ANIL MACHYA

Solved Papers, Public International Law

2018

1. Who is the Current President of the International Court of Justice ?

On 8 February 2021, the Court elected Judge Joan E. Donoghue (United States of America) as
President and Judge Kirill Gevorgian (Russian Federation) as Vice-President.

2. Who are the five permanent members of the

United Nations Security Council ?
America, Russia, China, France and Britain.

3. Who made the statement "The purpose of UN is world

peace"?
Kelson.

4. Who may be the parties before the International

Court of Justice ?
Only states. According to Article 34 of the ICJ Statute, only sovereign states are eligible to be
parties in cases before the Court.

5. What is also termed as "A child of war" ?

League of Nation.

6. Define an International Organisation.

THE TERM "international organization (IO)" generally refers to international governmental
organizations or organizations with a universal membership of sovereign states. The most
prominent IO is the United Nations, with 193 members.

7. Who can be admitted as a member of United Nations ?

According to the article 4 of United Nations Charter, any sovereign state that is willing and
able to carry out the obligations outlined in the Charter can apply for membership in the
United Nations. Such state may admitted in UN on affirmative recommendation of security
council and by election in general assembly, with the 2thirds majority.

8. How many principal organs does United Nations have ?

6.

9. International Labour Organisation came into existence in?

The International Labour Organization (ILO) came into existence on October 29, 1919, as
part of the Treaty of Versailles.

10. Write the full form of IBRD.

The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) is a global development
cooperative owned by 189 member countries
 Part B
11. What are the objectives of International Labour Organization.
Upon reading the preamble of the Constitution of ILO and the Philadelphia declaration
combinedly, the following objectives can be pointed out:
I. Development of International Labor Standards: The ILO sets and promotes
international labor standards through the adoption of conventions and
recommendations. These standards cover a wide range of labor-related issues,
including freedom of association, collective bargaining, forced labor, child labor,
non-discrimination, and occupational safety and health.
II. Establishing universal and lasting peace: It states that for the achieving the same,
the humane condition of work should be provided. The principles of social justice
should be followed.
III. To strengthen Tri-party cooperation and social dialogue.
IV. Raising the standard of living: it advocates for such policies and framework, which
can help in improving in overall development in the living standards. It also provides
for such measures by which workers can have the satisfaction of giving the fullest
measure of their skill, and make their contribution to the common well being,
V. To ensure that men and women have equal access to decent work while enhancing
opportunities for the same.

12. What is peaceful settlement of disputes?

The Peaceful or Pacific means of settlement of international disputes refers to various methods
that countries or parties can use to resolve disputes peacefully without resorting to violence or
war. These methods are considered "pacific" because they involve peaceful resolution rather
than the use of force.
I. Negotiations: This is when countries or parties directly communicate with
one another in order to try to reach a mutually acceptable solution to the
dispute. This can be done through formal negotiations, such as at a
conference or summit, or informally, such as through diplomatic channels.
II. Mediation: it involves the use of an impartial third party to help the
disputing parties reach a resolution. The mediator does not make decisions
or impose solutions, but rather facilitates communication and helps the
parties find common ground.
III. Conciliation: it is similar to that of mediation, but the conciliator may take
a more active role in suggesting solutions and making recommendations to
the parties.
IV. Arbitration: it involves the use of an arbitrator or a panel of arbitrators who
will make a binding decision on the dispute. The parties typically agree in
advance to accept the decision of the arbitrator as final and binding.
V. Judicial settlement is when a dispute is submitted to a judicial body for a
decision. This can be done through the International Court of Justice, which
is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations, or through other
international tribunals or national courts.
VI. Good Offices: it is also one of the important method of settlement of
international disputes. In this, initiative is taken by the third party for
 settlement of disputes between two parties. The third party persues the
disputed parties for negotiation and makes arrangements. The third party
neither participates nor makes its suggestions. It only prepares atmosphere
for negotiation. In such cases, the Secretary General of General Assembly
plays an important role. Cyprus dispute, Rambow Warrier dispute are
examples of good offices.
VII. Settlement of Disputes Through UNO: UNO is the powerful means for
settlement of international disputes.
VIII. Inquiry: it is not an independent method of settlement of international
disputes but it is used in some form or other for settlement of disputes. When
any dispute is entrusted to any committee or commission, they conduct
enquiry by means of which disputes are settled. Facts are bound by enquiry
and efforts are made to reach at certain conclusion.

13. Discuss the role of Security Council in maintenance of International

Peace and Security.
The United Nations Security Council plays a central role in the maintenance of
international peace and security. It is responsible for addressing threats to peace,
identifying acts of aggression, and taking collective measures to prevent or resolve
conflicts.
I. Non-Proliferation and Disarmament: The Security Council addresses issues
related to the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and
disarmament. It has the authority to adopt resolutions and measures aimed
at preventing the spread of WMD, promoting disarmament, and ensuring
compliance with relevant treaties, such as the Treaty on the Non-
Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT).
II. Peacekeeping: The Security Council has the authority to deploy
peacekeeping missions to areas affected by conflicts. These missions help
stabilize volatile situations, monitor ceasefires, protect civilians, facilitate
political processes, and support the restoration of peace and security.
III. Imposition of Sanctions: The Security Council has the power to impose
economic and diplomatic sanctions on states or non-state entities that pose
a threat to international peace and security. Sanctions can include trade
restrictions, arms embargoes, travel bans, and financial measures.
IV. Authorization of Use of Force: In situations where peaceful means are
insufficient, the Security Council has the authority to authorize the use of
force to address threats to international peace and security. This authority is
granted under Chapter VII of the UN Charter and has been exercised in cases
such as the Gulf War in 1990-1991 and interventions to protect civilians, as
seen in Libya in 2011.

14. What are the different kinds of International Organisations ?

There are various types of international organizations that serve different purposes and have
different structures. Here are some of the main types:
 I. Intergovernmental Organizations (IGOs): These organizations are established by treaties
or agreements between sovereign states. Examples include the United Nations (UN),
World Trade Organization (WTO), World Health Organization (WHO), International
Monetary Fund (IMF), and the International Criminal Court (ICC).
II. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs): NGOs are independent entities that operate
on an international scale and are typically driven by specific objectives such as
humanitarian aid, human rights advocacy, environmental conservation, or development
work. Examples include Amnesty International, Greenpeace, Doctors Without Borders
(Médecins Sans Frontières), and Oxfam.
III. Regional Organizations: Regional organizations are formed by states within a specific
geographic region to address regional challenges and promote cooperation. Examples
include the European Union (EU), African Union (AU), Organization of American States
(OAS), Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), and the Arab League.
IV. Specialized Agencies: Specialized agencies are autonomous organizations within the
United Nations system that focus on specific areas, such as health, labor, education,
culture, or telecommunications. Examples include the World Health Organization
(WHO), International Labor Organization (ILO), United Nations Educational, Scientific
and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), and International Telecommunication Union (ITU).
V. Economic Organizations: These organizations focus on economic issues, trade, and
financial cooperation. They work to facilitate economic development, promote
international trade, and address economic challenges. Examples include the World Bank
Group, International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Trade Organization (WTO), and
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).
VI. Security Organizations: Security organizations aim to maintain international peace and
security by addressing conflicts, preventing aggression, and promoting disarmament.
(NATO) is one of the example of such organization.

Part C
15. Describe the constitution, function, and jurisdiction of
International Court of Justice.

The International Court of Justice (ICJ), often referred to as the World Court, is the principal judicial
organ of the United Nations. It was established in 1945 by the United Nations charter and started
working in April 1946.

It is situated in the Peace Palace in The Hague, and unlike the other principal organs of the United
Nations, it is the only one not located in New York (USA).

Composition/Constitution
ICJ is one among 6 principle organs of UNO. It is based on statute, which is an integral
part of charter.
Apart from its establishing members, new states can also become a party of the statute of
ICJ, on recommendations of security councils and conditions laid down by UNGA.
15 judges elected by UNGA and UNSC separately.

Term of judges: 9 years. Re-election is possible.

Custom: 5 judges from permanent members of UNSC.

ICJ elects its president and vice-president for the term of 3 years. Re-election is possible.
After every 3rd year, 5 judges retire on rotational basis.
 Functions
I. Settlement of Legal Disputes: The primary function of the ICJ is to settle legal
disputes between states. It can hear cases on a wide range of legal issues, including
territorial disputes, interpretation of treaties, state responsibility, human rights and
international humanitarian law.
II. Advisory Opinions: The ICJ can also provide advisory opinions to United Nations
organs and specialized agencies. When requested by authorized organs, the Court
issues non-binding advisory opinions on legal questions to assist in their decision-
making processes.

jurisdiction
I. contentious jurisdiction: The ICJ has jurisdiction over contentious cases, which are
legal disputes submitted to the Court by states that have consented to its
jurisdiction. Both parties involved in the dispute must agree to the Court's
jurisdiction for a case to proceed. The Court's judgments in contentious cases are
binding and final.
II. Optional jurisdiction, article 36(2): state parties any may declare the jurisdiction of
ICJ without any specific settlement, and if another party also agrees, then the court
will get the jurisdiction. Under optional jurisdiction, state parties may provide
jurisdiction to ICJ for the following matters:
A. Interpretation of a treaty,
B. Any question of international law,
C. The existence of any fact, which, if established, would cause breech of
international obligation,
D. The nature and extent of repression to be made breech of an international
obligation.
III. Transferred jurisdiction, article 36(5): declaration made under articles of PCIJ and
which are still enforce, shall deemed with as between the party to the present
statute, to be acceptance of the compulsory jurisdiction of the ICJ for the period
which they still have to run and in accordance with their terms.
Example: A and B states given consent to PCIJ for 10 years, but PCIJ dissolved only
within 5 years. The present court, i.e. ICJ would have the jurisdiction for the
remaining period of 5 years, unless the parties withdraws.
IV. advisory jurisdiction, article 96: UNGA and UNSC may request to ICJ to give advisory
opinion on any legal question. Other organs of UNO and specific agencies may also
request to ICJ for advisory opinion with the permission of UNGA.
Advisory opinion is not considered as a decision, and it don’t have a binding effect.
Even ICJ is not bound to give advisory opinion.

16. Discuss the role of the United Nations in the implementation of International
Humanitarian Law.
The United Nations (UN) plays a significant role in the implementation of
International Humanitarian Law (IHL), which is a body of international law that seeks
to protect individuals who are affected by armed conflicts.
 Role of UN in Promotion of IHL
I. Development and Promotion of IHL: The UN actively works to develop and
promote IHL. It has played a crucial role in the adoption of major IHL
treaties, including the four Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their Additional
Protocols of 1977. The UN General Assembly and other UN bodies, such as
the International Law Commission, contribute to the development of IHL
norms through resolutions, discussions, and legal expertise.
II. Monitoring and Reporting: The UN conducts monitoring and reporting
activities to assess compliance with IHL. This includes monitoring the
situation of civilians, children, and other vulnerable groups in armed
conflicts and documenting violations of IHL. UN bodies, such as the Office
for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) and human rights
mechanisms, contribute to these efforts and provide information to the
international community.
III. Dissemination and Education: The UN promotes the dissemination and
education of IHL to increase awareness and understanding of its principles
and rules. It encourages states, armed forces, and other stakeholders to
integrate IHL into their training programs and disseminate information to
the public. The UN provides resources, guidelines, and platforms for sharing
best practices in IHL education.
IV. The UN advocates for the compliance and enforcement of IHL by all parties
to armed conflicts. It condemns violations of IHL, urges parties to respect
their obligations, and calls for accountability and justice for war crimes and
other serious violations. The UN Security Council and General Assembly
issue resolutions and statements emphasizing the importance of respecting
and protecting IHL in conflict situations.
V. Humanitarian Assistance: The UN coordinates and provides humanitarian
assistance in conflict-affected areas to alleviate human suffering and uphold
IHL principles. It supports the provision of essential services, protection of
civilians, access to healthcare, and assistance to refugees and internally
displaced persons. UN agencies, such as the United Nations High
Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the United Nations Children's Fund
(UNICEF), play a vital role in delivering humanitarian aid in accordance with
IHL.
VI. Peacekeeping Operations: UN peacekeeping operations often operate in
situations where armed conflicts are ongoing or have recently ceased. They
are mandated to protect civilians, facilitate humanitarian access, and
promote compliance with IHL. Peacekeepers receive training on IHL and are
expected to adhere to its principles and rules while carrying out their
missions.
VII. International Criminal Justice: The UN supports international criminal justice
mechanisms, such as the International Criminal Court (ICC) and international
and hybrid tribunals, which prosecute individuals responsible for serious
violations of IHL. The UN assists in investigations, facilitates cooperation
with national authorities, and promotes the rule of law in post-conflict
situations.

VIII.
17. Explain the functions of General Assembly.

Introduction
The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) is one of the six principal organs of
the United Nations and is composed of representatives from all 193 member states.
As the main deliberative, policy-making, and representative body of the UN, the
UNGA provides a platform for member states to come together and discuss a wide
range of international issues, including peace and security, development, human
rights, and global cooperation.
The UNGA meets annually in a regular session, during which member states address
key global challenges, share their perspectives, and adopt resolutions and decisions.
While the UNGA's resolutions are not legally binding, they hold significant political
weight and serve as a reflection of the collective will and aspirations of the
international community.

Functions of UNGA

I. Deliberative Functions: The UNGA performs various functions related to discussions,

studies, recommendations, and the passing of resolutions on different matters. These
functions can be summarized as follows:
A. Discuss any question or matter within the scope of the UN Charter, which relates to
the powers and functions of any organ of the UN.
B. Recommend to the UN Security Council regarding cooperation for international
peace, including disarmament and arms regulation.
C. Draw the attention of the UNSC to situations that are detrimental to peace and
security.
D. Initiate and recommend actions in the following areas:
● Promoting international cooperation in the political field.
● Encouraging the development of international law.
● Promoting cooperation in economic, social, cultural, educational, medical, and
human rights fields.

Limitations of these functions:

A. The UNGA is not authorized to interfere in the domestic jurisdiction of states.
B. Resolutions or declarations adopted by the UNGA are not legally binding on states; they
are merely recommendations.

II. Supervisory functions: It has supervisory jurisdiction over the other organs of UN. It has,
particularly control over 2 principle organs of UN: economic and social council and
trusteeship.

Exceptions
strategic areas: under the direct supervision and control of UNSC.
III. Financial functions: UNGA considers and approves the budget of UN. It also manage the
expenses.
IV. Elective functions: It can be divided into:
A. Admission of new states: UNGA performs the important function of admitting new
members. It requires 2third majority of existing members, who are present and
 voting, with the preceding condition of upon the recommendation of UNSC. Besides
this, UNGA has power of suspension and expulsion of an existing member.
B. Elections of members of other organs: Such as:
● It elects non-permanent members of UNSC.
● It elects member of the economic and social council.
● It also elects members of trusteeship council.
● It also participates in appointment of judges of ICJ.
● Participates in appointment of secretary general.

V. Constituent functions: Such as: takes part in amend of charter. Such amendment shall
come into force adopted by vote of 2third members of UNGA, including all permanent
members of UNSC.

18. Explain in detail the purposes and principles of United

Nations.
The United Nations (UN) is an international organization founded in 1945 after World
War II with the aim of promoting peace, security, and cooperation among nations.
Comprising 193 member states, the UN serves as a platform for dialogue, negotiation,
and collaboration on global issues. Guided by its charter, the UN strives to foster
international understanding, resolve conflicts peacefully, and create a better world for
all

Brief Historical Background

● The Atlantic Charter (1941): British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and American
President Franklin Roosevelt collaborated to end Nazism and establish peace.
● The UN Declaration (1942): Signed by major Allied powers, it marked the first use of the
term "United Nations" and emphasized cooperation.
● Dumbarton Oaks Conference (1944): Discussions among key nations laid the groundwork for
the UN's composition and functions.
● San Francisco Conference (1945): Representatives from 51 countries adopted the UN
Charter, which came into force on October 24, 1945.

Purpose of UN, Article 1

I. Maintaining international peace and security: The UN is dedicated to saving
future generations from the devastation of war and taking collective measures
to promote peace.
II. Developing friendly relations among nations: The UN aims to foster cooperation,
economic and social stability, and the wellbeing of nations, based on principles
such as equal rights and self-determination.
III. Cooperating in solving international problems: The UN encourages collaboration
to address economic, social, and humanitarian issues, while promoting human
rights and fundamental freedoms for all individuals without discrimination.
IV. Making the UN a center for achieving common goals: The UN aims to serve as a
platform for member states to work together towards the attainment of the
above-mentioned purposes.
 Principles of United Nations, Article 2
I. Peaceful settlement of international disputes: The UN advocates for the peaceful
resolution of disputes to ensure that international peace is not disrupted.
II. Principle of non-intervention: Member states are expected to refrain from using threats
or force against the territorial integrity and political independence of other states.
III. Principle of sovereign equality: The UN upholds the principle that all member states are
equal under international law, regardless of their size or strength. Discrimination on any
basis is prohibited.
IV. Good faith and obligations: Member states are required to fulfill their obligations and
act in good faith in accordance with the UN Charter.
V. Assistance for common actions: Member states are called upon to provide assistance to
the UN in fulfilling common actions outlined in the Charter.
VI. Duty of non-member states: The UN seeks to ensure that non-member states act in
accordance with the principles outlined in the Charter to maintain international peace
and security.
VII. Non-intervention in domestic matters of a state: While the exact scope of domestic
jurisdiction is not explicitly defined, member states are generally expected to submit
their disputes under the Charter for settlement, indicating a respect for the sovereignty
and internal affairs of states.

Solved Paper, PIL, 2017

1. In which case, the ICJ held that international organisations have international legal
personality?

In the Reparation for Injuries case (1949) ICJ.

2. What majority was required to take decisions in the League of

Nations?

In the League of Nations, decisions were taken based on the principle of unanimity. This means that
all member states had to agree and vote in favor of a decision for it to be adopted.

3. In which conference, the draft of UN Charter was finalized and

adopted?

At the San Francisco Conference, (April 25 to June 26, 1945).

4. What is the first and foremost purpose of the UNO?

To maintain international peace and security.

5. In which conflict, the Uniting for Peace Resolution was used for the first time?
In Korean War (1950-1953).
6. Whether to take a decision on non-procedural matter, all the permanent members of the
Security Council are required to vote?
No, for non-procedural matters, the unanimous agreement of all permanent members of the United
Nations Security Council is not required. The principle of unanimity is generally applied to decisions
regarding procedural matters, such as the adoption of rules of procedure or the selection of the
Council's President.

7. Who has the power to establish a Commission on Human Rights?

The power to establish a Commission on Human Rights lies with the United Nations Economic and
Social Council (ECOSOC).

8. What is the quorum in ICJ?

In the case of the ICJ, Article 27 of its statute states that a majority of the members of the Court shall
constitute a quorum.

9. What is the prime function of

International Labour Conference?

to serve as the supreme decision-making body of the International Labour Organization.

10. Why the value of vote differ

from country to country in IMF?
Because it is based on a system of weighted voting known as the "quota system." Each member
country of the IMF is assigned a quota, which represents its financial contribution to the
organization.

Part B
11. What are basic characteristics of international organisations?

International organizations possess several basic characteristics that distinguish them from other
types of entities. These characteristics include:
I. Voluntary Membership: International organizations are composed of member states or
entities that voluntarily join and participate in the organization. Membership is based on
the consent of the participating entities.
II. Established by Treaties or Agreements: International organizations are typically created
through treaties or agreements among member states. These legal instruments outline
the purpose, structure, and functions of the organization.
III. International Scope: International organizations operate on a global or regional scale,
addressing issues and challenges that transcend national boundaries. They have a
mandate to work and cooperate across different countries.
IV. Common Goals and Objectives: International organizations are established to pursue
specific goals and objectives that are of shared interest to their member states.
V. Rule-Based Systems: International organizations operate based on rules, principles, and
norms established by their constituent documents or international law.

12. Write a short note on the Uniting for Peace Resolution.

The Uniting for Peace Resolution—or the Acheson Plan, as it was once popularly called—was
adopted by the UN General Assembly on November 3, 1950. It is commonly conceded that its
 procedures were designed to help surmount an apparently major obstacle to the operation of
the UN: the Soviet veto or its alleged abuse, and the concomitant stagnation of the Security
Council. The resolution empowers as under:
I. A special emergency session can be called by 9 affirmative votes of UNSC, or by majority of
members of UNGA.
II. If UNSC fails to take actions on breech of peace, UNGA may consider to take appropriate
actions.
III. The resolution empowered to UNGA to take collective measures, which extends to using
armed forces.
IV. A 14 members peace observation commission was established, in order to supervise the
conflicting areas and submitting the reports.
V. Each member asked for armed forces fully equipped.

Validity of united for peace resolution

The resolution was challenged by USSR and its allies on the ground that it violates the UN charter.
It was held that UN can do it by fulfilling two test:
I. It shouldn’t be against the provision of charter.
II. It should be for achieve the purpose of article 1.

Conclusion: Uniting for peace resolution is a valid resolution and not inconsistent with the charter.
Fulfils the above two test.

13. What is compulsory jurisdiction of ICJ?

The compulsory or contentious jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) refers to the
jurisdiction that the court has over certain disputes, wherein the parties involved are obligated to
accept and comply with the court's decisions. The compulsory jurisdiction is governed by Article 36
of the ICJ Statute.
There are two main mechanisms through which the ICJ's jurisdiction can be compulsory:
I. State parties may have/insert provision in treaty/conventions,
II. State parties may accept jurisdiction by declaration later on. Declaration for jurisdiction
maybe for certain time period or for a particular case, with or without a condition.

there are certain categories of disputes that are excluded from the ICJ's compulsory jurisdiction.
These include
I. disputes related to matters falling under the domestic jurisdiction of states,
II. disputes between states that have pre-existing agreements for different means of
settlement, and
III. disputes involving states that are not parties to the ICJ Statute.

14. Distinguish between IMF and IBRD.

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development (IBRD), popularly known as World Bank, are both specialized agencies of the United
Nations that play significant roles in the global financial system. While they have overlapping
objectives, they differ in their primary functions and focus.
 I. The IMF focuses on bringing economic stability, whereas the World Bank laid emphasis
on economic growth of the developing nations.
II. The major objective of the IMF is to deal with matters related to the financial sector and
macroeconomics. On the other hand, the purpose of the World Bank is to reduce
poverty and to promote economic development.
III. The IMF has 190 member countries, whereas the IBRD has 189 members.
IV. In contrast of IMF, the IBRD generally provides loan for long term projects.

Part C
15. Discuss the causes of failure of the League of Nations and the historical background of formation
of UNO.
Introduction
The League of Nations (LON) emerged as a result of the devastating consequences of World War I.
Often referred to as "A child of war," its establishment aimed to prevent future conflicts and
promote international cooperation. On January 8, 1918, President Woodrow Wilson of the United
States presented his visionary 14 Points program, which included the idea of creating a league of
nations. Subsequently, on April 21, 1919, the Covenant of the League of Nations was adopted.
Finally, on January 10, 1920, the League of Nations was officially established, marking the beginning
of a new era in international relations.
Causes of Failure
I. Decisions of council were taken unanimously, but this principle proved detrimental and
obstructed the functioning of LON, reason being groupism amongst nations.
II. LON did not completely prohibited war. It permitted war under certain circumstances. It
proved constitutional defect of covenant.
III. President Wilson contributed much for the establishment, but America was never
became its member.
IV. Provisions for amendment of the covenant proved fatal. Example: if any amendment
was not acceptable by any state, it ceased to be a member of LON.
V. Withdrawal of membership could be done by giving 2 years notice. It resulted in
reduction of members, 62 to 32.
VI. Council was incompetent to settle disputes peacefully.
VII. LON was also not capable to prevent the great powers from attacking or exploiting the
weaker states.

Events that led to establishment of UN

● June 12, 1941: Declaration of Cent James Palace - Representatives of the exile government
gathered at James Palace in London, expressing their desire to establish peace.
● August 14, 1941: The Atlantic Charter - Winston Churchill and Franklin Roosevelt crafted this
charter during a meeting aboard a ship in the Atlantic Ocean, aimed at ending Nazism and
promoting peace.
● January 1, 1942: The UN declaration - Signed by America, Britain, Russia, China, and 20 other
states, marking the first usage of the term "United Nations" and pledging cooperation and
avoidance of armistice agreements with enemies.
 ● October 30, 1943: Moscow Declaration - Signed by Britain, America, China, and Russia,
emphasizing joint action against the common enemy and the urgent need for a world
organization.
● 1944: Dumbarton Oaks conference - Discussions among Russia, Britain, America, and China
about the proposed organization's composition, functions, and principle organs. The name
"The United Nations" was approved.
● June 1945: San Francisco conference - Attended by numerous states, where the UN Charter
was unanimously adopted, pending signature and ratification by China, France, Britain,
America, Russia, and other majority states.
● October 24, 1945: Entry into force - The UN Charter came into force after all necessary
requirements were completed.
● Current status - The United Nations, initially composed of 51 member states, now has a
membership of 193 countries.

16. Deliberate on the functions and powers of the General

Assembly.

Done

17. Explain the jurisdiction of the law applied by the ICJ.

The jurisdiction of the ICJ has been discussed previously.

Methods of conferring jurisdiction

The basis of jurisdiction for the ICJ is the consent of the states involved.

Law applied by the ICJ

The International Court of Justice (ICJ) applies the law according to Article 38 of its statute, which
recognizes various sources of international law. These sources include:

I. international conventions,
II. customs,
III. general principles of law recognized by states,
IV. judicial decisions,
V. juristic works,
VI. In cases where the parties are willing, the ICJ can settle disputes through ex aequo et
bono, which allows the court to decide a case based on considerations of fairness rather
than specific legal provisions. However, the binding force of the ICJ's decisions applies
only to the parties involved and not to the court itself.

18. Write short notes on any two:

I. Veto power.
II. Objectives and functions of ILO.
III. Settlement of disputes by the Security Council through
peaceful means.

The last two has been dealt in 2018 paper.

 Veto power

The term "veto" refers to a negative vote used to block or prevent a particular action or decision
from being taken. In the context of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC), the veto power is a
significant authority held by the five permanent members of the council: America, Russia, China,
Britain and France.

According to Article 27 of the United Nations Charter, important decisions of the council require the
affirmative votes of all five permanent members. This means that if any one of the permanent
members casts a negative vote, known as a veto, the proposed action or resolution will not be
adopted, regardless of the opinions or votes of the other members.

It is worth noting that Absence of the representatives of a permanent member from the meeting of
security council is not considered as veto.

The veto power is probably the most important distinction between permanent and non-permanent
members in the UN Charter. While many critics see it as undemocratic and a catalyst for war,
proponents see it as a tool for maintaining global stability. Many argue, however, that avoiding US
dominance is the way of the world.

By 1945, when the UN was formed, this concept of a veto over international organizations’ acts was
not novel. Every member of the League Council has a veto over any non-procedural issues in the
League of Nations.

Veto power and India’s position

India has been not given the permanent membership in the UNSC till now. It, being a prominent
member of the United Nations, has long advocated for reforming the Security Council, including the
issue of veto power. India has been a strong proponent of expanding the permanent membership of
the UNSC and abolishing or limiting the veto power. India argues that the current composition of the
Security Council does not adequately represent the geopolitical realities of the 21st century and that
reforms are necessary to enhance the legitimacy and effectiveness of the Council.

It has also became the part of several groups, such as G4 who advocates the reforms in UNSC.

Solved Paper, PIL, 2018

1. When League of Nations was formed?

The League of Nations was formed on January 10, 1920, under the treaty of Versailles.

2. Name the present Secretary General of United Nations Organization?

António Guterres.

3. What is full form of IBRD?

International Bank for reconstruction and Development.

4. Define Veto.
 The term "veto" refers to a negative vote used to block or prevent a particular action or
decision from being taken. In the context of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC), the
veto power is a significant authority held by the five permanent members of the council:
America, Russia, China, Britain and France.

5. State two causes responsible for the failure of League of Nations.

I. Provision for unanimous decision.
II. Non-joining of great powers, such as America, Russia etc.
III. Great depression of 1930s.

6. What do you understand by the term "International Institutions?

The term "international institutions" refers to organizations, entities, or structures that are created
by sovereign states or other international actors to address and manage various issues of global
concern.

7. What does "Uniting for Peace Resolution" mean?

The "Uniting for Peace Resolution", formally known as Resolution 377 (V), refers to a resolution
adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on November 3, 1950. It was created as a
mechanism to address situations where the Security Council, due to the veto power of its permanent
members, is unable to take effective action to maintain international peace and security. It
empowered the UNGA to suggest measures in such situations.

8. State any two objectives of WHO.

The World Health Organization (WHO) has several objectives,

I. Attainment of the Highest Possible Level of Health.

II. Disease Prevention and Control.
III. Research and Innovation in medical field.
IV. Emergency Preparedness and Response etc.

9. What do you mean by "Human Rights"?

Human rights refer to the fundamental rights and freedoms to which all individuals are entitled,
simply by virtue of being human. They are inherent to every person, regardless of their nationality,
race, gender, religion, or any other characteristic. Human rights are considered universal, indivisible,
and inalienable.

10. Name any four specialised agencies of United Nations.

I. World Health Organization (WHO).
II. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).
III. International Labour Organization (ILO).
IV. United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF).
 Part B
11. Explain the limitations and demands of Security Council.

The United Nations Security Council, as one of the principal organs of the UN, has both limitations
and demands associated with its role in maintaining international peace and security.

Limitations of the Security Council:

I. Veto Power: The five permanent members of the Security Council (China, France, Russia,
the United Kingdom, and the United States) possess veto power. This means that any of
these members can block or veto a resolution, even if it has the support of the majority
of the Council. The veto power can sometimes lead to gridlock and hinder the Council's
ability to take decisive action on certain issues.
II. Power Imbalance: The structure of the Security Council reflects the geopolitical realities
of the post-World War II era. However, it does not fully represent the current global
distribution of power. Some argue that the Council's composition and decision-making
processes do not adequately reflect the interests and perspectives of all UN member
states, particularly from Asia and African region.
A. Africa and Latin America were un-represented.
B. China was sole representative of Asia.
C. Germany and Japan, although great economic powers,

III. Fail to prevent major wars, such as: Corian war of 1950-51, Gulf war, Iraq’s invasion,
Ukraine-Russia war etc.

Demands/proposals
I. Membership of security council should be increased from 15 to 25, whereby extending
the number of permanent members to 10 and non-permanent members to 15.
II. The adequate representation should be ensured from Africa and other unrepresented
countries.
III. Veto power should be extended to more countries, accepting the geopolitical realities
and power dynamics of today’s world.

12. Elaborate the origin, objectives, functions and role of IMF.

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international financial institution
established in 1944 with the goal of fostering global monetary cooperation, promoting
financial stability, facilitating international trade, and supporting sustainable economic
growth.

Origin:
The IMF was created during the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference,
held in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, United States, in July 1944. It was established in
response to the economic challenges and disruptions caused by World War II and aimed
to prevent a recurrence of the economic crises experienced during the interwar period.

Objectives:
The IMF has three primary objectives:
 I. Promote Global Economic Stability: The IMF seeks to promote global economic
stability by facilitating the stability of exchange rates and preventing excessive
volatility in currency values. It aims to foster an environment conducive to
economic growth, investment, and sustainable development.
II. Facilitate International Trade: It provides financial assistance and policy advice
to help countries overcome temporary imbalances in their international
payments and restore stability.
III. Financial and Economic Cooperation: It provides a platform for dialogue and
policy coordination, conducts research and analysis on global economic issues,
and offers technical assistance and capacity development to member countries
to strengthen their economic management and institutions.

Functions and Role:

To achieve its objectives, the IMF performs several key functions and plays a significant role in the
global financial system:

I. Surveillance: The IMF conducts regular monitoring and assessment of global

economic and financial developments, as well as the policies and performance
of its member countries. It provides analysis and recommendations to promote
sound economic policies, identify vulnerabilities, and mitigate risks to the
stability of the international monetary system.
II. Financial Assistance: The IMF provides financial assistance to member countries
facing balance of payments difficulties. This assistance is typically in the form of
loans and is conditional upon the implementation of policy measures aimed at
restoring economic stability, promoting structural reforms, and addressing
underlying imbalances.
III. Technical Assistance and Capacity Development: The IMF offers technical
assistance and capacity development programs to member countries, helping
them strengthen their economic institutions, improve policy frameworks, and
enhance governance and transparency in economic management.
IV. Policy Advice and Research: The IMF provides policy advice to member countries
based on its analysis of global economic trends and developments.

13. Describe the composition and functions of General Assembly.

Done.

14. Elaborate the voting procedure of Security Council.

The voting procedure of the United Nations Security Council is outlined in the UN Charter,
specifically in Article 27. Here is an elaboration of the voting procedure:
I. One Vote per Member: Each member of the Security Council has one vote. There are 15
members in total, consisting of five permanent members (China, France, Russia, the
United Kingdom, and the United States) and ten non-permanent members elected by
the General Assembly for two-year terms.
II. The permanent members possess veto power. This means that if any of the permanent
members vote against a substantive resolution, regardless of the number of affirmative
votes from other members, the resolution is not adopted.
 III. Decisions on substantive matters, such as the adoption of resolutions, require the
affirmative votes of at least nine of the 15 members, including the concurrence of five
permanent members.
IV. In matters of procedure, such as the adoption of the Council's agenda or the scheduling
of meetings, decisions are made by an affirmative vote of at least nine members.
V. Abstentions do not count as votes either in favor or against a resolution.
VI. Amendments to the UN Charter require a two-thirds majority vote of the General
Assembly, including the affirmative votes of all five permanent members of the Security
Council.
Part C

15. Explain the contribution of U.N. Security Council in the maintenance of peace and security
by peaceful and forceful methods.
The United Nations Security Council plays a central role in the maintenance of
international peace and security. It is responsible for addressing threats to peace,
identifying acts of aggression, and taking collective measures to prevent or resolve
conflicts.

Peaceful Means
I. Non-Proliferation and Disarmament: The Security Council addresses
issues related to the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction
(WMD) and disarmament. It has the authority to adopt resolutions
and measures aimed at preventing the spread of WMD, promoting
disarmament, and ensuring compliance with relevant treaties, such
as the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT).
II. Conflict Prevention and Diplomacy: The Security Council actively
engages in conflict prevention efforts by diplomatically addressing
disputes and potential threats to peace. It utilizes its authority to call
upon parties involved in conflicts to cease hostilities, negotiate
peaceful resolutions, and engage in dialogue and mediation. The
Council can deploy special envoys or establish peacekeeping
missions to facilitate negotiations and promote peaceful
settlements.
For example: The Council has been actively engaged in diplomatic efforts to
address the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, issuing resolutions and calling for
negotiations to achieve a peaceful two-state solution.
III. Peacekeeping: The Security Council has the authority to deploy
peacekeeping missions to areas affected by conflicts. These missions
help stabilize volatile situations, monitor ceasefires, protect civilians,
facilitate political processes, and support the restoration of peace
and security.
IV. Imposition of Sanctions: The Security Council has the power to
impose economic and diplomatic sanctions on states or non-state
entities that pose a threat to international peace and security.
Sanctions can include trade restrictions, arms embargoes, travel
bans, and financial measures.
Example: sanctions imposed on Iran, North Coria etc.
 V. Humanitarian Assistance: The Council can pass resolutions to
facilitate humanitarian access, support the work of humanitarian
organizations, and address the humanitarian consequences of
conflicts.

Forceful Methods:
I. Authorization of Use of Force: In situations where peaceful means
are insufficient, the Security Council has the authority to authorize
the use of force to address threats to international peace and
security. This authority is granted under Chapter VII of the UN
Charter and has been exercised in cases such as the Gulf War in
1990-1991 and interventions to protect civilians, as seen in Libya in
2011.
II. Peace Enforcement: In certain situations, the Security Council may
authorize peace enforcement operations, which involve the use of
military force to restore or maintain peace in situations where
conflicts or aggression threaten international peace and security.
These operations are distinct from traditional peacekeeping
missions and are designed to respond robustly to conflicts, protect
civilians, and ensure compliance with Security Council resolutions.

16. Enumerate the role of UN in the development of Human Rights?

Human rights are those inherent rights, without which we cannot live as human beings. These are
essential for life of every human being, irrespective of nationality, race, sex, cast religion etc. These
are also called basic fundamental or natural rights, as these are not created by any legislature. States
and UN recognize them. Members of UN committed to promote HR.

I. There are several references in the preamble itself. The provisions of UN charter provide
a foundation for HR. Such as, initially, the preamble of UN charter begins with the
phrase, “We the People of United Nations”. These words shows that how much UN is
concern with the protection and development of HRs. However, the phrase later
replaced with “We the nations of United Nations”.
II. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR): The UN was instrumental in the drafting
and adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948. The UDHR serves as
a foundational document that outlines the fundamental human rights and freedoms to
which all individuals are entitled. It has been widely recognized as a benchmark for
human rights standards and has influenced the development of subsequent human
rights instruments.
III. International Human Rights Treaties: The UN has facilitated the development and
adoption of numerous international human rights treaties. These treaties, such as the
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the International
Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), establish legally binding
obligations on states to respect, protect, and fulfill human rights. The UN promotes the
ratification and implementation of these treaties by member states, thus advancing the
protection of human rights globally.
IV. Human Rights Council: The UN Human Rights Council, established in 2006, is the
principal UN body responsible for promoting and protecting human rights. The Council
 monitors human rights situations globally, addresses violations, conducts investigations,
and provides recommendations to member states. It also plays a crucial role in raising
awareness, facilitating dialogue, and supporting capacity-building efforts related to
human rights.
V. Special Rapporteurs and Treaty Bodies: The UN appoints Special Rapporteurs,
independent experts, and working groups to investigate and report on specific human
rights issues and country situations.
VI. Promotion of Human Rights Education and Advocacy: The UN also encourages civil
society organizations, non-governmental organizations, and human rights defenders to
actively engage in advocacy and promote human rights principles and values.
VII. Humanitarian Assistance and Protection: The UN plays a crucial role in providing
humanitarian assistance to individuals and communities affected by conflicts, disasters,
and human rights abuses. Through its agencies and programs, such as the United
Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the United Nations Children's
Fund (UNICEF), the UN works to protect the rights of vulnerable populations, including
refugees, internally displaced persons, and children, and ensure access to essential
services and support.
17. Explain various methods of dispute settlement approved by International Court of Justice.
The International Court of Justice (ICJ), also known as the World Court, is the principal
judicial organ of the United Nations. It offers various methods of dispute settlement for
parties seeking to resolve international legal disputes.

18. Write a detailed note on meaning and features of International Institutions.

Already done in 4 marks question.

Solved Paper, PIL, 2019

1. What is the main object of World Health Organisation (WHO)?

Done.

2. In which year the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank)
came into existence?

in the year 1944. It was established as part of the Bretton Woods Conference, which took place in
July 1944 in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, United States.

3. Name three main organs of International Monetary Fund (IMF).

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has three main organs:

I. Board of Governors:
II. Executive Board:
III. Managing Director.

4. What do you mean by Human Rights?

Done.

5. Write any one function of International Organisations.

to facilitate cooperation and coordination among member states.

 6. What are requirements or conditions for a state to become a member of the United
Nations?
I. Statehood,
II. Peace loving state.
III. Ready to adhere the UN Charter.
IV. Recommendation of UNSC.
V. Approval by the General Assembly.

7. What are two ways available to The Security Council to maintain International peace and
security?
I. Peace keeping operations,
II. Imposition of Sanctions.

8. What is the main immunities of the Judges of The International Court of Justice?
ICJ judges have immunity from legal process in respect to their official acts and their
official capacity. This means they cannot be sued, prosecuted, or held personally liable
for the decisions or opinions they render in their judicial capacity. This immunity applies
to both civil and criminal proceedings.

9. What do you mean by Aggression?

Aggression, in the context of international law, refers to the use of armed force by a
state against the sovereignty, territorial integrity, or political independence of another
state.

10. What is the main limitations of the Security Council?

I. Power centralization, due to veto power.
II. Disproportionate participation.
III. Political interest of the permanent members.

Part B
11. What are essentials of International Organisation?

Done.

12. What are the purpose of United Nations.

Done.

13. Explain composition of The General Assembly.

Done.

14. Explain The Law applied by the International Court of Justice.

Done.

Part C
15. Explain Origin and Principal Organs of The League of Nations.
 The League of Nations was an international organization established after World War I with
the aim of promoting peace and preventing future conflicts. It was the first global
intergovernmental organization of its kind and served as a precursor to the United Nations.

Historical Background
● On Jan 8, 1918, president Wilson of America, presented his 14 points programs for the
establishment of LON.
● On 21st Apr, 1919, covenant of LON was adopted.
● On 10th Jan, 1920, finally the LON was established.

Principal organs of LON

1. Assembly
The Assembly was the League's main deliberative body, consisting of representatives from all
member states. Each member state had one vote, and decisions were made by a two-thirds
majority. The Assembly met annually and had the power to discuss and make recommendations on
any matter within the League's scope, including peace and security, membership issues, and
budgetary matters.

2. Council
The Council was the League's executive body and responsible for maintaining international peace
and security. The principle allied nations/power were the members of the council, which included:
America, Britain, France, Italy and Japan. The 4 other members were elected by the League assembly

Certain functions which were exclusively performed by the council were as follows:

1. Nomination of additional members of council.

2. Preparation of plans for reduction of armaments, for defence and external aggression.

3. Secretariat
The Secretariat provided administrative support to the League's organs. It was headed by a
Secretary-General appointed by the Council. The Secretariat prepared reports, facilitated
communication between member states, and assisted in the implementation of decisions and
resolutions.

Functions of LON
1. The reduction of national armaments of the lowest points, consistent with national security.
2. To preserve, as against external aggression, the territorial integrity and existing political
independence of all members of LON.
3. To settle international disputes peacefully.
4. To ensure peaceful change in International relations.
5. To maintain international peace and security.

16. Explain Functions and Powers of the Security Council.

The Security Council is one of the principal organs of the United Nations (UN) and is
responsible for maintaining international peace and security. It has several functions and
powers granted to it under the UN Charter.
 Primary Functions:
I. Peace and Security: The primary function of the Security Council is to maintain
international peace and security. It takes measures to prevent conflicts, resolve
disputes, and facilitate peaceful solutions to international disputes.
II. Conflict Resolution: The Security Council plays a crucial role in conflict resolution by
promoting negotiations, mediation, and peaceful settlement of disputes among nations.
It can establish or authorize international tribunals or special courts to deal with specific
conflicts or war crimes.

Powers and Responsibilities:

I. Peacekeeping Operations: The Security Council has the power to establish and deploy
UN peacekeeping missions to areas of conflict. These missions are intended to monitor
ceasefires, facilitate peace negotiations, protect civilians, and help restore stability in
post-conflict situations.
II. Sanctions: The Security Council can impose economic and diplomatic sanctions on states
or non-state actors involved in threats to international peace and security. These
sanctions may include trade embargoes, travel bans, arms embargoes, and financial
restrictions.
III. Authorization of Use of Force: In cases where there is a threat to international peace
and security, the Security Council has the authority to authorize the use of force by
member states. This is typically done through resolutions under Chapter VII of the UN
Charter.
IV. Protection of Human Rights: The Security Council addresses situations where human
rights violations and atrocities pose a threat to international peace and security. It can
take measures to protect civilians, prevent genocide, war crimes, and crimes against
humanity, and refer cases to the International Criminal Court (ICC).

17. Write a detail note on The Economic and Social Council.

The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) is one of the principal organs of the United
Nations (UN) and serves as a central forum for discussing international economic and social
issues.
Established on 26th June, 1945 under the UN Charter, ECOSOC plays a vital role in promoting
sustainable development, fostering international cooperation, and addressing global
challenges.

Purpose and Mandate:

ECOSOC is tasked with coordinating the economic and social activities of the UN and its
specialized agencies, as well as various intergovernmental organizations and non-
governmental organizations (NGOs).

Structure and Membership:

ECOSOC consists of 54 member states, elected by the UN General Assembly for three-year
terms based on equitable geographic distribution. The council holds annual sessions,
additional meetings, and specialized conferences throughout the year. It operates through
various subsidiary bodies, including functional commissions, expert committees, and
regional commissions.
 Power and functions of THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL
1. It may make, or initiate studies/reports/recommendations for economic, social, cultural,
educational, health and related matters.
2. It may recommend to promote human rights and fundamental freedoms for all.
3. It may prepare draft of conventions and submit to UNGA.
4. It may call international conferences.
5. It may furnish information and also may assist to the UNSC.
6. It will perform other functions also, as mentioned in the charter.
7. It will perform services of members of UN with the approval of UNGA.

Thus, THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL helps to establish world peace, improve the life of
people, by helping poor and wounded people.

Contributions and Achievements:

Over the years, ECOSOC has made significant contributions to international development
and cooperation. Some notable achievements include:
I. Adoption of the 2030 Agenda: ECOSOC played a key role in the adoption of the 2030
Agenda for Sustainable Development, which established the SDGs and provided a
comprehensive framework for addressing global challenges.
II. Convening a world summit on social development in 1995.
III. Adoption of a draft declaration of rights of persons belongs to national, ethnic,
religious and linguistic minorities.
IV. Recommendation to UNGA that 1993 should be 3rd decade to combat racism and
racial discrimination.
V. Acceptance of offer of Egypt to hold international conferences on population and
development.

18. Explain origin, object and composition of International Labour Organisation.

🞂 The International Labour Organization was created in 1919 by Part XIII of the Treaty of Versailles
ending World War I. It was established with the belief that universal and lasting peace can be
accomplished only if it is based on social justice.

With the passage of time, events such as great depression of 1930s and 2nd world war,
overshadowed the relevance of ILO.

In April 1944, during the time of Second World War, a conference was convened at Philadelphia. As
a result of these deliberations, the aims of the ILO were redefined. This was termed the Declaration
of Philadelphia which was later incorporated into ILO’s constitution.

In 1946, after the demise of the League of Nations, the ILO became the first

specialized agency associated with the United Nations.

The original membership of 45 countries in 1919 has grown to 187 in present.

Noww, the ILO is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.

 Objectives
Upon reading the preamble of the Constitution of ILO and the Philadelphia declaration
combinedly, the following objectives can be pointed out:
I. Development of International Labor Standards: The ILO sets and promotes
international labor standards through the adoption of conventions and
recommendations. These standards cover a wide range of labor-related
issues, including freedom of association, collective bargaining, forced labor,
child labor, non-discrimination, and occupational safety and health.
II. Establishing universal and lasting peace: It states that for the achieving the
same, the humane condition of work should be provided. The principles of
social justice should be followed.
III. To strengthen Tri-party cooperation and social dialogue.
IV. Raising the standard of living: it advocates for such policies and framework,
which can help in improving in overall development in the living standards.
It also provides for such measures by which workers can have the
satisfaction of giving the fullest measure of their skill, and make their
contribution to the common well being,
V. To ensure that men and women have equal access to decent work while
enhancing opportunities for the same.

Composition:
} There are three main organs/bodies of ILO as prescribed in Article 2 of the ILO
constitution. The article states that ILO shall consist of:

A. International Labour Conference (General Conference of

representatives of the Members):
It is the policy making body of the ILO. The Conference comprises 3
groups representing governments, employers and workers in the
ratio of 2:1:1. Its main functions includes but not limited to:
crafting international labour standards in form of conventions,
supervising functions, examining the global report prepared by
the other organs etc.

B. A Governing Body as described in article 7;

It is the executive wing of the ILO. It is a non-political, non-legislative, tripartite

body. It contains 56 members, 28 government representatives, 14-14 from the

workers and employers respectively. It carries out the decisions of the

Conference with the help of the International Labour Office. Its main functions

are:

A. Coordinates work of the organisation

B. Draws up an agenda for each session,

C. Appoints the Director General of the Office

D. follows up the implementation by member states of the conventions and

recommendations adopted by the conference etc.

C. An International Labour Office controlled by

the Governing Body.
⮚ It is the permanent secretariat of the ILO in Geneva. The Director General of
the ILO is the Chief Executive of this office. The Director General is appointed
by the Governing Body and he also acts as the Secretary General of the
Conference. The staff of this office is appointed by the Director General. Its
vital functions includes:

A. To prepare documents on the items of the agenda of the Conference.

B. To assist governments in framing legislation on the basis of the

decisions of the ILC.

C. To collect and distribute information of international labour and

social problems etc.