CHAPTER 6 Metallurgy yntroduction — General ‘ state which of the statements in Column | ‘meta? — in general. oF SS 18, 12s 13, Column I Has two electrons in outer or valence shell, Accepts three electrons to form a trivalent ion, Forms anions by ionization in solution, Has an electronegative valency, -2. . Atoms of the element are electropositive in nature. Forms a compound only by transfer of electrons from one atom to another. . Forms ions in solution which accept electrons from the electrode and gets reduced to neutral atoms. Tonises by electron loss. . Has low ductility & are non-malleable. Are good oxidising agents. Has high melting & boiling point. Forms an oxide which dissolves in water forming an acidic solution. Forms amphoteric oxides, which react with acids and alkalis forming salt & water. Forms chlorides which are electrovalent. . Are protected from rusting by electroplating. . Are poor or non-conductors of heat. Donate electrons during chemical reactions. Forms ions which carries an equivalent number of positive charges equal to its valency. 53 Pertain to the element —— Of Metals in nature d state in the form of ¢ c compound [ore] with its cor iy occur in the combine each corresponding metalll | Zincite A: FeSp . Bauxite B: ZnS. Haematite CC: PbS . Cryolite D: FeCO3 . Fluorspar E: ZnCO3 . Zinc blende F: CaF) pacalamnine G: CaCO3 Gypsum H: NaCl meatD le) I: Al,O3.2H,0 iron pyrites J; ZnO . Siderite K: NagAIFe . Epsom salt L: Agcl ae M: FeO, ae N: CaSO4.2H,O . Horn silver 0: MgS0,.7H,0 2. Differentiate — between the following terms. a] Mineral and Ore. b] Metallurgy and Electrometallurgy.the ores of aluminium, zinc & iron whose common names are given — in Column Il. Column I Matched answer | pathic iron ore | A: Zine oxide 2, Corundum B: Sodium aluminium fluoride 3, Haematite C: Iron sulphide 4, Zincite D: Iron [II] carbonate |5, Calamine E: Hydrated aluminium oxide lg Magnetite F: Zinc carbonate 7. Cryolite G: Iron [III] oxide 8, Zinc blende H: Tri iron tetroxide I: Aluminium oxide 9, Iron pyrites 10. Bauxite Zinc sulphide cap.Extraction of Metals — Stages involved 4, Arrange the following processes involved during extraction of metals — alongwith it's method used — in the correct order of process involved. Process Method used Correct order 1. Concentrated ore |A:By distillation, oxidation to it’s oxide or electrolytic process. 2. Refining of B: By hydrolytic method, magnetic impure metal separation, froth flotation, or chemical method |3.. Dressing - C: By electrolysis, reducing agents of the ore or thermal decomposition 4. Reduction of D:By roasting or calcination metallic oxides to its metal2. Match the methods used in the sta in Column | with their correct mean! 1. Separation of ore & gangue ~ during dressing of the ore ~ due to difference in - density of particles. 2. Separation of ore & gangue ~ during dressing of the ore = by preferential wetting, 3. Separation of ore & gangue - during dressing of the ore by considering the magnetic nature of the respective particles. 4. Process of conversion of concentrated ore to its metallic oxide by heating the concentrated or in the presence of excess air to a high temperature. 5. Process used generally in conversion of concentrated carbonate ores to its metallic oxide. 6. Process used in reduction of the metallic oxide [in fused metallic salt state] to its metal - generally used for highly electropositive metals in the activity series. 7. Process used in reduction of the metallic oxide to its metal - generally used for metals in the activity series which have, least affinity for oxygen. 8. Process used in reduction of the metallic oxide to its metal - using coke. 9. Process used for obtaining a metal of very high purity in the final stage of ges involved in the extractio, ing in Column Il, D: Hydrolytic method E: Electrorefining F: Froth flotation met G: Roastinggjate the appropriate method of reduction — from A, B, C for metalic oxides - 1 to & - ‘Method of reduction ‘Aluminium oxide f A: Reduction by - electrolysis Copper [ll] oxide B: Reduction by - reducing agents [hydrogen, carbon or carbon monoxide] 5, Magnesium oxide C: Reduction by - thermal decomposition 4, Zinc oxide 5, Iron [Ill] oxide 6, Mercury [Il] oxide 7, Lead monoxide is silver oxide ‘An important step in metallurgy — is the reduction of the metallic oxide to its metal by methods of reduction — based on the activity series of metals. Give reasons ~ for the following: a] The metal at the top of the activity series is most electropositive. b] Potassium is extracted from its fused salt by electrolysis only, zine using reducing agents and silver by thermal decomposition. F&F. Extraction of aluminium — Stages involved 4. Selectthe correctanswer fromA, Bor C—pertaining tothe metallurgy of aluminium. 1. Process of dressing of the ore ie. concentration of the ore. ‘A: Baeyer's process - involving reduction of metallic oxide by electrolysis. B: Hall Herault's process - involving concentration of ore by chemical method. C: Bacyers's process - involving removal of impurities by use concentrated solution of NaOH. 2. Reduction of - metallic oxide - to its metal. A: Involves - electrolytic reduction of impure bauxite ore. | B: Involves - reduction of pure alumina by use of a reducing agent. C: Involves - electrolytic reduction of pure alumina. 3. During electrolytic reduction of pure alumina by - Hall Herault’s A: Addition of cryolite - increases the fusion point of the mixture. B: Addition of cryolite & fluorspar - enhances the mobility of the . C: Addition of cryolite - decreases the conductivity of the miJanced equations for—extraction of aj = rer ore| store paver & Hall Heroult’s processes, Uminiy, Mi 1 BAEYER’S PROCESS : - CONCENTRATION OF ORE | eer 150-200°C HO | rs FT” Waa —_—— a [Impure bauxite] [Alkali] cep fs H,O 50°C, A eens eee ei [Boluble base] TInsolabiotag grep 1s 100°C Ps H,0 > > {Insoluble base] [Parealumina] [Water vapoay HALL HEROULT'S PROCESS : - ELECTROLYTIC REDUCTION OF FUSED ALUMINA Electrolyte: = —__+ — —* ——_ [Cryolite] [Univalent cation] [Trivalent cation] [Anion] = + [Fluorspar] [Divalent cation] [Anion] ——. FS + —____—_ [Pure alumina] [Cation] [Anion] er pee [Reduction] _ [Cation] [Pure metal] Rrarodcmpe he tt [Oxidation] [Anion] [Neutral gas i in atomic state] E Products formed : At cathode : At anode + et as Electrorefining of aluminium [Hoope's Process] Atostlode :AI* + dg Atanode — :AL~ >v 4, ive reasons — forthe following : in the Baeyers process : [Separation of pure alumina from bauxite] 7] eee to remove the impurities like iron oxide and silica from the pauxite ore before conducting the electrolytic reduction of the fused alumina. b] Separation of impurities from the bauxite ore is carried out by digesting the impure bauxite with a concentrated solution of an alkali. | Thepurealuminacannotbereduced toaluminium by using reducing agents like hydrogen, carbon monoxide or carbon. d] Crystals of aluminium hydroxide are precipitated out by ‘seeding’. ¢]_ Crystals of aluminium hydroxide are filtered and calcined. ae m4" z yticre ; te which assists electrolytic reduc Se ptire of the mixture. nin i the b] Fused cryolite is added to the : addition to lowering the fusion ¢] A layer of powdered coke is sprinkled over the electrolytic mixture during electrolytic reduction. d] Pure aluminium is continuously deposited at the bottom of the cell and drawn of periodically. ¢] Aneutral and an acidic gas are formed along with oxygen at the anode. f] The anode is Periodically replaced and mode refer only one carbon anode in the cell, So¢| qd) e f] 8] h The type of oxide present as impure bauxite. A: Amphoteric oxide B: Acidic oxide C: Basic oxide The solubility of the salt formed in water, when impure bauxite rea with a cone, solution of an alkali in Baeyer’s process, A: Insoluble B: Soluble C: Soluble in hot water The insoluble hydroxide obtained on hydrolysis of sodium aluminate. A: Sodium hydroxide B: Aluminium hydroxide C: Potassium hy The electrolyte added to fused alumina in equal proportion by weight to the electrolytic mixture used in Hall Heroult’s process. A: Cryolite B: Sodium fluoride C: Fluorspar The ion other than Al3* and Na!* which migrates to the cathode during electrolytic reduction of the electrolytic mixture containing pure alumina A: Fluoride ion B: Calcium ion —C: Oxide ion The gas obtained at the anode other than oxygen and carbon monoxide during electrolytic reduction of fused alumina. A: Nitrogen B: Nitric oxide C: Carbon dioxide ‘A metal other than aluminium which has a strong affinity for oxygen. A: Magnesium B: Copper C: Silver The substance added to fused alumina other than cryolite whi enhances the mobility of the fused mixture during electrolytic reduction—_————— G. Alloys ther metals [or . Analloy is a substance prepared by adding ot Non, 4 ses otal - so as to obtain certain desirable Properties, “hy, , Identify the alloys A, B, C, D, E, F, G & H given below _ as per their individual composition. i U0 ee moammonew> ri 2. Fill In the blanks — with the correct answer from the words In bractel a] Components of an alloy must be_____ insoluble, / soluble] in each when molten i.e. ————_ Imiscible/immiscible] in the [solid/liquid] state, immiscible] in b] An amalgam is an alloy in which the base metal is (silver/mercury]. An example of an amalgam in the liq: is (Na, Hg /Zn,Hg] amalgam, 62Lead used in making blocks for printing, Copper used in hardware and in scientific instruments. , Aluminium used in the manufacture of pressure cookers. Copper used in gun barrels. ‘Aluminium used in making beams of a balance. Copper used in plating and resistance wires. Lead used in soldering and fuse. . Steel used in cutlery. een ase |. Copper used in silverware and jewellery. 10. Copper used in castings bells and gongs. 4, Give reasons — for the following pertaining to alloys: a] Amalgamated sodium is preferred to sodium metal for use in the preparation of hydrogen. b] Zincis added to copper in the right proportion for manufacture of hardware and screws. <] Magnalium and duralumin contain a small percentage of magnesium in addition to aluminium. 4] Solder is preferred to lead for use in fuse wire. ‘ . * yc ee ee