Reinforced Concrete Beam Analysis 35

(6) Under reinforced section: When the percentage of steel in a section is less than that
required for a balanced section, the section is called 'Under-reinforced section'. In this case
concrete stress does not reach its maximum allowable value while the stress in steel reaches its
maximum permissible vlaue. The position of the neutral axis will shift upwards, ie, the neutral
axis depth willbe smaller than that in the balanced section as shown in Fig. 2.10. The moment of
resistance of such a section willbe governed by allowble tensile stress in steel.
cbc Tcba<cbe

Actual N.A

Critical NA ---

m m m

Fig. 2.10. Under-reinforced section

Moment of resistance = o, A,
()
= o, A, j -d where j = 1-4
3

4, x100
Since p =

b-d

b-d
Moment of resistance O,P -jxd
100

O,PJ.p-d²
100

= - b - d2 where = 100 ...(2.7)

(C) Over-reinforced section: When the percentage of steel in a section is more than that
required for a balanced section, the section is called Over-reinforced section'. In this case the
Stress in concrete reaches its maximum allowable value earlier than that in steel. As the
Seel is more, the position of the neutral axis will shift towards steel from the critical ofpercentage
eural axis position. Thus the neutral axis depth will be greater than that in case of balanced
section as shown in Fig. 2.11. balanced
Moment of resistance of such a section will be governed by compressive stress in
concrete
Moment of resistance =b-x - ohe
36
Reinforced Concrete Structur

Oche.
2 .b-xd j

2
Ocke k' j' b.d?
= Qb d2

where ' = cbc. k'. j' =

2 constant .(2.8

Critical NA ---
Actual NA

m OstO
m m

Fig. 2.11
Over-reinforced Section
In the
materials. Inunder-reinforced and over-reinforced sections, there is wastage of one of
Some concreteunder-reinforced section, stress in a
remains un-utilised. Whereas in steel reaches its permissible value the two
concrete reaches its permissible value earlier, thus the over-reinforced section, stressearlier, thusin
reinforced sections failure in concrete occurs earlier.some steel remains un-utilised, In case remains
of over
and explosively without any warning. But in case Concreteof
being brittle, this happens suddenly
reaches its ultimate stress earlier. Steel being ductile, under-reinforces
it takes
sufficient warning before the final collapse of the structure.
sections,
some time to break.stress in steel
Hence it is always This gives
under-reinforced sections. desirable design
to
2.9 EFFECT OF VARYING PERCENTAGE OF STEEL ON
The moment of resistance is proportional to the percentage of steel MOMENT
OF
RESISTANCE
effect of varying percentage of steel on moment of resistance is present in the section, The
shown in Fig. 2.12 where
M
and p=
4, x100
b"d' b-d.