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Topic 1
Topic 1
PHYSIOLOGY
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Anatomy and Physiology
▪Gross Anatomy
▪Microscopic Anatomy
▪Developmental Anatomy
▪Pathological Anatomy
GROSS ANATOMY
▪Macroscopic Anatomy
▪It is the study of structures
observed with the naked eye,
without using any instrument or
gadget to aid in our observation.
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MICROSCOPIC
ANATOMY
▪It is the study of structures
observed with the aid of a
microscope or other similar
devices and/or equipment that aid
to magnify very small things, which
the naked eye may not see.
MICROSCOPIC
ANATOMY
▪Cytology – is the study of cells
and the different cellular organelles
inside a single cell.
DEVELOPMENTAL
ANATOMY
▪It is the study of the structural
changes from conception in the
mother’s womb to birth.
▪Embryology – study of
developmental changes of the
body before birth
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PATHOLOGICAL
ANATOMY
▪Cellular Physiology
▪Developmental Physiology
▪Pathological Physiology
CELLULAR
PHYSIOLOGY
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DEVELOPMENTAL
PHYSIOLOGY
PATHOLOGICAL
PHYSIOLOGY
Clinical Connection:
Noninvasive Diagnostic
Techniques
▪ Used to assess aspects of body structure
and function
▪ Inspection of the body to observe any
changes
▪ Palpation
▪ Gently touching body surfaces with hands
▪ Auscultation or
▪ listening to body sounds (stethoscope)
▪ Percussion
▪ Tapping on the body surface with fingertips and listening to
echoes
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Characteristics of Living
Human Organism
▪Basic Life Processes
▪ Distinguish living from non-living
things
▪ Six important life process
▪ Metabolism
▪ Responsiveness
▪ Movement
▪ Growth
▪ Differentiation
▪ Reproduction
Metabolism and
Responsiveness
▪ Metabolism
▪ Sum of all the chemical process that occur in the body
▪ Catabolism or the breakdown of complex chemical substances
into simpler components
▪ Anabolism or the building up of complex chemical substances
from smaller, simpler components
▪ Responsiveness
▪ Body’s ability to detect and respond to changes
▪ Decrease in body temperature
▪ Responding to sound
▪ Nerve (electrical signals) and muscle cells (contracting)
▪ Growth
▪ Increase in body size
▪ Due to an increase in existing cells, number of cells, or
both
▪ In bone growth materials between cells increase
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Differentiation and
Reproduction
▪ Differentiation
▪ Development of a cell from an unspecialized to
specialized state
▪ Cells have specialized structures and functions that differ from
precursor cells
▪ Stem cells give rise to cells that undergo differentiation
▪ Reproduction
▪ Formation of new cells (growth, repair, or replacement)
▪ Production of a new individual
Homeostasis
▪ A condition of equilibrium (balance) in the
body’s internal environment
▪ Dynamic condition
▪ Narrow range is compatible with maintaining life
▪ Example
▪ Blood glucose levels range between 70 and 110 mg
of glucose/dL of blood
▪ Whole body contributes to maintain the internal
environment within normal limits
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ECF and Body Location
▪ Blood Plasma
▪ ECF within blood vessels
▪ Lymph
▪ ECF within lymphatic vessels
▪ Synovial fluid
▪ ECF in joints
Control of Homeostasis
▪ Physical insults
▪ Intense heat or lack of oxygen
▪ Changes in the internal environment
▪ Drop in blood glucose due to lack of food
▪ Physiological stress
▪ Demands of work or school
▪ Disruptions
▪ Mild and temporary (balance is quickly restored)
▪ Intense and Prolonged (poisoning or severe infections)
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Feedback System
▪ Cycle of events
▪ Body is monitored and re-monitored
▪ Each monitored variable is termed a
controlled condition
Feedback System
▪Receptor
Feedback System
▪Control Center
▪ Brain
▪ Sets the range of values to be maintained
▪ Evaluates input received from receptors and
generates output command
▪ Nerve impulses, hormones
▪ Brains acts as a control center receiving nerve
impulses from skin temperature receptors
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Feedback System
▪Effector
Homeostasis
Hierarchy of Structural
Organization
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Hierarchy of Structural
Organization
Hierarchy of Structural
Organization
▪ Chemical level – atoms form molecules
▪ Cellular level – cells and their functional subunits
▪ Tissue level – a group of cells performing a common
function
▪ Organ level – a discrete structure made up of more
than one tissue
▪ Organ system – organs working together for a
common purpose
▪ Organismal level – the result of all simpler levels
working in unison
Organization of the
Human Body
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Body Cavities
Body Cavities
▪Dorsal Cavity
▪Ventral Cavity
Body Cavities
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Body Cavities
Body Cavities
Body Cavities
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Body Cavities
▪The ventral cavity is made up of a
thoracic cavity and an abdomino-
pelvic cavity, separated by the
diaphragm.
Body Cavities
Body Membranes
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Body Membranes
Body Membranes
Organ Systems
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Body Covering
▪The integumentary system
▪ Including skin, hair, nails, and various
glands
▪ It covers the body
▪ Senses changes outside the body
▪ Helps regulate body temperature.
Support and
Movement
▪The skeletal system
▪ Made up of bones and ligaments.
▪ It supports, protects, provides
frameworks
▪ Stores inorganic salts
▪ Houses blood-forming tissues.
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Support and
Movement
▪The muscular system
▪Consists of all the muscles in the
body
▪Provide body movement,
posture, and body heat.
Integration and
Coordination
▪The nervous system
▪ Consists of the brain, spinal cord,
nerves, and sense organs.
▪ It integrates information incoming
information from receptors and
sends impulses to muscles and
glands.
Integration and
Coordination
▪The endocrine system
▪ Including all of the glands
that secrete hormones
▪Helps to integrate metabolic
functions
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Transport
▪The cardiovascular system
▪Made up of the heart and blood
vessels
▪Distributes oxygen and nutrients
throughout the body while removing
wastes from the cells.
Transport
▪The lymphatic system
▪Consisting of lymphatic vessels,
lymph nodes, thymus, and
spleen, drains excess tissue fluid
▪Includes cells of immunity.
Absorption and
Excretion
▪The digestive system
▪Made up of the mouth, esophagus,
stomach, intestines and accessory
organs.
▪It receives, breaks down, and
absorbs nutrients.
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Absorption and
Excretion
Absorption and
Excretion
▪The urinary system
▪Consisting of the kidneys, ureters,
bladder, and urethra
▪Removes wastes from the blood
▪Helps to maintain water and
electrolyte balance.
Reproduction
▪The reproductive system
produces new organisms.
▪Male Reproductive System
▪Female Reproductive System
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Reproduction
Reproduction
▪The female reproductive system
consists of ovaries, uterine tubes,
uterus, vagina, and external genitalia.
Gross Anatomy
Anatomical position –
a common visual
reference point
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Gross Anatomy
Regional terms – names of specific body
areas
• Axial region – the main axis of the body
• Appendicular region – the limbs
Directional terminology
• Refers to the body in anatomical
position
• Standardized terms of directions are
paired terms
Directional
Terminology
▪ Relative Positions:
1. Terms of relative position are used to
describe the location of a part relative to
another part.
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Orientation and Directional
Terms
Regional Terms
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Regional Terms
Body Sections
1. A sagittal section divides the body
into right and left portions.
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Abdominopelvic Regions
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Abdominopelvic Regions
▪ Tic-Tac-Toe grid
▪ Two horizontal and two vertical lines partition
the cavity
▪ Subcostal line (top horizontal) inferior to rib
cage
▪ Trans-tubercular line (bottom horizontal)
inferior to top of the hip bone
▪ Midclavicular lines (two vertical lines)
midpoints to clavicles and medial to the nipples
Quadrants
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Introduction:
Structure of Matter:
Structure of Matter:
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Structure of Matter:
Atomic Structure
Structure of Matter:
Bonding of Atoms
Structure of Matter:
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Structure of Matter:
Structure of Matter:
Structure of Matter:
Acids and Bases
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Structure of Matter:
Chemical Constituents of
Cells:
Chemical Constituents of
Cells:
Inorganic Substances
1. Water
▪ Water is the most abundant
compound in living things and makes
up two-thirds of the weight of adults.
▪ Water is an important solvent so most
metabolic reactions occur in water.
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Chemical Constituents of
Cells:
Inorganic Substances
2. Oxygen
▪ Oxygen is needed to release energy
from nutrients and is used to drive the
cell's metabolism.
Chemical Constituents of
Cells:
Inorganic Substances
3. Carbon dioxide
▪ Carbon dioxide is released as a waste
product during energy-releasing
metabolic reactions.
Chemical Constituents of
Cells:
Inorganic Substances
4. Inorganic salts
▪ Inorganic salts are the sources of ions
of:
▪ Sodium chloride, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium,
Phosphate, Carbonate, Bicarbonate, Sulfate
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Chemical Constituents of
Cells:
Organic Substances
1. Carbohydrates
▪ Carbohydrates provide energy for
cellular activities and are composed of
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Chemical Constituents of
Cells:
Organic Substances
1. Carbohydrates
▪ These are made from:
▪ Monosaccharides (simple sugars)
▪ Disaccharides are two monosaccharides
joined together
▪ Polysaccharides such as starch, are
built of many sugars.
Chemical Constituents of
Cells:
Organic Substances
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Chemical Constituents of
Cells:
Organic Substances
2. Lipids
▪ Lipids are insoluble in water and include
fats, phospholipids, and steroids.
▪ Fats supply energy, are composed of
oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen, and are built
from glycerol and three fatty acids.
Chemical Constituents of
Cells:
Organic Substances
2. Lipids
▪ Phospholipids contain glycerol, two fatty
acids, and a phosphate group, and are
important in cell structures.
▪ Steroids are complex ring structures, and
include cholesterol, which is used to
synthesize the sex hormones.
Chemical Constituents of
Cells:
Organic Substances
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Chemical Constituents of
Cells:
Organic Substances
3. Proteins
▪ Proteins have a great variety of functions in the
body as:
▪ Structural materials
▪ Energy sources
▪ Certain hormones
▪ Receptors on cell membranes
▪ Antibodies
▪ Enzymes to catalyze metabolic reactions
Chemical Constituents of
Cells:
Organic Substances
3. Proteins
▪ Proteins contain C, O, H, and nitrogen
atoms; some also contain sulfur.
▪ Building blocks of proteins are the amino
acids, each of which has a carboxyl group,
an amino group and a side chain called the
R group.
Chemical Constituents of
Cells:
Organic Substances
3. Proteins
▪ Proteins have complex shapes held
together by hydrogen bonds.
▪ Protein shapes, which determine how
proteins function, can be altered
(denatured) by pH, temperature, radiation,
or chemicals.
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Chemical Constituents of
Cells:
Organic Substances
4. Nucleic acids
▪ Nucleic acids form genes and take part
protein synthesis.
▪ They contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen, and phosphorus, which are bound
into building blocks called nucleotides.
Chemical Constituents of
Cells:
Organic Substances
4. Nucleic acids
▪ Nucleic acids are of two major types: DNA
(with deoxyribose) and RNA (with ribose).
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