Assignment 1 Attempt 2

9/3/2021 Assignment 1 - Basics of data
Assignment 1 - Basics of data

Click on a question number to see how your answers were marked and, where
available, full solutions.
Question Number Score

Question 1 7 / 7
Question 2 21 / 21
Question 3 4 / 4
Question 4 7 / 7
Question 5 2 / 2
Question 6 11 / 12
Question 7 6 / 6
Question 8 12 / 12
Total 70 / 71
(98%)
Performance Summary
Exam Name: Assignment 1 - Basics of data
Session ID: 12143512387
Student's Name: KH (Karabo) Mokgere (ba00b20d0cb64604a80997f6369d981c)
Exam Start: Fri Sep 03 2021 10:41:20
Exam Stop: Fri Sep 03 2021 11:41:23
Time Spent: 1:00:03
Question 1
Researchers studying the effect of antibiotic treatment for acute sinusitis compared to
symptomatic treatments randomly assigned 100 adults diagnosed with acute sinusitis to
one of two groups: treatment or control. Study participants received either a 10-day course
of amoxicillin (an antibiotic) or a placebo similar in appearance and taste. The placebo
https://numbas.up.ac.za/run_attempt/226150?resource_link_id=_2436756_1 1/23
consisted of symptomatic treatments such as acetaminophen, nasal decongestants, etc. At

the end of the 10-day period patients were asked if they experienced significant
improvement in symptoms. The distribution of responses is summarised below.
Self-reported significant improvement on symptons
Yes No Total
Treatment 14 36 50
Group
Control 9 41 50
Total 23 77 100
a)
What fraction of patients in the treatment group experienced a significant
improvement in symptoms? Round your answer to two decimal places.
Expected answer: 0.28

0.28 
 Your answer is correct.

You were awarded 2 marks.
You scored 2 marks for this part.
Score: 2/2 
b)
What fraction of patients in the control group experienced a significant improvement
in symptoms? Round your answer to two decimal places.

0.18 

Score: 2/2 
c)
At first glance, does antibiotics appear to be an effective treatment? Hint: calculate the
difference between your answers for part (a) and (b).
It appears that patients in the It does NOT appear that patients

treatment group are more likely to in the treatment group are more
experience improvements in likely to experience improvements
symptoms. in symptoms.
 You chose a correct answer.

You were awarded 1 mark.
You scored 1 mark for this part.
Score: 1/1 
d)
What can we conclude from this study?
The data proves that antibiotics is The data indicate that antibiotics

not an effective treatment. may be an affective treatment.
The data provide convincing The data provide convincing

evidence that antibiotics is an evidence that antibiotics is not an
affective treatment. affective treatment.
The data proves that antibiotics is The data indicate that antibiotics

an effective treatment. may not be an affective treatment.

Score: 2/2 
Advice
Refer to Section 1.1 of Introductory Statistics with Randomization and Simulation.
Question 2
A survey was conducted to study the smoking habits of residents. Below is a data matrix
displaying a portion of the data collected in this survey. Note that "cig" stands for cigarettes.
sex age maried grossIncome smoke amtWeekends amtWeekdays

1 Male 42 Yes 72000 Yes 14 cig/day 10 cig/day
2 Male 49 No 81500 Yes 13 cig/day 15 cig/day
3 Female 16 No 75500 Yes 7 cig/day 9 cig/day
4 Female 38.5 Yes 97000 No NA NA
5 Male 44 No 44500 No NA NA
...
7756 Female 40 Yes 38500 No NA NA
a)
How many participants were included in the survey?
Expected answer: 7756

7756 

Score: 2/2 
b)
What is the average age of the first five (5) cases? Round your answer to one decimal
place.

37.9 

Score: 2/2 
c)
What is the combined income for first three (3) cases?

229000 

Score: 2/2 
d)
What is the average number of cigarettes that the first five (5) cases smoke per week?
Round your answer to one decimal places. You may answer the question in specified
steps, but you will lose 3 marks.
Step 0
Calculate the total number of cigarettes smoked by the first five cases on weekends
(2 days). Note that people who don't smoke, smoke zero (0) cigarettes per day.
Expected answer: 68

Score: 0/2 
Step 1
Calculate the total number of cigarettes smoked by the first five cases on the normal
weekdays (5 days). Note that people who don't smoke, smoke zero (0) cigarettes per
day.


Score: 0/2 
Step 2
Calculate the total number of cigarettes smoked by the first five cases over the week
(add the answers for the previous two questions).


Score: 0/2 
Step 3
Calculate the average number of cigarettes smoked by the first five cases by
dividing the total number of cigarettes smoked by the number of cases in question.
Round your answer to one decimal value.


Score: 0/2 
(Your score will not be affected.)

Answer: 47.6 

Score: 8/8 
Indicate whether each of the following variables in the study is numerical or categorical.
If numerical, indicate if it is continuous or discrete. If categorical, indicate if the variable
is ordinal.
e)
sex
numerical continuous categorical non-ordinal categorical ordinal
numerical discrete

Score: 1/1 
f)
age
categorical ordinal numerical continuous categorical non-ordinal
numerical discrete

Score: 1/1 
g)
marital
numerical discrete categorical non-ordinal numerical continuous
categorical ordinal

Score: 1/1 
h)
gross income
categorical ordinal categorical non-ordinal numerical discrete
numerical continuous

Score: 1/1 
i)
smoke
categorical non-ordinal numerical discrete numerical continuous
categorical ordinal

Score: 1/1 
j)
amtWeekends
numerical discrete categorical ordinal numerical continuous
categorical non-ordinal


Score: 1/1 
k)
amtWeekdays
numerical continuous numerical discrete categorical non-ordinal
categorical ordinal

Score: 1/1 
Advice
Question 3
Suppose you want to estimate the percentage of videos on YouTube that are cat videos. It is
impossible for you to watch all videos on YouTube so you use a random video picker to
select 1000 videos for you. You find that 4% of these videos are cat videos. Determine which
of the following is an observation, a variable, a sample statistic, or a population parameter.
a)
Percentage of all videos on YouTube that are cat videos.
population parameter sample statistic observation
variable

Score: 1/1 
b)
4%
observation sample statistic variable
population parameter

Score: 1/1 
c)
A video in your sample.
population parameter observation sample statistic
variable

Score: 1/1 
d)
Whether or not a video is a cat video.
population parameter observation variable
sample statistic

Score: 1/1 
Advice
Question 4
A study published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology asked a group of 200
randomly sampled men and women to evaluate how they felt about various subjects, such
as camping, health care, architecture, taxidermy, crossword puzzles, and Japan in order to
measure their dispositional attitude towards mostly independent stimuli. Then, they
presented the participants with information about a new product: a microwave oven. This
microwave oven does not exist, but the participants didn’t know this, and were given three
positive and three negative fake reviews. People who reacted positively to the subjects on
the dispositional attitude measurement also tended to react positively to the microwave
oven, and those who reacted negatively also tended to react negatively to it. Researchers
concluded that "some people tend to like things, whereas others tend to dislike things, and
a more thorough understanding of this tendency will lead to a more thorough
understanding of the psychology of attitudes."
In the following questions you may choose one or more options, but note that incorrect
selections will be negatively marked.
a)
What are the cases?
the conclusion from the study
people who reacted negatively to the subjects
attitude towards a fictional microwave oven
200 randomly sampled men and women dispositional attitude
people who reacted positively to the subjects
people who reacted positively to the microwave oven the study
people who reacted negatively to the microwave oven
independent stimuli

Score: 1/1 
b)
What is (are) the response variable(s) in this study?
people who reacted positively to the microwave oven
people who reacted negatively to the subjects
people who reacted positively to the subjects independent stimuli
attitude towards a fictional microwave oven
the conclusion from the study dispositional attitude the study
200 randomly sampled men and women

Score: 1/1 
c)
What is (are) the explanatory variable(s) in this study?
the conclusion from the study
people who reacted positively to the subjects
the attitude towards a fictional microwave oven dispositional attitude
independent stimuli
people who reacted positively to the microwave oven
people who reacted negatively to the subjects the study
200 randomly sampled men and women

Score: 1/1 
d)
Does the study employ random sampling?
No Yes

Score: 1/1 
e)
Is this an observational study or an experiment?
Observational study Experiment

Score: 1/1 
f)
Can we establish a causal link between the explanatory and response variables?
Yes No

Score: 1/1 
g)
Can the results of the study be generalized to the population at large?
Yes No

Score: 1/1 
Advice
Refer to Section 1.4 and 1.5 of Introductory Statistics with Randomization and Simulation.
Question 5
A recent article in a college newspaper stated that college students get an average of 5.1 hrs
of sleep each night. A student who was skeptical about this value decided to conduct a
survey by randomly sampling 69 students. On average, the sampled students slept
4.4 hours per night.
a)
Which value represents the sample mean?
69 4.4 5.1

Score: 1/1 
b)
Which value represents the claimed population mean?
4.4 5.1 69

Score: 1/1 
Advice
Question 6
For each of the following, state whether you expect the distribution to be symmetric, right
skewed, or left skewed. Also specify whether the mean or median would best represent a
typical observation in the data, and whether the variability of observations would be best
represented using the standard deviation or IQR. You may select multiple options per
question, but note that incorrect selections are negatively marked.
a)
Housing prices in a country where 25% of the houses cost below R350,000, 50% of the
houses cost below R450,000, 75% of the houses cost below R1,000,000 and there are a
meaningful number of houses that cost more than R6,000,000.
the distribution is symmetric the distribution is left skewed
the distribution is right skewed
the mean would represent a typical observation
the median would represent a typical observation
the variability of observations would be best represented using the standard

deviation
the variability of observations would be best represented using the IQR

Score: 3/3 
b)
Housing prices in a country where 25% of the houses cost below R300,000, 50% of the
houses cost below R600,000, 75% of the houses cost below R900,000 and very few
houses that cost more than R1,200,000.

deviation

Score: 2/3 
c)
Number of alcoholic drinks consumed by university students in a given week.

deviation

Score: 3/3 
d)
Annual salaries of the employees at a large international company.

deviation

Score: 3/3 
Score: 3/3 
Advice
Question 7
Calculate the mean, variance and standard deviation for the following values: -20, -13, -10,
9, -5
a)
Calculate the mean for the values. Round your answer to one decimal value.
Expected answer: -7.8

-7.8 

Score: 2/2 
b)
Calculate the variance for the values. Use your answer from Part(a) and round your
answer to one decimal value.

117.7 

Score: 2/2 
c)
Calculate the standard deviation for the values. Use your answer from Part(b) and
round your answer to one decimal value.

10.8 

Score: 2/2 
Advice
Question 8
603 randomly sampled registered voters from Tampa, FL were asked if they thought workers
who have illegally entered the US should be (i) allowed to keep their jobs and apply for US
citizenship, (ii) allowed to keep their jobs as temporary guest workers but not allowed to
apply for US citizenship, or (iii) lose their jobs and have to leave the country. The results of
the survey by political ideology are shown below.
Political ideology
Conservative Moderate Liberal Total
(i) Apply for citizenship 86 72 60 218
(ii) Guest worker 56 65 51 172
(iii) Leave the country 52 34 20 106
(iv) Not sure 9 92 6 107
Total 203 263 137 603
a)
What fraction of these Tampa, FL voters identify themselves as conservatives? Round
your answer to two decimal places.

0.34 

Score: 2/2 
b)
What fraction of these Tampa, FL voters are in favor of the citizenship option? Round
your answer to two decimal places.

0.36 

Score: 2/2 
c)
What fraction of these Tampa, FL voters identify themselves as conservatives and are
in favor of the citizenship option? Round your answer to two decimal places.

0.14 

Score: 2/2 
d)
What fraction of these Tampa, FL voters who identify themselves as conservatives are
also in favor of the citizenship option? Round your answer to two decimal places.

0.42 

You scored 2 marks for this part
Score: 2/2 
e)
What fraction of moderates share this view? Round your answer to two decimal places.

0.27 

Score: 2/2 
f)
What fraction of liberals share this view? Round your answer to two decimal places.

0.44 

Score: 2/2 
Advice
Created using Numbas (https://www.numbas.org.uk), developed by Newcastle University (http://www.newcastle.ac.uk).

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9/3/2021 Assignment 1 - Basics of data

Assignment 1 - Basics of data

Question Number Score

consisted of symptomatic treatments such as acetaminophen, nasal decongestants, etc. At

Self-reported significant improvement on symptons

Expected answer: 0.28

 Your answer is correct.

Expected answer: 0.18

 Your answer is correct.

It appears that patients in the It does NOT appear that patients

 You chose a correct answer.

The data proves that antibiotics is The data indicate that antibiotics

The data provide convincing The data provide convincing

The data proves that antibiotics is The data indicate that antibiotics

 You chose a correct answer.

sex age maried grossIncome smoke amtWeekends amtWeekdays

Expected answer: 7756

 Your answer is correct.

Expected answer: 37.9

 Your answer is correct.

What is the combined income for first three (3) cases?

Expected answer: 229000

 Your answer is correct.

Expected answer: 170

Expected answer: 238

Expected answer: 47.6

(Your score will not be affected.)

Expected answer: 47.6

 Your answer is correct.

numerical continuous categorical non-ordinal categorical ordinal

 You chose a correct answer.

categorical ordinal numerical continuous categorical non-ordinal

 You chose a correct answer.

numerical discrete categorical non-ordinal numerical continuous

 You chose a correct answer.

categorical ordinal categorical non-ordinal numerical discrete

 You chose a correct answer.

categorical non-ordinal numerical discrete numerical continuous

 You chose a correct answer.

numerical discrete categorical ordinal numerical continuous

 You chose a correct answer.

numerical continuous numerical discrete categorical non-ordinal

 You chose a correct answer.

population parameter sample statistic observation

 You chose a correct answer.

observation sample statistic variable

 You chose a correct answer.

population parameter observation sample statistic

 You chose a correct answer.

population parameter observation variable

 You chose a correct answer.

What are the cases?

the conclusion from the study

people who reacted negatively to the subjects

attitude towards a fictional microwave oven

200 randomly sampled men and women dispositional attitude

people who reacted positively to the subjects

people who reacted positively to the microwave oven the study

people who reacted negatively to the microwave oven

 You chose a correct answer.

people who reacted positively to the microwave oven

people who reacted negatively to the subjects