Electromagnetic Fields And

Waves
Chapter One - Part I
Maxwell’s Equations
Dr. Asem Al-Zoubi

10/6/2022

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 Electromagnetic Fields And Waves

Stationary charges electrostatic fields

Steady currents magnetostatic fields

time-varying currents electromagnetic

fields (or waves)

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 Faraday’s Law
Michael Faraday
•1791 – 1867
• British physicist and chemist
• Great experimental scientist
• Contributions to early electricity
include:
– Invention of motor, generator, and
transformer
– Electromagnetic induction
– Laws of electrolysis
Electrolysis is the passing of a direct electric current through an electrolyte producing
chemical reactions at the electrodes and decomposition of the materials.

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 Faraday’s Law
Induced Fields
• Magnetic fields may vary in time.
• Experiments conducted in 1831 showed that an emf can be
induced in a circuit by a changing magnetic field.
– Experiments were done by Michael Faraday and Joseph
Henry.
• The results of these experiments led to Faraday’s Law of
Induction.
• An induced current is produced by a changing magnetic field.
• There is an induced emf associated with the induced current.
• A current can be produced without a battery present in the
circuit.
• Faraday’s law of induction describes the induced emf.

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 Faraday’s Law
EMF Produced by a Changing Magnetic Field, 1

• A loop of wire is connected to a

sensitive ammeter.
• When a magnet is moved toward
the loop, the ammeter deflects.
– The direction was arbitrarily
chosen to be negative.

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 Faraday’s Law
EMF Produced by a Changing Magnetic Field, 2

• When the magnet is held

stationary, there is no
deflection of the ammeter.
• Therefore, there is no
induced current.
– Even though the
magnet is in the loop

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 Faraday’s Law
EMF Produced by a Changing Magnetic Field, 3

•The magnet is moved away

from the loop.
•The ammeter deflects in
the opposite direction.

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 Faraday’s Law
Induced Current Experiment, Summary

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 Faraday’s Law
EMF Produced by a Changing Magnetic Field,
Summary
• The ammeter deflects when the magnet is moving toward or
away from the loop.
• The ammeter also deflects when the loop is moved toward or
away from the magnet.
• Therefore, the loop detects that the magnet is moving relative
to it.
– We relate this detection to a change in the magnetic field.
– This is the induced current that is produced by an
induced emf.

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 Faraday’s Law
Faraday’s Experiment – Set Up
• A primary coil is connected
to a switch and a battery.
• The wire is wrapped around
an iron ring.
• A secondary coil is also
wrapped around the iron ring.
• There is no battery present
in the secondary coil.
• The secondary coil is not
directly connected to the
primary coil.

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 Faraday’s Law
Faraday’s Experiment
• Close the switch and
observe the current readings
given by the ammeter.

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 Faraday’s Law
Faraday’s Experiment – Findings
• At the instant the switch is closed, the ammeter changes
from zero in one direction and then returns to zero.
• When the switch is opened, the ammeter changes in the
opposite direction and then returns to zero.
• The ammeter reads zero when there is a steady current
or when there is no current in the primary circuit.

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 Faraday’s Law
Faraday’s Experiment – Conclusions
• An electric current can be induced in a loop by a changing
magnetic field.
– This would be the current in the secondary circuit of
this experimental set-up.
• The induced current exists only while the magnetic field
through the loop is changing.
• This is generally expressed as: an induced emf is
produced in the loop by the changing magnetic field.
– The actual existence of the magnetic flux is not
sufficient to produce the induced emf, the flux must be
changing.

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 Faraday’s Law
Summary
Faraday observed that a steady current in X produced no
current in Y. When the current was starting or stopping in X,
current was produced in Y. He concluded only a changing
magnetic field can produce an electric current. This is
called an induced current.

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 Faraday’s Law
Faraday’s Law of Induction – Statements
• The emf induced in a circuit is directly proportional to the
time rate of change of the magnetic flux through the circuit.
• Mathematically, dΨ
Vemf = − B
dt
• Remember ΨB is the magnetic flux through the circuit and
is found by  
ΨB = ∫ B ⋅ dA
• If the circuit consists of N loops, all of the same area, and
if ΨB is the flux through one loop, an emf is induced in
every loop and Faraday’s law becomes
d ΨB
Vemf = − N
dt
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 Faraday’s Law
Faraday’s Law
• Consider the figure beside.

• Current in the coil produces

B which passes through the
loop.

• Flux through the loop is

given by
 
= ∫ B ⋅ dS
Ψ
S

S is the area of the loop

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 Faraday’s Law

• Under stationary conditions, the DC current produces

constant B Constant Ψ,

NO current in the loop.

• Current is induced in the loop only when Ψ changes, e.g.

connecting and disconnecting the battery, or moving the
loop physically.

• This induced current produces an “emf“ across the

galvanometer terminals.

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 Faraday’s Law
• “emf ” (electromagnetic force) is the voltage across the
galvanometer terminals.

• This is called electromagnetic conduction. The emf

induced in a closed conducting loop of N turns is given by
dΨ d  
Vemf −N
= − N ∫ B ⋅ dS
= Faraday’s Law
dt dt S
• Note that Ψ linking S has to change with time to produce
Vemf. This could happen if:

(1) Time varying B links a stationary loop (called

transformer emf). OR
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 Faraday’s Law
(2) Moving loop with a time-varying area in static B (called
motional emf) OR
(3) Moving loop in a time varying B.
(4) The angle between the magnetic field and the normal
to the loop can change with time.

• Any combination of the above can occur

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 Faraday’s Law
Faraday’s Law – Example
• Assume a loop enclosing an
area A lies in a uniform
magnetic field.

• The magnetic flux through

the loop is ΨB = BA cos θ.

• The induced emf is

d
Vemf = − ( BA cos θ )
dt

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 Faraday’s Law
• Faraday’s law indicates that the induced emf and the
change in flux have opposite algebraic signs.
• This has a physical interpretation that has come to be
known as Lenz’s law.
• Developed by German physicist Heinrich Lenz
• Lenz’s law: the induced current in a loop is in the
direction that creates a magnetic field that opposes the
change in magnetic flux through the area enclosed by the
loop.
• The induced current tends to keep the original magnetic
flux through the circuit from changing.

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 Faraday’s Law
Force

Motional Electric Field

dΨ dx
Vemf =
− Bl
= uBl
=
dt dt
Using Stokes’s Theorem

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 Faraday’s Law
Example

•The conducting bar slides on the two fixed conducting rails.

•The magnetic flux due to the external magnetic field through the
enclosed area increases with time.
•The induced current must produce a magnetic field out of the page.
– The induced current must be counterclockwise.
•If the bar moves in the opposite direction, the direction of the induced
current will also be reversed.

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 Faraday’s Law

• “emf” acts as though a voltage source inserted in the loop.

• For stationary loop in time-varying

 B
dB 
Vemf −N ∫
= ⋅ dS (transformer emf)
S
dt
• Also, Vemf is related to E by
 
= ∫ E ⋅ dl
Vemf
C

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 Faraday’s Law
• For N = 1

dB   
−∫ ⋅ dS = ∫ E ⋅ dl Integral form of Faraday’s Law
S
dt C
Direction of the contour C and dS are related by Right Hand Rule.

• Stokes’s Theorem

dB      
−∫
S
dt
⋅ dS= ∫ E ⋅ dl=
C
∫(
S
)
∇ × E ⋅ dS

  dB
⇒ ∇× E = − Point form of Faraday’s Law
dt
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 Faraday’s Law
• The relation between the direction of dS and the polarity of Vemf is also

governed by R. H. R.: place the thumb of R. H. along dS fingers

will point to the positive terminal of the open-circuit induced voltage.
• Note: dynamic E is not conservative.
• Note: dynamic E and H are coupled.

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 Faraday’s Law
Example

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 Faraday’s Law

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 Faraday’s Law
Example

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 Faraday’s Law
Moving conductor in static B

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 Faraday’s Law
Example

Sliding bar . The

bar starts from
x=0 at t=0.

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 Faraday’s Law

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 Faraday’s Law

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 Faraday’s Law
Example

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 Faraday’s Law

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 Faraday’s Law

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 Faraday’s Law
Example

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 Faraday’s Law

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 Faraday’s Law
Example

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 Faraday’s Law

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 Faraday’s Law

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 Faraday’s Law
Moving conductor in Time-Varying B

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 Faraday’s Law
Example

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 Electromagnetic Fields And Waves

END
of Chapter One - Part I

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