SD424 - Structural Design – Steelwork

Connection Design – Bolted

and welded connections
By: Prof Richard Walls

1
 Connections Overview

• Typical connections
• Design of bolts in connections
• Design of simple connections
• Design of bolted connections with
eccentric loads
• Design of welds in connections
• Design for eccentric loading on welds

The Green Book is no longer a compulsory

book for this course (although a really good
resource which you should buy if you will be
designing steel buildings)
2
 Examples of Connections
1. Haunched
connection
2. End plate for a CHS
3. Purlins connected
using an angle
section.
4. CHS bracing.
5. Web stiffener.
6. Extended end-plate.
7. Angle cleat.

3
4
 Types of bolts

• Grade X.Y
Yield Stress (MPa) or Proof
- X = nominal tensile strength Tensile strength
Class / Stress (MPa)
- Y = Yield / proof stress as
portion of tensile strength Grade 𝒇𝒇𝒖𝒖 - Minimum
E.g.: 4.8 = 400MPa tensile Nominal Nominal Minimum
(use for design)
strength, 400x0.8 = 320MPa
yield strength 4.8 400 420 320 340

800 - 𝑑𝑑 ≤ 16𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 640 - 𝑑𝑑 ≤ 16𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

8.8 800 640
830 - 𝑑𝑑 > 16𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 660 - 𝑑𝑑 > 16𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

10.9 1000 1040 900 940

5
 Bolt Resistance - Summary
Resistance SANS
Fastener and type of load (See. GB pg 88 or 10162-1
SASCH Table 7.1) Clause
a) Shear on bolt with threads excluded from shear
𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟 = 0.60∅𝑏𝑏 𝐴𝐴𝑏𝑏 𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑢 13.12.1.2
plane, per bolt, per shear plane
b) Shear on bolt with threads included in shear
𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟 = 0.42∅𝑏𝑏 𝐴𝐴𝑏𝑏 𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑢 13.12.1.2
plane, per bolt, per shear plane
c) Ditto, for joints longer than 15d 𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟′ = 1.075 −
0.005𝐿𝐿
𝑑𝑑
𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟 , but
13.12.1.2
𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟′ ≥ 0.75𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟

d) Bearing, per bolt

𝐵𝐵𝑟𝑟 = 3∅𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑢 13.10(c)

e) Bearing determined by end distance a, per bolt

𝐵𝐵𝑟𝑟 = ∅𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑢 13.10(c)

f) Bolts in tension, per bolt

𝑇𝑇𝑟𝑟 = 0.75∅𝑏𝑏 𝐴𝐴𝑏𝑏 𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑢 13.12.1.3

g) Bolts in combined shear and tension 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 𝑇𝑇𝑢𝑢

+ ≤ 1.4 ≈ 2 13.12.1.4
𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟 𝑇𝑇𝑟𝑟
Where: ∅𝑏𝑏 = 0.80, ∅𝑤𝑤 = 0.67, ∅𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 = 0.67 6
 Bolt Resistance – Failure Modes

(a) (b) (c)

0.005𝐿𝐿
𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟 = 0.60∅𝑏𝑏 𝐴𝐴𝑏𝑏 𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑢𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟 = 0.42∅𝑏𝑏 𝐴𝐴𝑏𝑏 𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑢𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟′ = 1.075 − 𝑑𝑑
𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟

7
 Bolt Resistance – Failure Modes

𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢
𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟

𝑇𝑇𝑢𝑢
𝑇𝑇𝑟𝑟

(d) (e) (f) (g)

𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 𝑇𝑇
𝐵𝐵𝑟𝑟 = 3∅𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑢𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝐵𝐵𝑟𝑟 = ∅𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑢𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑇𝑇𝑟𝑟 = 0.75∅𝑏𝑏 𝐴𝐴𝑏𝑏 𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑢𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 + 𝑇𝑇𝑢𝑢 ≤ 1.4 ≈ 2
𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟 𝑟𝑟
8
 Bolt Resistance

• Standard tables have been produced with bolt resistances

calculated already. See GB pg. 89 or SASCH pg. 7.9-7.12.
• Use these to check your answers. 9
 Eccentric Bolt Loading – In Plane (GB §3.8.1)

The centre of rotation distance from an arbitrary point is:

∑𝑛𝑛 ′
𝑖𝑖=1 𝐴𝐴𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 ∑𝑛𝑛 ′
𝑖𝑖=1 𝐴𝐴𝑖𝑖 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 ∑𝑛𝑛 ′
𝑖𝑖=1 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖
𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐 =∑𝑛𝑛
and 𝑦𝑦𝑐𝑐 = ∑𝑛𝑛 𝐴𝐴 = 𝑛𝑛 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝐴𝐴
𝑖𝑖=1 𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖=1 𝑖𝑖
(NOTE: This is a simplified approach. Iterative methods are required for detailed checks.) 10
 Eccentric Bolt Loading – In Plane (GB §3.8.1)

• When a connection tries to rotate in plane it induces shear in bolts.

The maximum shear in any bolt, numbered j, with the configuration
shown above will be:
2 2
𝐹𝐹𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 𝑦𝑦𝑗𝑗 𝐹𝐹𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 𝑥𝑥𝑗𝑗
𝐹𝐹𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 = + + +
𝑛𝑛 𝐼𝐼𝑝𝑝 𝑛𝑛 𝐼𝐼𝑝𝑝
Where: 𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 = 𝐹𝐹𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑒𝑒𝑦𝑦 + 𝐹𝐹𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑒𝑒𝑥𝑥
= 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑦𝑦 2
• The polar moment of inertia Ip is given by:
𝐼𝐼𝑝𝑝 = ∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖2 + 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖2 = ∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖2 + ∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖2 = 𝐼𝐼𝑥𝑥 + 𝐼𝐼𝑦𝑦 = ∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑖2
• Class E.g. 8.1 will illustrate this behaviour.
• Note: Eq. 3.50 of the Green Book needs 𝐹𝐹𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 corrected to be 𝐹𝐹𝑢𝑢 .
• xi and yi values are taken relative to the centre of rotation.
See online video for derivation of this equation.
11
 Design of Welds
• If “matching electrodes” are used for welds the weld strength will be higher than
the parent material. Hence, we just use the strength of the steel section.
Electrodes starting with D7, E7 or F7 are suitable, even for S355JR.
• For an E70XX weld - 𝑥𝑥𝑢𝑢 = 6.9 × 70 = 482MPa ≈ 480MPa

12
 Complete (CJPG) or Partial (PJPG)
Joint Penetration Groove Welds (GB §5.2)
When welding sections together it is Capacity of such welds is:
possible to either have complete or partial 𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟 = 0.67∅𝑤𝑤 𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑢 - base metal
penetration of plates for groove welds. 𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟 = 0.67∅𝑤𝑤 𝐴𝐴𝑤𝑤 𝑥𝑥𝑢𝑢 - weld metal

Where:
CJPG ∅𝑤𝑤 = 0.67
PJPG 𝑥𝑥𝑢𝑢 = tensile strength of weld metal
𝐴𝐴𝑤𝑤 = area of effective weld throat
𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚 = shear area of effective fusion
face

For a PJPG weld: 𝐴𝐴𝑤𝑤 = 𝑏𝑏𝑎𝑎1 and

𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚 = 𝑏𝑏𝑎𝑎2 13
 Complete (CJPG) or Partial (PJPG)
Joint Penetration Groove Welds (GB §5.2)

For a CJPG with 𝑥𝑥𝑢𝑢 ≥ 𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑢 (as is normally The tensile resistance of such welds is:
the case), 𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚 does not need to be 𝑇𝑇𝑟𝑟 = ∅𝑤𝑤 𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛 𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑢 ≤ ∅𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦
calculated, instead we simply take the
Where:
resistance to be:
𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛 = 𝑎𝑎1 𝑏𝑏
𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟 = 0.67∅𝑤𝑤 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑢 𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔 = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡

And for a PJPG weld the check is If both 𝑇𝑇𝑢𝑢 ≤ 𝑇𝑇𝑟𝑟 and 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 ≤ 𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟 then the
simplified to: welds are sufficient.
𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟 = 0.67∅𝑤𝑤 𝑎𝑎1 𝑏𝑏𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑢

Where t and b are the dimensions of the

base metal plate.
14
 Fillet Weld Capacity (GB §5.3)
• Fillet welds are the most Assume to be
commonly used welds in like this
structural steel buildings. Most unless noted
sections are joined together otherwise.
using them because of the ease
of forming them.
• The resistance of a fillet weld
depends on the direction in
which it is loaded (longitudinal,
at right angles, or in between).
• Weld groups can be subjected to
combined stresses in the same
way that bolt groups are.
15
Fillet Weld Capacity (GB §5.3)

For 𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 :
• Face in shear
• Face in tension
Since 𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟 < 𝑇𝑇𝑟𝑟 design
fillet welds as if always
in shear

𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 - force applied perpendicular to weld axis

𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 - force applied along the weld axis
16
 Fillet Weld Capacity (GB §5.3 / §5.5)
The resistance of a fillet weld with the load
applied at an angle of 𝜃𝜃 to the longitudinal axis. Since 𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟 < 𝑇𝑇𝑟𝑟 design fillet welds as if
𝑓𝑓𝑟𝑟𝜃𝜃 = 0.67∅𝑤𝑤 𝑎𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑥𝑥𝑢𝑢 1 + 0.5 sin1.5 𝜃𝜃 always in shear
≤ 0.67∅𝑤𝑤 𝑎𝑎𝑤𝑤 𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑢
Where 𝑎𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = throat dimension of weld.
In general: 𝑎𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = sin 45° 𝑎𝑎𝑤𝑤 = 0.707𝑎𝑎𝑤𝑤

For combined stress on a weld:

2 2 2
𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑢 = 𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 + 𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 + 𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢

And the angle for calculating resistances is:

2 +𝑓𝑓 2
𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢
𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 - force applied perpendicular to weld axis
𝜃𝜃 = tan−1 𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 - force applied along the weld axis
𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 17
 Eccentric Forces on Welds

• For (a) the forces act at the centroid of the weld so weld forces (kN/mm) can be easily solved for.
• For (b) a force of 𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢 is applied to a weld at eccentricity e. 𝑃𝑃𝑢𝑢 is converted to its components of 𝐹𝐹𝑢𝑢
and 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 , which are applied at the centroid of the weld along with a moment of 𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 = 𝐹𝐹𝑢𝑢 . 𝑒𝑒. The
maximum weld force (kN/mm) can now be solved as per the last slide. The maximum force will
occur at the left side of (b). 18
 Eccentric Forces on Welds
• For a weld subjected to an eccentric force the loading should be converted to a
moment, axial load and shear force acting at the centroid of the weld. The maximum
force per unit length is then determined as:
𝐹𝐹 6𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢
– Perpendicular force: 𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 = 𝑙𝑙 𝑢𝑢 + 2 𝐹𝐹𝑢𝑢
𝑤𝑤 𝑙𝑙𝑤𝑤
(based on linear stress distribution) 𝑙𝑙𝑤𝑤
– Longitudinal force: 𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 = 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 /𝑙𝑙𝑤𝑤
6𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢
2 2
– Resultant force: 𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑢 = 𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 + 𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 2
𝑙𝑙𝑤𝑤

−1 𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢
– Direction of resultant: 𝜃𝜃 = tan 𝑉𝑉𝑢𝑢 /𝑙𝑙𝑤𝑤
𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢
• Calculate resistance as previously.

19
 Fillet Weld Capacity (GB §5.3)
• For some connections it is possible to simplify the connection into “virtual
gussets” where no moment needs to be considered, making calculations
simpler.

20
 References
• SAISC. Southern African Steel Construction Handbook. Limit States Design.
The Southern African Institute of Steel Construction. 8th Edition, 2013.
• de Clercq. The Green Book – Structural Steel Connections. The Southern
African Institute of Steel Construction. First Edition. 2012.
• SABS. The structural use of steel. Part 1: Limit states design of hot-rolled
steelwork. SANS 10162-1:2011.
• Dunaiski, PE. SO424 Class notes. Stellenbosch University.
• Mahachi, J. Design of Structural Steelwork to SANS 10162-1, CSIR, 2004.

21
Just For
Fun

Dear all
I hope you have learnt much from the course, and the concepts will be useful in whichever direction you go.
words

Some of you may love structural engineering, whilst some of you may hope to never see a bending
Final

moment diagram again. Irrespective, I would encourage you to do your best in the future and serve others
with the skills and education you have been privileged to receive.
I look forward to hearing how your careers progress, and will hopefully see many of you in practice or in
postgrad. Feel free to keep in touch.
Many blessings
Prof Richard Walls 22