Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 8 Part 1
Chapter 8 Part 1
Chapter 8 Part 1
Sometimes we mean more than we say -The utterance meaning is the totality of what the
speaker intends to convey by making an utterance.
- The utterance meaning includes the semantic
content plus any pragmatic meaning created by
the use of the sentence in a specific context.
Grice’s Maxims of Conversation -The connection between what is said and what is
implicated, taking context into account, cannot be
arbitrary.
- A conversation is a cooperative activity.
-To carry on an intelligible conversation, each party
must assume that the other is trying to participate
in a meaningful way.
-The Cooperative Principle: Make your
conversational contribution such as is required, at
the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted
purpose or direction of the talk exchange
in which you are engaged.
-The Maxims of Conversation:
● QUALITY: make your contribution one that
is true. You must be sure that the
information is true, do not say that for which
you lack adequate evidence.
● QUANTITY: Make your contribution as
informative as is required. Do not make
your contribution more informative than is
required.
● RELATION: Be relevant.
● MANNER: Be perspicuous.
1. Avoid obscurity of expression.
2. Avoid ambiguity.
3. Be brief.
4. Be orderly.
-The Cooperative Principle is not a code of
conduct, in which speakers have a moral obligation
to obey.
-The Cooperative Principle is a kind of background
assumption what is necessary in order to make
rational conversation possible is not for the
speaker to follow the principle slavishly, but for the
speaker and hearer to share a common awareness
that it exists.
Types of implicatures