72122, 749 AM Environmental issues in Sri Lanka - Wikipedia
‘WIKIPEDIA
Environmental issues in Sri Lanka
Environmental issues in Sri Lanka include large-scale
logging of forests and degradation of mangroves, coral reefs and
soil. Air pollution and water pollution are challenges for Sri Lanka
since both cause negative health impacts. Overfishing and
insufficient waste management, especially in rural areas, leads to
environmental pollution. Sri Lanka is also vulnerable to climate [
change impacts such as extreme weather events and sea level
rise. .
Industrialization and population growth are major drivers of these x
environmental issues.2] A lack of public awareness and
governmental guidelines intensify the problems.!"]
Location of Sri Lanka
Contents
Background
Major environmental issues
Deforestation
Mangrove degradation
Coral reef destruction
Soil degradation
Air pollution
Water pollution
Waste management
Overfishing
Climate change vulnerability
Environmental disasters
X-Press Pearl
References
Further reading
Background
These environmental problems have escalated because of a high population growth and the increasing
industrialization in Sri Lanka since the 1980s. The industrialization led to an increase in automobile
use and energy consumption. The energy demand used to be almost covert by hydro power plants in
1988 (90%). The increased demands led to the construction of oil and coal fired thermal power plants
which emit more greenhouse gases than renewable energy technologies like hydro power plants. 2!
hitpsion.wikipodta orghwikvEnvironmental_tssues_in_Sx_Lanka 19770122, 749 AM Environmental ssues in Sri Lanka - Wikipedia
Alack of public awareness and participation in government policies and environmental standards has
amplified the problems.) However, Sri Lanka's government has undertaken several efforts to
encounter environmental issues.
Major environmental issues
Deforestation
Sri Lanka's central and southern parts are home to montane forests, sub-montane forests and to
lowland rainforests. In contrast, sparse forests, mangroves, riverine dry forests and monsoon forests
are located in the dry zone. These forest covers in Sri Lanka have been greatly reduced by legal as well
as illegal forest clearing.|3)
Due to deforestation in Sri Lanka the size of land covered by
natural forests di d from 80% in 1820 to 43% in 1948. This
was partly caused by British colonialism from 1801 to 1948 which
increased the amount of tea, coffee and rubber plantations. The
natural forest cover further decreased to 23% in 2000.4 In 2010,
29% of Sri Lanka's area was covered by forests (this number
includes forest _plantations).!4!_ Drivers of recent forest
degradation are an increase in population, road construction,
timber production, agricultural development and forest cleaning Deforestation bocause of a toa
by private businessmen. Even though there are conservation plantation in Sri Lanka
areas, the management is partly insufficient.3] The extensive
deforestation leads to a rise of the average surface temperature.
Deforestation is also responsible for an increase in greenhouse gas emissions because trees remove
CO, from the air. By clear cutting areas the CO, returns to the air and thereby increases the
atmospheric carbon concentration. {51
‘The government of Sri Lanka has adopted the target to increase the size of land covered by forests to
32% by 2030. In order to achieve this, the government intends to reforest degraded forests, to
increase urban forests, and to improve the forest plantations.!5!
Sri Lanka had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 5.83/10, ranking it 94th
globally out of 172 countries.|61
Mangrove degradation
Sri Lanka's mangrove forests, small trees that grow in coastal water, have been decreased by 70%
since 1915.2] The size of mangrove ecosystems is being reduced because of the implementation of
agriculture and aquaculture systems like fisheries. Shrimp aquaculture projects are one of the biggest
threats. The shrimp business is growing very fast because of high demand and high profits. One of the
negative impacts of shrimp farms is that mangroves are being destroyed where the farms are built.!81
Mangroves however are very important for people living close to the coast. The reason for this is that
mangroves offer products that can be used for cooking, building houses and fodder, as well as fish,
and other food items. They also offer protection against floods and pollutants. Moreover, mangroves
are important for other ecosystems and host animals like fish, crab and shrimp.!8!
hitpsion.wikipodta orghwikvEnvironmental_tssues_in_Sx_Lanka 29712122, 749 AM Environmental issues in Sr Lanka - Wikpeda
In 2015, the government of Sri Lanka reached an agreement with private companies, non-
governmental organizations, researchers and members of affected communities. This agreement
protects all mangrove forests in Sri Lanka by law. Moreover, they agreed to launch mangrove
reforestation activities and to create alternative sources of income for locals.{71
Coral reef destruction
Coral reefs are threatened by human activities such as destructive fishing methods, coral-mining,
pollution and unsustainable management practices. Extensive aquaculture is the biggest threat to
coral reefs. Shrimp farms are especially destructive to coral reefs.(9!
Coral reefs are very important for the coastal population. They provide food, protect the coast, and are
popular destination for tourists and therefore are important for people's income. Most Sri Lankans
live along the coast and the population is growing which will have greater negative consequences for
the coral reefs.[91
Soil degradation
Parts of the dry zone as well as the wet zone are damaged by soil degradation. Soil erosion in Sri
Lanka is 14 to 33 times bigger than it would be without human influence. It has negative impacts on
agriculture as well as on people's livelihood.2°!
Soil degradation is mainly caused by unsustainable agricultural practices, high intensity rainfall and
indireetly caused by population growth which results in increased consumption. Tree plantation such
as tea and rubber plantation cause low rates of soil erosion. Higher rates of soil erosion are caused by
crops which are harvested annually like potatoes, most bles and tobacco.!""! Soil degradation in
the dry zone leads to desertification. The loss of soil also is a big problem near watersheds, because a
lot of hydro power plants are built in those watersheds.2°)
Air pollution
Air pollution is a problem in Sri Lanka's cities and it is mostly caused by vehicl
motor vehicles almost tripled during the 1990s which also led to an increase in traffic jams. The use of
old vehicles and poor quality gas intensify negative consequences.[2]
Major air pollutants in Sri Lanka are oxides of carbon, oxides of nitrogen, oxides of sulfur,
particulates, inorganic compounds, hydrocarbons and the secondary pollutant photochemical smog.
These pollutants have negative impact on people's health as they can cause respiratory illnesses,
asthma or even death. Dust falls are also an issue in areas with a high traffic density.|21
Besides outdoor pollution, indoor pollution also is a concern, The pollutants listed above have even
worse impacts inside motor vehicles and buildings. Air pollution inside buildings is a severe problem
when firewood is used for cooking. In 2000, 80% of households burned firewood for cooking which
sets free many fine particles that can cause respiratory illnesses, and cancer.{2)
Water pollution
Domestic activities, industry and agriculture cause water pollution in Sri Lanka.[2)
hitpson.wikipodta orghwikvEnvironmental_tssues_in_Sxi_Lanka 39770122, 749 AM Environmental ssues in Sri Lanka - Wikipedia
Rivers and lakes are most affected by pollutants. Pollutants that end up in lakes are sewage, vegetable
waste and waste from hospitals. ‘The pollution of lakes in Sri Lanka leads to algal blooms, which
reduces the oxygen content and has negative consequences on fish populations. The Kelani river is
especially polluted because it flows through industrial areas. Industrial waste is often discharged into
the river, treated or untreated. Moreover, dumps that are located close to rivers have negative
influences on the water quality. Large amounts of pesticides used in the agricultural sector also get
into the water of rivers and lakes. Groundwater and surface water are also polluted by the heavy use of
fertilizer and pesticides and by storm run-offs.!2] Coastal and marine waters are threatened by
pesticides, fertilizer, industrial waste and run-offs from waste dumps.!4! Rivers that flow out into the
sea deteriorate the sea water. Oil spills, chemicals and non-biodegradable waste such as plastic also
decrease the quality of Sri Lanka's seawater.2] Microplastie pollution has resulted in a drastic
reduction of fish stocks.{13]
In 2000, only 25% of the households in Sri Lanka got their water through pipes. Even the water that
does come through the pipe from local suppliers is not monitored efficiently. This is why a part of the
population does not get clean drinking water.{*] sri Lanka's wastewater management requires a lot of
work. Only approximately 2.5 percent of the population, primarily in the Colombo region, has access
to sewers, |44]U15]16]
‘The French Development Agency (AFD) authorized a €75 million loan to improve sanitation services
in Ratmalana and Moratuwa, two overpopulated and rapidly increasing suburbs. This initiative will
provide better sanitation services to 44, 500 individuals. 271L8Ib91
Waste management
Sri Lanka faces managerial problems in waste collection and waste disposal.[5]
‘A study from 2005 revealed that only 24% of the household had waste management and the
percentage of access to waste collection is even smaller in rural areas (2%). Increased waste
generation is caused by high population growth, industrialization, urbanization and increased
consumption.[2°!
Provinces and local authorities are over-strained by these large
amounts. Collected waste is often brought to open dumps and is
not treated. Moreover, some dumps are located in
environmentally sensitive locations or close to residential areas.
These problems are caused by a lack of governmental regulations
and public commitment but also a lack of technical knowledge,
low financial resources and too little suitable space for waste
disposal sites. The effects of poor waste management is waste
laying in the streets, waterways and swamps. These results
influence the aesthetic of the landscape, decrease the biodiversity,
cause health problems and have negative impacts on Sri Lanka's
tourist industry. The study shows that in areas without waste
collection, the majority of people dump their waste that should be
going to the landfill in their backyard. Plastics and paper are often
burned or also disposed in the backyard. Moreover, green waste is
burned by 80% of the household in the southern provinces that do
not have access to waste collection.!21!
Uncollected waste in Sri Lanka
hitpsion.wikipodta orghwikvEnvironmental_tssues_in_Sx_Lanka 49770122, 749 AM Environmental ssues in Sri Lanka - Wikipedia
Sri Lanka's government aims to address these problems by implementing waste sorting systems in
households, improved waste collection by municipalities and cities, composting systems and
systematic treatment of hazardous waste from the industry and clinics./5)
Overfishing
Sri Lanka is experiencing declines in fish populations due to overfishing, |221
c
ate change vulnerability
Sri Lanka's geographic location makes it vulnerable for climate
change impacts. Expected impacts are an increase in temperature,
more frequent extreme weather events like floods and cyclones as
well as sea level rise.[23] Sea level rise is especially critical for Sri
Lanka's coastal regions.[5] These impacts negatively influence
agriculture, fisheries, tourism,l24] people's livelihood, and the
environment.25) The impacts on agriculture and fisheries will in
turn influence food security and exports of crops and fishes. —Fiooa in Sn Lanka
Negative consequences for the environment include biodiversity
loss, ecosystem degradation and water cycle disturbances.[51
Sri Lanka has set goals in their Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC) how to
implement climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies in order to prevent severe climate
change impacts. The government has already implemented regulations and guidelines like the
National Climate Change Policy of Sri Lanka, the Climate Change Vulnerability Profiles and the
Technology Action Plans for Climate Change Adaption and Mitigation in 2014. Moreover, steps have
been taking to reduce possible impacts of climate change in Sri Lanka. These steps include but are not
limited to building a more resilient infrastructure, actions to ensure human health and food security
during and after climate change impacts like floods and cyclones, and the protection of the
environment and the tourism sector.{5]
Environmental disasters
X-Press Pearl
X-Press Pearl was a Singapore-registered Super Eco 2700-class container ship. The vessel entered
service in February 2021 and was around 186 metres (610 ft) long.26] Tt was operated by X-Press
Feeders.
On 20 May 2021, X-Press Pearl caught fire off the coast of Colombo, Sri Lanka.[27] The vessel was
engulfed in flames by 27 May and declared a total loss. It was still afloat, and the fire was thought to
be under control by Sri Lankan firefighters by the late hours of 27 May 2021.28] After burning for 12
days, the vessel sank on 2 June as it was being towed away to deeper waters.[281139] The incident was
deemed the worst marine ecological disaster in Sri Lankan history!3#Il32) for the chemical products
that spilled.[33]
hitpsion.wikipodta orghwikvEnvironmental_tssues_in_Sx_Lanka 5972122, 749 AM Environmental issues in Sri Lanka - Wikipedia
According to X-Press Feeders,|24I salvage operations to remove the wreck began in November 2021.
All work on site is expected to be completed by April 2023. Salvage work will be interrupted during
the southwest monsoon from late April to November 2022.
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Further reading
hitpsion.wikipodta orghwikvEnvironmental_tssues_in_Sx_Lanka aeTre12, 749 AM Environmental issues in Sri Lanka - Wikipedia
= Bandara, N. J. G. J. (2003-06-01). "Water and wastewater related issues in Sri Lanka". Water
Science and Technology. 47 (12): 305-312. ISSN 0273-1223.
= Nandasena, Yatagama Lokuge S; Wickremasinghe, Ananda R; Sathiakumar, Nalini (2010-06-02).
“Air pollution and health in Sri Lanka: a review of epidemiologic studies” BMC Public Health 10:
300.
= Rajasuriya, A., de Silva, M. W. R. N., & Qehman, M. C. (1995). Coral reefs of Sri Lanka: human
disturbance and management issues. Ambio.
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