal.
B. when people believe that they get what they deserve and deserve what they get.
C. between groups who fail to communicate clearly with each other.
D. when groups compete for scarce resources.
Difficulty: Medium
54. In the context of the realistic group conflict theory, in evolutionary biology, Gause's law states that maximum
competition will exist between species with
A. identical needs.
B. abundant resources.
C. multiple leaders.
D. differing values.
Difficulty: Low
55. The "we" aspect of our self-concept is what social psychologists call
A. our self-realization.
B. our social identity.
C. an impact group.
D. a social stigma.
Difficulty: Low
56. A group that people perceive as distinctively different from or apart from their own group is called a(n)
A. ingroup.
B. outgroup.
C. intragroup.
D. personal group.
Difficulty: Low
57. In the context of social identity, a group of people who share a sense of belonging or a feeling of common identity is
called a(n)
A. ingroup.
B. outgroup.
C. control group.
D. intragroup.
Difficulty: Low

58. In the context of social identity, according to Myers, many disadvantaged youths find pride and identity in gang
affiliations, which is their way of
A. justifying their racial discrimination.
B. justifying their religious discrimination.
C. establishing social dominance.
D. seeking self-esteem.
Difficulty: Low
59. A tendency to favor one's group is called

A. intergroup bias.
B. ingroup bias.
C. outgroup bias.
D. groupthink bias.
Difficulty: Low
60. What happens when people's personal and social identities become fused?
A. People start fighting within the group.
B. Boundaries between self and group increases.
C. People become more willing to die for their group.
D. Violation of group norms increases.
Difficulty: Medium
61. We are more prone to ingroup bias when our group is _____ and _____ relative to the outgroup.
A. large; differs in status
B. large; same in status
C. small; differs in status
D. small; same in status
Difficulty: Low
62. Betty and Tina, both third-graders in the same classroom, are assigned by their teacher to different groups that will
compete in a spelling bee. Betty and Tina each believe that their own group is composed of the better spellers. The girls'
beliefs best illustrate
A. the just-world phenomenon.
B. an ingroup bias.
C. the fundamental attribution error.
D. an outgroup bias.
Difficulty: High
63. What connection has been found in experiments exploring self-image and prejudice?
A. People with high self-image tend to be more prejudiced.
B. In Europe, prejudice is greater among those whose positive self-image is threatened.
C. There is no connection found between a person's self-image and their level of prejudice.
D. People whose status is secure express more prejudice to feel superior.
Difficulty: Medium
64. Which of the following statements is true about categorization?

A. Categorization can provide useful information about people with minimum effort.
B. Categorization, by itself, is considered prejudice.
C. Categorization provides no cognitive foundation for prejudice.
D. Categorization always leads to discrimination.
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Describe the different cognitive sources of prejudice.
Topic: Cognitive Sources of Prejudice
Feedback: What Are the Cognitive Sources of Prejudice?, 278
65. Which of the following statements is NOT true about motivational sources of prejudice?
A. Motivations not only lead people to be prejudiced but also lead people to avoid prejudice.
B. Researchers who study stereotyping contend that prejudicial reactions are not inevitable.
C. Automatic prejudices subside when people's motivation to avoid prejudice is external rather than internal.
D. The motivation to avoid prejudice can lead people to modify their thoughts and actions.
Difficulty: Medium
66. The phrase "they are all alike, but we are diverse" reflects
A. an intragroup bias.
B. the outgroup homogeneity effect.
C. the false consensus effect.
D. an illusion of transparency.
Difficulty: Low
67. The tendency for people to more accurately recognize faces of their own race is called the
A. anti-racism effect.
B. looking-glass self.
C. cross-race effect.
D. faceism effect.
Difficulty: Low
68. You are Black, and you have difficulty recognizing the White customers who were in your store during a robbery. This is
an example of
A. impact bias.
B. looking-glass self.
C. own-race bias.
D. distinctive case.
Difficulty: High
69. Which of the following statements is FALSE about similarities and differences between groups?
A. The greater our familiarity with a social group, the more we see its diversity.
B. The less our familiarity with a social group, the more we stereotype.
C. We are likely to exaggerate the similarities within a group we are not a part of.
D. We are likely to assume that other groups are less homogeneous than our own.
Difficulty: Medium
70. In the context of distinctiveness, Crocker and McGraw (1984) found that a Black in an otherwise White group, a man in
an otherwise female group, or a woman in an otherwise male group seem
A. less prominent than the others in the group.
B. less influential.
C. insignificant to the group.
D. more prominent and influential.
Difficulty: Low
71. Your co-worker tells you that she has both a pet snake and a pet dog at home. In the context of distinctiveness, you are
most likely to describe her to new office employees as a
A. snake owner.
B. dog owner.
C. senior executive.
D. co-worker.
Difficulty: Medium
72. Your new roommate is from Ireland and is a skydiver and a tennis player. In the context of distinctiveness, you are most
likely to introduce your roommate to your friends as
A. a tennis player.
B. a skydiver.
C. Irish.
D. your roommate.
Difficulty: Medium
73. People vary in how likely they are to expect that others will stereotype them. This is called
A. defensive pessimism.
B. suspension of judgment.
C. stigma consciousness.
D. stereotype threat.
Difficulty: Low
74. The benefit of being high in stigma consciousness is that it can buffer individual
A. self-realization.
B. spirituality.
C. self-esteem.
D. cognition.
Difficulty: Low
75. Identify a true statement about distinctive events and illusory correlations.
A. People predominantly lack sensitivity to distinctive events.
B. Co- of two distinctive events is barely noticeable.
C. Under illusory correlation, co-occurrence of two unusual events is less noticeable than each of the times the unusual
events do not occur together.
D. Attention to unusual events creates illusory correlations.
Difficulty: Medium
76. Although most suspects in cases of incest, child molestation, and sexual abuse are heterosexual males, the local
newspaper omits the word “heterosexual” in any related headlines. In contrast, whenever a self-described homosexual male
is arrested for a crime, the headline proclaims “homosexual arrested.” The resulting prejudice that homosexual males are
more likely to commit violent crimes can in part be blamed on
A. an illusory correlation.
B. benevolent sexism.
C. the false uniqueness effect.
D. chauvinism.
Difficulty: Medium
77. Hamilton and Rose's (1980) research in which students read sentences describing accountants, doctors, and salespeople
revealed that
A. preexisting stereotypes lead us to “see” correlations that do not exist.
B. vivid information is irrelevant to occupational stereotypes.
C. positive information is better remembered if it describes doctors.
D. distinctive information is ignored when forming impressions.
Difficulty: Low
78. Dismissing outgroup members' positive behaviors and attributing negative behaviors to their dispositions is known as
A. defensive pessimism.
B. the just-world bias.
C. intragroup discrimination.
D. group-serving bias.
Difficulty: Low
79. Which of the following would be an example of the group-serving bias?

A. Cheryl believes that women are unemployed because of discrimination, while men are unemployed because of low
motivation.
B. Sue believes that members of her own family are prejudiced, while her husband's family is tolerant.
C. Chuck believes that mistakes made by both men and women are due to low intelligence.
D. Bill believes that groups outperform individuals when solving problems.
Difficulty: High
80. Describing positive behaviors by an ingroup member in terms of their general disposition, but describing the same
behavior by an outgroup member as a specific isolated act, reflects
A. overgeneralization bias.
B. groupthink bias.
C. defensive pessimism.
Difficulty: Medium
81. When the British made a group of German civilians walk through a concentration camp at the end of World War II, one
German individual stated, "What terrible criminals these people must have been to receive such treatment." This comment is
an example of
A. overgeneralization bias.
B. impact bias.
C. hindsight bias.
Difficulty: Low
82. The just-world phenomenon may lead us to believe that an unemployed person is
A. the victim of discrimination.
B. lazy and lacks virtue.
C. overqualified and deprived of better opportunities.
D. in need of a retraining program.
Difficulty: Medium
83. Jeremy's belief that earthquake victims are being punished by God for their own sins best illustrates
A. Gause's law.
B. the just-world phenomenon.
C. an ingroup bias.
D. stereotype vulnerability.
Difficulty: High
84. The just-world phenomenon can lead people to think that

A. the winners of a lottery actually deserved their good fortune.
B. sick people are not responsible for their illness.
C. poor people deserve better.
D. rape victims acted in a provocative manner.
Difficulty: Medium
85. The tendency for people to believe that individuals get what they deserve and deserve what they get is called the _____
phenomenon.
A. retribution
B. just-world
C. looking-glass self
D. stereotype invulnerability
Difficulty: Low
86. Mary tells you that she thinks the reason people live in poverty is because they are lazy. Mary's thinking is an example of
the _____ phenomenon.
A. retribution
B. just-world
C. looking-glass self
Difficulty: High
87. Assuming that sick people are responsible for their illnesses is an example of the _____ phenomenon.
A. retribution
B. just-world
C. self-justification
Difficulty: Medium
88. Linking good fortune with virtue and misfortune with moral failure enables fortunate people to feel pride and to avoid
responsibility for the unfortunate. This is an example of the _____ phenomenon.
A. retribution
B. just-world
C. ingroup bias
Difficulty: Low
89. _____ refers to accommodating individuals who deviate from one's stereotype by thinking of them as “exceptions to the
rule.”
A. Subtyping
B. Benevolent discrimination
C. Immune neglect
D. Scapegoating
Difficulty: Low
Learning Objective: Identify and understand the consequences of prejudice.
Topic: Consequences of Prejudice
Feedback: What Are the Consequences of Prejudice?, 288
90. _____ refers to accommodating individuals who deviate from one's stereotype by forming a new stereotype about this
subset of the group.
A. Subtyping
B. Subgrouping
C. Benevolent discrimination
D. Immune neglect
Difficulty: Low
91. _____ are exceptions to the group; _____ are acknowledged as part of the overall diverse group.
A. Subgroups; subtypes
B. Subtypes; subgroups
C. Ingroups; intragroups
D. Intragroups; ingroups
Difficulty: Low
92. Madison's parents comment that the nice new family on the block, who are Black, represent “professional, middle-class
Blacks.” Madison's parents are engaging in
A. subgrouping.
B. hostile discrimination.
C. chauvinism.
D. immune neglect.
Difficulty: High
93. When others expect us to perform poorly and our anxiety causes us to confirm their belief, we have reacted to
A. a stereotype threat.
B. subtyping.
C. intragroup bias.
D. the backfire effect.
Difficulty: Low
Topic: Stereotype Threat
94. Mr. Wong, a high school teacher, tells his class that he thinks boys tend to be less anxious and thus give better speeches
than girls. The girls in his class become apprehensive when preparing and giving speeches in his class. The girls are reacting
to
A. a stereotype threat.
B. the just-world phenomenon.
C. the scapegoating effect.
D. an illusion of transparency.
Difficulty: High
95. Which statement illustrates discrimination?

A. “White people make me so angry I could scream.”
B. "I wouldn't hire a woman, even if she was qualified."
C. "The government should do more to help the Native Americans."
D. “Whites can't dance as well as African Americans can.”
Difficulty: High
96. Stereotype threat explains why

A. individuals hide their prejudicial biases in most social situations.
B. individuals sometimes perform poorly when apprehensive about being stereotyped.
C. people evaluate individuals more positively than groups.
D. stereotypes can be unwarranted generalizations across situations.
Difficulty: Low
97. Kevin has just met Fred, a White American teenage boy. Kevin assumes that Fred would not be a good basketball player
because “White men
can't jump.” This is an example of
A. misapprehension.
B. stereotyping.
C. discrimination.
D. chauvinism.
Difficulty: High
Topic: Stereotypes
98. Persons high in _____ tend to view people in terms of status hierarchies—with themselves being at the top.
A. altruism
B. racism
C. social dominance orientation
D. nominative determinism
Difficulty: Low
Topic: Prejudice
99. Bill is often described as judgmental, ethnocentric, and punitive. He believes in strict obedience to authority and is
intolerant of weakness in others. Which of the following statements would likely be true of Bill?
A. He suffers from antisocial personality disorder.
B. He scores highly on agreeableness and neurosis
C. He has a social identity disorder.
D. He has an authoritarian personality.
Difficulty: High
Topic: Prejudice
100. On the reality television show "Survivor," two tribes compete for luxuries such as food and shelter. During such
challenges, one group's success becomes another group's failure. According to _____, such dynamics may breed prejudice.
A. socialization theory
B. realistic group conflict theory
C. group-serving bias theory
D. scapegoat theory
Difficulty: High
101. In which situation are people LEAST likely to rely on stereotypes?

A. when they are emotionally stable
B. when they are short on time
C. when they are tired
D. when they are preoccupied
Difficulty: Medium
102. Which of the following is NOT an example of subtle prejudice?

A. exaggerating ethnic differences
B. feeling less admiration and affection for immigrant minorities
C. believing one race to be better at certain tasks than others
D. rejecting minorities for supposedly nonracial reasons
Difficulty: Medium
103. Which of the following characterizes an ethnocentric individual?

A. high altruism
B. low conformity
C. an affiliative personality
D. an intolerance for weakness
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Prejudice
104. In earlier centuries people vented their fear and hostility on witches, whom they sometimes burned or drowned in
public. In the context of displaced aggression, the witches are _____.
A. stereotype threats.
B. scapegoats.
C. chauvinists.
D. bigots.
Difficulty: Low
105. Vince and Wanda are both members of the high school band. Vince plays tuba and Wanda plays the flute. Vince believes
that the brass section is the strongest section of the band while Wanda believes the woodwinds are the most important
section. Vince and Wanda's beliefs are best explained in terms of
A. their ingroup biases.
B. the outgroup homogeneity effect.
C. realistic group conflict theory.
D. scapegoat theory.
Difficulty: High
106. Albert sees a great deal of difference between all of his fraternity brothers but thinks that all sorority girls are the same.
Albert's beliefs are best explained by
A. the outgroup homogeneity effect.
B. his authoritarian personality.
C. his social dominance orientation.
D. the own-race bias.
Difficulty: High
107. Elvis is a gay man. He believes that every time he speaks people interpret his opinions in terms of his homosexuality
and expects to be the victim of prejudice of discrimination. Which of the following best describes Elvis?
A. He would score high in social dominance orientation.
B. He would score high in a measure of authoritarianism.
C. He is exhibiting stigma consciousness.
D. He is scapegoating.
Difficulty: High
108. Beth believes that all sorority members are unintelligent and self-centered. After meeting Kim who has a 4.0 GPA and
spends 20 hours each week volunteering to help the disabled children Beth says “well, she's the exception to the rule.” This
is an example of
A. the illusion of transparency.
B. scapegoating.
C. subtyping.
D. the just-world phenomenon.
Difficulty: High
109. In Harber's (1998) study, poorly written essays received higher ratings if participants were led to believe they were
written by
A. White students.
B. Male students.
C. Female students.
D. Black students.
Difficulty: Medium
110. In Harber's (1998) study, poorly written essays received higher ratings if participants were led to believe they were
written by Black students than White students. This finding is an example of
A. subtle prejudice.
B. modern prejudice.
C. hostile prejudice.
D. explicit prejudice.
Difficulty: Low
111. Which of the following is FALSE about men compared to women?

A. They are more likely to be murdered
B. They are more likely to be diagnosed with autism
C. They are more likely to commit suicide
D. They are more likely to die later
Difficulty: Medium
112. Joe is an American. He views people trying to immigrate into America as nothing more than pests. This is an example
of
A. infrahumanization.
B. linguicism.
C. masochism.
D. deindividuation.
Difficulty: High
113. Paul is a very tolerant White male. When he meets Bill, an African-American, Paul assumes that Bill will view him as
an arrogant spoiled White man. Paul's belief is an example of a(n)
A. meta-stereotype.
B. stereotype threat.
C. own-race bias.
D. outgroup homogeneity.
Difficulty: High
114. Karen's idea about what all football players are like is based on her knowledge of Tim Tebow. Which of the following is
the problem with Karen's perception?
A. Tim Tebow, a vivid case, is not the best basis for judging the entire group.
B. Karen's perception is based on her meta-stereotype.
C. Karen is clearly stigma conscious.
D. Karen's perception is based on her planning fallacy.
Difficulty: High

115. Sally believes that all psychology majors are nosey. When she meets Jonathan she is surprised because, although he is a
psychology major, he respects her privacy and doesn't push her to share things if she doesn't want to. In the context of
subtyping, what will likely happen to Sally's stereotype of psychology majors?
A. She will develop stronger stereotypes about people like Jonathan.
B. She will say that Jonathan is the exception to the rule.
C. She will dislike Jonathan.
D. She will assume he is being nice for some other self-serving reason.
Difficulty: High
116. In which of the following situations are people LEAST likely to experience ingroup bias?
A. when the ingroup is small
B. when we are surrounded by a larger outgroup
C. when our ingroup is successful
D. when the ingroup is in the majority
Difficulty: Low
117. The tendency of people to get what they deserve and deserve what they get is called the
A. group-serving bias.
B. stigma consciousness.
C. just-world phenomenon.
D. outgroup homogeneity effect.
Difficulty: Low
118. Identify the true statement about the effect of stereotypes on judgments of individuals.
A. Stereotypes hardly reflect reality and hence do not affect judgments.
B. Strong stereotypes that are irrelevant do color the judgments of individuals.
C. People often evaluate individuals more negatively than the indivudals' groups.
D. Vivid information about a particular group member who doesn't fit the group does not overwhelm the effect of the base-
rate information about a group.
Difficulty: Medium
119. A person is labeled as ______ if they believe in the superiority of his/her own ethnic and cultural group and shows
disdain for all other groups.
A. discriminatory
B. high in social dominance orientation
C. xenophobic
D. ethnocentric
120. Define and provide examples of prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination.
Answers will vary.

Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Prejudice
121. Summarize the research on racial attitudes in the U.S. from the 1940s to current times.
Answers will vary.

Difficulty: Medium
122. Provide an example of hostile sexism and an example of benevolent sexism.
Answers will vary.

Difficulty: Medium
123. Gordon Allport (1958) stated: “The role of religion is paradoxical. It makes prejudice and it unmakes prejudice.”
Explain the research that indicates that this is true.
Answers will vary.

Difficulty: Medium
Feedback: What Are the Social Sources of Prejudice?, 268–269
124. Discuss how ingroup bias breeds favoritism.
Answers will vary.

Difficulty: Medium
125. Review the research on how distinctiveness can breed stereotypes.
Answers will vary.

Difficulty: Medium
Feedback: What Are the Cognitive Sources of Prejudice?, 280–283
126. Explain how a belief in the just-world phenomenon might affect social services for people in poverty.
Answers will vary.
Difficulty: Medium
Feedback: What Are the Cognitive Sources of Prejudice?, 285–286
127. Based on Myers' discussion of the social sources of prejudice, explain at least two ways to reduce prejudice in America.
Answers will vary.

Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Prejudice
Feedback: What Are the Social Sources of Prejudice?, 266–271
128. Explain how motivations can affect prejudice.
Answers will vary.

Difficulty: Medium
129. How are discriminations and the self-fulfilling prophecy concept related?
Answers will vary.
Category # of Questions
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 119
APA Learning Outcome: 3.3 Adopt values that build community at local, national, and global levels 127
Bloom's Level: Apply 27
Bloom's Level: Remember 60
Bloom's Level: Understand 40
Difficulty: High 27
Difficulty: Low 60
Difficulty: Medium 40
Learning Objective: Describe the different cognitive sources of prejudice. 32
Learning Objective: Identify and examine the motivational sources of prejudice. 23
Learning Objective: Identify and understand the consequences of prejudice. 10
Learning Objective: Understand and examine the influences that give rise to and maintain prejudice. 24
Learning Objective: Understand the nature of prejudice and the differences between prejudice, stereotypes, and
discrimination. 39
Topic: Cognitive Sources of Prejudice 32
Topic: Consequences of Prejudice 6
Topic: Discrimination 5
Topic: Gender Prejudice 13
Topic: Motivational Sources of Prejudice 23
Topic: Prejudice 27
Topic: Racial Prejudice 14
Topic: Stereotype Threat 4
Topic: Stereotypes 4

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Chapter 09

Prejudice: Disliking Others

Feedback: What Is the Nature and Power of Prejudice?, 255

2. Since the Iraq war, Americans have developed negative views of

Feedback: What Is the Nature and Power of Prejudice?, 254

3. A preconceived negative judgment of a group and its individual members is called

Feedback: What Is the Nature and Power of Prejudice?, 256

4. Prejudice is different from discrimination in that, prejudice is a negative

Feedback: What Is the Nature and Power of Prejudice?, 256

5. Attitudes contain all of the following EXCEPT

Feedback: What Is the Nature and Power of Prejudice?, 256

6. A belief about the personal attributes of a group of people is called a(n)

Feedback: What Is the Nature and Power of Prejudice?, 256

Feedback: What Is the Nature and Power of Prejudice?, 256

8. _____ is a negative attitude; _____ is a negative behavior.

Feedback: What Is the Nature and Power of Prejudice?, 256

Feedback: What Is the Nature and Power of Prejudice?, 256

10. An institutional practice that subordinates people of a given gender is called

Feedback: What Is the Nature and Power of Prejudice?, 256

Feedback: What Is the Nature and Power of Prejudice?, 256

12. Recent research confirms that prejudiced and stereotyped evaluations

Feedback: What Is the Nature and Power of Prejudice?, 257

Feedback: What Is the Nature and Power of Prejudice?, 256

Feedback: What Is the Nature and Power of Prejudice?, 258

Feedback: What Is the Nature and Power of Prejudice?, 258

Feedback: What Is the Nature and Power of Prejudice?, 258

Feedback: What Is the Nature and Power of Prejudice?, 259

Feedback: What Is the Nature and Power of Prejudice?, 260

Feedback: What Is the Nature and Power of Prejudice?, 262

Feedback: What Is the Nature and Power of Prejudice?, 262

22. Norms are _____. Stereotypes are _____.

Feedback: What Is the Nature and Power of Prejudice?, 262

23. Which of the following statement is FALSE about gender stereotypes?

Feedback: What Is the Nature and Power of Prejudice?, 262

Feedback: What Is the Nature and Power of Prejudice?, 262

Feedback: What Is the Nature and Power of Prejudice?, 263

26. In the context of sexism, most Americans agree that

Feedback: What Is the Nature and Power of Prejudice?, 263

27. Eagly's (1994) "women-are-wonderful" effect is an example of

Feedback: What Is the Nature and Power of Prejudice?, 263

28. Which of the following is an example of benevolent sexism?

Feedback: What Is the Nature and Power of Prejudice?, 263

29. Around the world, people tend to prefer

Feedback: What Is the Nature and Power of Prejudice?, 264

30. Identify the true statement about gay-lesbian prejudice.

Feedback: What Is the Nature and Power of Prejudice? 265

Feedback: What Is the Nature and Power of Prejudice?, 266

Feedback: What Are the Social Sources of Prejudice?, 266

Feedback: What Are the Social Sources of Prejudice?, 267

Feedback: What Are the Social Sources of Prejudice?, 267

35. People high in social dominance orientation are most likely to

Feedback: What Are the Social Sources of Prejudice?, 267

Feedback: What Are the Social Sources of Prejudice?, 267

Feedback: What Are the Social Sources of Prejudice?, 267

Feedback: What Are the Social Sources of Prejudice?, 267

Feedback: What Are the Social Sources of Prejudice?, 268

Feedback: What Are the Social Sources of Prejudice?, 268

8. _ is a negative attitude; _ is a negative behavior.

22. Norms are _. Stereotypes are _.