1. prey 6.

wrath
2. reverence 7. aloof
3. assent 8. smite
4. crafty 9. pyre
5. couch 10. hecatomb

1. How would you describe the gods in The Iliad?

In the Iliad, the gods are depicted as powerful beings who can control events in the world of mortals.
They are shown to have their own personalities and motivations, and they often intervene in human
conflicts. The gods are divided into two groups, the Olympians and the lesser gods, and they can take on
human form.

2. How does romance interfere in the lives of the warriors?

Romantic relationships interfere with the lives of the warriors in the Iliad. The Trojan War started
because of a romantic dispute, and Aphrodite helped Paris win Helen's heart, leading to the war.
Hector's relationship with his wife Andromache is also a significant subplot, with Andromache begging
him not to go to battle. The warriors often struggle to balance their personal relationships with their
responsibilities as soldiers.

3. How does friendship lead to heroism?

Friendship is an important theme in the Iliad. Achilles' love for his friend Patroclus drives him to perform
heroic deeds, including seeking revenge for Patroclus' death by killing Hector. Achilles' devotion to his
friend also leads to his decision to withdraw from battle, showing the power of friendship to motivate
acts of heroism and self-sacrifice.

4. What Greek values do the epic The Iliad represent?

The Iliad represents key values of ancient Greek culture, including honor, hospitality, piety, fate, and
excellence. The characters in the story strive to earn honor through bravery and adhere to a strict code
of conduct. They value respect for the gods, accept their predetermined fate, and aim for excellence in
all areas of life.

5. What is the significance of Achilles' parading the dead body of Hector around Troy?

Achilles parading Hector's dead body around Troy was significant because it showed his hatred for the
Trojans and violated the Greek code of honor by denying Hector a proper burial. However, returning
Hector's body to his father demonstrated a moment of compassion and humanity in the midst of war.

1. Steadfast  6. grudge

2. ere  7. wain
3. semblance  8. anoint
4. raiment  9. cistern
5. lineage  10. trenches

1 How does the story of The Odyssey begin?

The Odyssey begins by introducing Odysseus and focusing on his son Telemachus, who is living with his
mother and a group of suitors. Telemachus is frustrated and receives a visit from the goddess Athena,
who encourages him to search for his father and take control of his home. With Athena's guidance,
Telemachus sets out on a journey to find information about his father's whereabouts.

2 What adventurous encounters did Odysseus face in the story?

Odysseus faced many adventures during his journey home in the Odyssey. He encountered a giant
cyclops who ate some of his men, a sorceress who turned his men into pigs, visited the underworld and
heard prophecies, encountered creatures who lured sailors to their death, and had to navigate through a
dangerous strait with two monsters.

3. How did Odysseus win back his wife Penelope?

Odysseus won back his wife Penelope by defeating the suitors who were trying to marry her. He
disguised himself as a beggar and, with the help of his son and some loyal servants, defeated the suitors
in a contest and then in a battle. Penelope was overjoyed to see her husband alive and they lived happily
ever after.
4. Can you say that Odysseus' heroism is a product of romance?
Explain.
Odysseus' heroism in the Odyssey is not due to romance, but rather his personal qualities like
intelligence, bravery, and resourcefulness. He is shown to be a smart and creative leader who can solve
difficult problems. He is also brave and willing to put himself in danger to protect his men and complete
his journey home.

5. What Homeric writing style is evident in his two epics?

Homer's two epics, the Iliad and the Odyssey, use the Homeric writing style which includes formal and
poetic language, repetition, epic similes, invoking muses for inspiration, and lengthy catalogues.

1. reclining  6. Pliable

2. heifers  7. throb
3. timorous 8. Paphian
4. omen  9. Orb
5. ivory  10. Apprehension

1. What makes the selection a literary masterpiece?

Pygmalion is considered a literary masterpiece because of its exceptional use of language, exploration of
timeless themes, complex characters, and lasting impact on popular culture and the literary tradition.
2. Does the selection suggest a problem on women? What is it?
Yes, Pygmalion highlights a problem related to women being confined by societal expectations and
stereotypes. The play depicts Eliza challenging these limitations and fighting for her independence
against the power dynamics between men and women.
3. Why did Pygmalion carve a statue?
In the original Pygmalion myth, Pygmalion was a sculptor who fell in love with his own ivory statue of a
woman that he had carved. He was so infatuated with the statue that he prayed to the goddess
Aphrodite to bring her to life, and his wish was granted. However, in George Bernard Shaw's play
Pygmalion, the story is adapted and Pygmalion is transformed into Professor Henry Higgins, a linguistics
expert who takes on the challenge of transforming Eliza Doolittle, a poor flower seller, into a refined,
educated lady.

4. What does the statue symbolize?

In the original myth, the statue represents Pygmalion's ideal of feminine beauty and perfection. In
George Bernard Shaw's play, the statue is replaced by Eliza Doolittle, who symbolizes the possibility of
upward social mobility and the power of transformation and self-improvement. Both the statue and
Eliza's transformation represent the human desire for perfection.

5. How does the author present "metamorphosis" in the selection? If a transformation took place in the
selection, what was it?
In the selection of Pygmalion, the author presents "metamorphosis" through the transformation of Eliza
Doolittle. At the beginning of the story, Eliza is uneducated and speaks with a strong accent. The author
shows how Eliza's character transforms into a refined and educated lady with proper manners, through
the help of Professor Henry Higgins. This transformation is the metamorphosis presented in the story.

1. chariot 6. Vanquish
2. conquest7. flinch
3. scarce8. deity
4. brazen9. citadel
5. prow10. Smite

1. What influence does Homer's The Odyssey have on The Aeneid?

The Aeneid was inspired by The Odyssey. They both tell stories of heroes on journeys, but with different
goals. The Aeneid borrows some themes from The Odyssey, and the main character, Aeneas, is like
Odysseus but more responsible. The Odyssey had a big effect on The Aeneid.

2. Are there characters in the Greek epics which are also present in The Aeneid? Who are they? What are
their roles?
The Aeneid has some characters from Greek epics, such as Aeneas, the main character who wants to find
a new home for his people. Dido is the queen of Carthage who loves Aeneas but kills herself when he
leaves. Hector is also in the story, but not as important as in The Iliad.

3. What Roman virtues does Virgil personify in the epic?

In The Aeneid, Virgil portrays several Roman virtues. Aeneas personifies Pietas, which means fulfilling
one's duties and responsibilities towards family, community, and the gods. Aeneas is also courageous
and skilled in battle, embodying the virtue of Virtus. The Trojan people are dignified and honorable,
personifying Dignitas, which means maintaining one's dignity and prestige even in difficult times.

4. Does the Aeneid provide a glorious historical background for the Roman people? Why or why not?

The Aeneid provides a glorious historical background for the Romans. It tells the story of Aeneas, who is
the ancestor of the Romans and was a noble and heroic figure. The poem emphasizes the virtues that
are important in Roman culture and portrays Aeneas as embodying these qualities. By doing so, Virgil
reinforces the idea that these virtues are fundamental to Roman identity and that they have been
present since the earliest days of Roman culture. This helps to promote a sense of pride and legitimacy
in Roman ancestry and cultural heritage.

5. What are the literary distinctions between Homer of Greece and Virgil of Rome?

Homer and Virgil have different writing styles. Homer's style is characterized by simplicity, directness,
and vividness, while Virgil's style is more complex and ornate. Homer uses straightforward language and
vivid descriptions to tell his stories, while Virgil uses elaborate imagery and figurative language to create
his literary works.

1.What are the characteristics of an ideal Anglo-Saxon hero?

An ideal Anglo-Saxon hero is someone who possesses several traits, such as courage, strength, loyalty,
honor, wisdom, and generosity. They should be fearless, physically strong, and loyal to their lord, kin, and
people. They must also uphold a strict code of honor, be wise and make good decisions, and be generous
with their wealth and possessions. These characteristics were greatly respected in Anglo-Saxon culture,
and individuals who possessed them were highly regarded.

2. What were the characteristics shown by Beowulf as a warrior?

Beowulf, as a warrior, had several outstanding traits. He was extremely physically strong, fearless, and
willing to face any challenge. He was loyal to his lord and people, ready to risk his life to protect them.
Beowulf was guided by a strict code of honor, always keeping his word and avenging wrongs. He was also
known for his wisdom and ability to make sound decisions in battle, as well as his generosity in sharing
his wealth and rewarding his warriors. These qualities made Beowulf a true hero in the eyes of the
Anglo-Saxon people, representing their values and ideals.

3. How would you describe Grendel, the monster?

Grendel is a fearsome monster in Beowulf, known for his supernatural strength and ability to kill many
men at once. He is said to be a descendant of Cain, the biblical character who committed the first
murder. Grendel lives alone in a dismal swamp and is envious and hateful towards the men in Heorot, a
mead hall. He preys on them, is a cannibal, and is described as being impervious to weapons. These
characteristics make him a formidable and terrifying opponent.

4. Does the selection speak of the victory of Christianity over paganism? How?

The portion of the Beowulf story that depicts the fight with Grendel's mother suggests that there is a
blending of both pagan and Christian elements. Beowulf seeks help from God during the fight, and the
sword that he uses to defeat Grendel's mother is believed to have been created by God, but also crafted
by giants. Rather than presenting a clear victory of one religion over the other, the text implies a merging
of the two beliefs.

5. What Christian lesson was best depicted by the epic?

The epic poem Beowulf does not have a single, central Christian lesson, but instead explores various
themes such as heroism, loyalty, fate, and good versus evil. Though the poem contains some Christian
elements, such as references to God and Christian values, it also reflects pagan beliefs and traditions.
Therefore, while Beowulf can be seen as a work that incorporates both Christian and pagan influences, it
is not primarily a work that aims to convey a particular Christian lesson.

1. What is the significance of the religious background of the story?

In "Araby" by James Joyce, the religious background of the story emphasizes the boy's disappointment
and his fruitless search for love. The story takes place in a Catholic-dominated Dublin, and the boy's
living situation includes religious symbols and practices. Despite this, the boy's fascination with the girl at
the bazaar represents his pursuit for something beyond his ordinary existence. However, his bazaar
experience reveals a profound sense of disillusionment, and the religious background of the story
conveys the insufficiency of the boy's search for love and purpose.

2. The story is told in the first-person point of view. How old is the narrator as depicted in the story?
The age of the narrator in "Araby" by James Joyce is not directly mentioned in the story. However, based
on the context, it appears that he is a young boy or adolescent, likely between 12 to 14 years old. His
status as a student in a Catholic school and his dependence on his aunt and uncle suggest that he is not
yet fully grown. His fascination with the girl at the bazaar and his limited comprehension of love and
relationships further indicate that he is quite young.

3. What is the tone of the story?

The tone of "Araby" by James Joyce is sad and reflective, as the young boy protagonist is disillusioned
with his mundane life and is seeking something more meaningful. The story is told from the boy's
perspective, and his disappointment at the end of the story when he realizes that his pursuit for love was
fruitless creates a melancholic tone. The story also conveys a sense of nostalgia as the boy reflects on his
past experiences and memories. In general, the story has an introspective and reflective tone, depicting
the character's longing and regret.

1. discourse  6. Subtle
2. ornament 7. sloth
3. crafty  8. diligence
4. confute  9. extract
5. impediment 10. Witty

1. What purpose do studies serve? Explain.

In his essay "Of Studies," Francis Bacon suggests that studies serve multiple purposes. These include
expanding our knowledge and understanding of the world, improving our communication skills, and
developing our critical thinking abilities. Through studying, we gain new insights and ideas, learn how to
express ourselves better, and develop our ability to analyze and evaluate information. Bacon believes
that the ultimate goal of studying is to facilitate personal growth and equip individuals with the
necessary skills and knowledge to achieve success in life.

2. According to Bacon, what are the dangers of studies?

Francis Bacon, in his essay "Of Studies," suggests that excessive studying can have negative
consequences. These include social isolation, neglect of duties, and arrogance. He warns that if someone
becomes too obsessed with their intellectual pursuits, they may begin to look down on others and
believe themselves to be superior. Bacon emphasizes the importance of balance, suggesting that while
studying is valuable, it should not come at the expense of one's relationships or responsibilities.

3.How does Bacon classify books? Could you cite examples of books
for each classification?

Francis Bacon categorizes books into three types based on their purpose: books for entertainment,
books for education, and books for reference.

Books for entertainment are those that are written to be enjoyed, such as plays, poetry, and romantic
literature. Examples of such books include William Shakespeare's "Romeo and Juliet," Chaucer's "The
Canterbury Tales," and John Milton's "Paradise Lost."

Books for education, on the other hand, are written to inform and educate readers, such as philosophical
treatises, histories, and scientific works. Examples of such books include Plato's "The Republic,"
Herodotus's "The Histories," and Isaac Newton's "The Principia."
Finally, books for reference are intended to be used as sources of information, such as dictionaries,
encyclopedias, and compendiums. Examples of such books include the "Oxford English Dictionary," the
"Encyclopedia Britannica," and "Roget's Thesaurus.

4.What is the relationship between studies and personality?

According to Bacon, studies can have an impact on a person's personality. He believed that by pursuing
knowledge through studying, individuals can improve their intellect, gain a better understanding of the
world, and undergo personal development. Bacon considered a comprehensive education necessary for
building one's character and personality.

5.What is the significance of the essay to you as a student?

The essay "Of Studies" written by Francis Bacon is widely recognized as a significant literary work that
has had a lasting influence on people's views on education and learning. It highlights the significance of
reading, writing, and personal growth through the pursuit of knowledge. As a student, this essay can
serve as a helpful guide to develop good study habits, understand the advantages of gaining knowledge,
and learn how to effectively use books for self-improvement while avoiding the drawbacks of excessive
study.

1. What is the main theme of the selection?

The selection discusses whether peaceful coexistence between the Western world and the communist
world is possible and desirable. It explores the historical precedent of Anglo-Russian relations in the 19th
century and how tensions eventually relaxed without leading to war. The author acknowledges that the
current tension between the Western world and Russia may end either in war or relaxation of tensions,
and advocates for preparedness for both possibilities.

2. According to Toynbee, can communism in Russia coexist with the democracy in the Western world?
How?

Toynbee discusses the possibility of peaceful coexistence between the communist world and the
Western world. He suggests that it is desirable for these two worlds to tolerate each other's presence on
the same planet, and he considers the terms on which this could happen. He notes that it is controversial
to determine what is possible and desirable, and he offers his personal opinion. He believes that it is
important to be firm and vigilant against the prospect of war, but that it is not inevitable. Toynbee offers
historical examples of tensions between Russia and the West, and how they were eventually resolved.
He suggests that the current tension with Russia may end in either war or relaxation of tension, and that
it is important to be prepared for both possibilities.

3. Could you consider the selection a historical piece? In what way?

The selection is considered a historical piece for multiple reasons. Arnold Toynbee, the author, was a
respected historian who wrote extensively on world history. The text also references historical events
such as the Crimean War and Anglo-Russian relations of the 19th century. Additionally, Toynbee makes
comparisons between historical events and the present-day political situation, providing a historical
context for current events. Therefore, the selection is an important historical piece that provides
valuable insights and perspective on historical events and their relevance to the present-day situation.

4. What historical illustrations did Toynbee introduce in the selection? Did he refer to them as arguments
in his assertion?

Toynbee presented historical examples in the selection to support his argument on the possibility of
peaceful coexistence between the Western world and the communist world. He specifically referred to
Anglo-Russian relations during the 19th century, the Crimean War, and Russia's expansion eastward
overland, which was viewed as a threat by the liberal Western world. He drew parallels between these
historical events and the current tensions between the Western world and Russia. While he did not use
these examples as direct arguments, they served as historical context and perspective to support his
overall assertion.

5. How can this selection be of use to you? How did it affect you?
The selection can be helpful for those studying history, international relations, and political science. It
provides historical context and perspective on the current tensions between the Western and
communist worlds, aiding readers to understand the complexities of international relations. The
selection also demonstrates how historical events can impact current situations and decisions, giving
readers insight into the present by examining the past. As a result, readers can potentially make better
decisions for the future.

1. How did Shakespeare make use of figurative language to convey his emotions?

Shakespeare used metaphorical language extensively in Sonnet 29 to communicate his emotions. He

describes his state of mind and the circumstances that led up to it using metaphors, similes, and
personification. To explain his sentiments of solitude and sadness, he compares himself to an outcast
and a bird at sunrise. Personification is also used to characterize his "luckless" situation and how "heavy
Saturn laughed and leaped with him," creating a sense of fate beyond his control. He also used imagery
to conjure up vivid mental images, such as the "sullen earth" and "heavenly touches," which have the
capacity to elevate his spirits. All of these tactics work together to create a strong emotional impact and
to communicate Shakespeare's deep sense of tragedy.

2 Is he effective in the use of similes and metaphors? Could you cite lines in the sonnets that exemplify
his use of these figures of speech?
Shakespeare is well-known for his sonnets' adept use of similes and metaphors. In Sonnet 18, he
compares his love to a summer day, claiming she is more gorgeous and temperate than the season's
transitory splendor. In Sonnet 29, he utilizes the metaphors of "outcast" and "dejected" to express his
emotional state, declaring that he would switch places with everyone who enjoys good fortune. The
metaphor of being "in disgrace with fortune" demonstrates his skillful use of figurative language.

3. In Sonnet 18, what is the state of emotion of the poet?

In Sonnet 18, the poet expresses adoration and love for the person he is addressing in the poem. The
poet is celebrating the person's attractiveness and attempting to immortalize it in his poetry.

4. In Sonnet 29, is there a change in the state of the poet's emotion?

There is a shift in the poet's emotional state in Sonnet 29. The poet begins the sonnet by expressing
melancholy and despair, feeling like an outcast and cursed by fortune. However, as the sonnet
progresses, the poet's mood improves and he feels better. He thinks about a beloved friend's love and
the happiness it brings him, which elevates his spirits and makes him feel like a king. As a result, by the
end of the sonnet, the poet's feelings have shifted from despair to satisfaction and contentment.

5. Which of the two sonnets is more vivid? Why?

Both Sonnet 18 and Sonnet 29 are vivid in their own ways, although it is difficult to say which is more so.
Sonnet 18 use strong imagery to compare the poem's subject to a summer day, whereas Sonnet 29
employs powerful metaphors to depict the poet's emotional state.

The vivid imagery in Sonnet 18 paints a clear picture of the subject's beauty and perfection, which is
heightened by the contrast to a summer day. The vivid imagery of "rough winds" and "the eye of
heaven" contribute to the subject's beauty and timeless character.

Sonnet 29's powerful metaphors, on the other hand, paint a vivid emotional picture of the poet's
anguish and feelings of inadequacy. Metaphors such as "outcast state" are used.

1. What are the qualifications of a critic?

A critic, according to Alexander Pope in "An Essay on Criticism," should have good taste, sound
judgment, and a thorough grasp of the subject matter they are criticising. Furthermore, the critic should
be able to express their thoughts in clear and concise language and should understand language and
grammar rules. When evaluating a work, the critic should also be fair and avoid personal biases and
prejudices. A skilled critic should be able to reconcile personal opinions and tastes with impartial analysis
and criticism.

2. What is Pope's opinion of the literary critic?

 Pope holds literary critics in high respect, believing them as crucial to the literary world. He
believes that a skilled critic can recognize and explain a work's qualities and shortcomings, allowing
readers to enjoy it more thoroughly. He also believes that critics should be well-educated, unbiased, and
willing to base their conclusions on facts and evidence rather than personal biases or preconceptions.
Overall, Pope regards the literary critic as an important figure who contributes to the appreciation and
understanding of literature.

3. Should one be able to write well before becoming a critic? Why?

Before becoming a critic, Pope believes that one should be able to write properly. He contends
that writing and criticism are inextricably linked, and that competent critics should comprehend the
principles of good writing. To properly critique the works of others, critics must have a command of the
language as well as the capacity to write clearly and precisely themselves. As a result, Pope argues that a
critic who is unable to write well is unqualified to pass judgment on the writing of others.

4. What is Pope's idea of writing?

Pope's writing philosophy emphasizes clarity, precision, and avoiding extremes. He believes that
good writing should convey concepts clearly and effectively without being overly simplistic or overly
complex. Writing should be expressive and creative, but it should also adhere to certain norms and
principles in order to be effective. Pope believes that the best writing is closest to nature, that is, it
properly portrays how people think and communicate.

5. What is Pope's idea of true expression?

Pope believed that authentic expression entailed striking a balance between language and
meaning. He maintained that writing should be straightforward and concise, avoiding overly complex
vocabulary as well as basic cliches. The best writing, according to Pope, is that which conveys the
essence of the subject matter while retaining a sense of elegance and beauty in the language utilized. He
believed that authentic expression necessitates both language proficiency and depth of thinking, and
that a great writer must have both in order to create truly significant and compelling works.

6. Give some of the rules that Pope wanted to be followed in writing.

Pope proposed a number of writing guidelines. These include being clear and concise, avoiding
unnecessary ornamentation, using appropriate language, using consistent tense and person, and
avoiding clichés and overused expressions. He also highlighted the significance of completely knowing
the topic matter and structuring thoughts coherently. Furthermore, Pope believed that writers must be
able to balance their creativity with the need to adhere to established literary conventions.

1. Describe the peasant girl's song.

The song of the peasant girl in "The Solitary Reaper" is regarded as melancholy and haunting. The
narrator compares it to the sound of a nightingale or a cuckoo bird and observes that it flows continually,
as if it were a river. The song's vocabulary is a foreign language that the narrator does not comprehend,
but the beauty of the music conveys the emotion and sentiment of the lyrics. Overall, the song is
portrayed as a powerful statement of human passion capable of crossing linguistic and cultural
boundaries.

2. Why does the poet mean with "Will no one tell me what she sings?"
The poet's words "Will no one tell me what she sings?" indicates his desire to comprehend the
significance of the peasant girl's song. He is charmed by her voice and the beauty of her song, but he
does not comprehend the language in which she sings. As a result, he is inquisitive about the meaning of
the song and wants someone could explain it for him.

3. What did he think the song might be about?

Because the poet does not understand the language in which the girl is singing, he has no idea
what the song is about. He imagines the song to be about a tragic or happy event in the girl's life, or it
may be a traditional folk song passed down through generations.

1. acclaim 6. Ephemeral
2. pinnacle7. doom 
3. anguish8. puny
4. travail9. compassion
5. agony 10. Pillar

1. According to Faulkner, what is the duty of the writer?

2. What does Faulkner mean in saying that "Man will not merely endure: he will prevail?"
3. In what part of the selection did the author imply about the distinction between a poet and a
historian?
4. In the first line of his piece, what does the author mean?
5. What makes a good writing? What should a writer write about?

1. superb 6. Tramp
2. slouch 7. toil
3. sinecure 8.aloft
4. nabob 9. surf
5. thither 10.avalanche

1. Mark Twain is known for his humor. Could you cite humorous lines from his work to prove this?
2. Are there exaggerations in his expressions? Did these contribute to his humor?
3. What is the attitude of the author towards nature? Is it implicitly indicated in the story?
4. Did the selection show the irresponsibility of man toward nature? Could you cite an evidence?