MASTER PLANNING, DETAILED ENGINEERING DESIGN

AND RESIDENT SUPERVISION OF INFRASTRUCTURE

DEVELOPMENT OF JALOZAI ECONIMIC ZONE, DDFGDF

DESIGN CRITERIA

1.0 GENERAL

The structural Design criteria describes general design requirements applicable to all
structures and their components for the captioned project. All structures shall be analyzed
for all phases of construction for a high degree of structural competence, reliability and
ease of construction, as per the various standards & codes as described below.
Our design methodology will be focused on achieving conceptual unity amongst different
aspects. The proposedfbdfb. Modern analysis tools can be extremely efficient and
detailed, but they are not substitute for an experienced designer's judgment. They can
only facilitate the judgment. Both assumptions and limitations built-in in these programs
must properly be understood by the designer. NESPAK's Structural Engineering Division
lays particular emphasis on this aspect. Similarly all works carried out on computers are
effectively and appropriately cross-checked to ensure that error-free designs are
produced.

2.0 DESIGN LOADS

2.1 DEAD LOADS

Dead loads are the vertical loads due to the weight of all permanent structural and non-
structural components of a building, such as walls, built-in & moveable partitions, floors,
roofs and finishes including all other permanent construction
.
Dead loads also include the weight of all fixed services equipments, such as piping,
heating and air-condition ducts/equipments, elevators and the weight of all other fixed
equipments.

The dead loads on the structure will be computed from the unit weights of the materials.
Following unit weights will be used for computing dead loads, unless otherwise
specified.

Material Unit Weight (pcf)

Reinforced Concrete 150
Plain Concrete 144
Water 62.4
Brick Masonry 120

2.2 SUPERIMPOSED DEAD LOADS

Structures will be designed to be capable of resisting the following main loads and forces

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 1. Dead Load

2. Live Load

3. Impact

4. Vehicle Collision Forces

5. Wind Load

6. Longitudinal forces due to tractive/braking effort of vehicles

7. Earth Pressure

8. Earthquake Forces

2.3 LIVE LOADS

Live loads include loads due to intended use and occupancy of an area, personnel,
moveable equipments, lateral earth pressures, vehicle and impact loadings.

For the subject project, floor live loads as per occupancy and intended use requirements
are as given below.

Corridors 80 psf
Roof 40 psf
Lecture Theatre 50 psf
Wash Rooms 40 psf
Class Rooms 40 psf

Vehicular live loading on the roadways of bridges or incidental structures, designated

HL-93, and shall consist of a combination of the:
 Design truck combined with design lane load, or
 Design tandem combined with design Lane Load

Whichever results in the more severe forces will be considered for design. Vehicle
loading and placement for most severe effects shall be as per clause 3.6 of AASHTO
LRFD 2010.

2.4 IMPACT / DYNAMIC ALLOWANCE

Impact / dynamic allowance on live loads will be considered as specified in Clause 3.6.2
for design truck and design tandem of AASHTO LRFD 2010.

2.5 VEHICLE COLLISION FORCE

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 Abutments and piers located within a distance of 9000mm to the edge of roadway, or
within a distance of 15000mm to the centerline of railway track, shall be designed for an
equivalent static force of 180,000 N, which is assumed to act in any direction in
horizontal plane, at a distance of 1200mm above ground as per clause 3.6.5.2 in
AASHTO LRFD 2010 for “Vehicle and railway collision with structures”.

2.6 WIND LOADS

Wind load on structure and on live load will be computed according to the clause 3.8 of
the AASHTO LRFD 2010.

2.7 BRAKING FORCES

Braking forces will be calculated as per clause 3.6.4 of AASHTO LRFD 2010

The braking force shall be taken as the greater of:

 25 percent of the axle weights of the design truck or design tandem or,

 5 percent of the design truck plus lane load or five percent of the design tandem
plus lane load.

2.8 SEISMIC LOADS

Seismic loads will be computed according to UBC-1997. All structures and their
components shall be analyzed to determine their adequacy to withstand lateral forces
caused by seismic loads. Following seismic parameters as per UBC-97 have been
followed in the structural design of the building.

Z = 0.15
I = 1
R = 5.5 (Load case EQ-X and EQ-Y)
Soil Profile Type = SD
For bridge structures lateral earth pressures due to backfill will be computed by the
classical theories taking into account the effect of submergence and seismicity of the area
AS PER AASHTO LRFD 2010.

3.0 LOAD COMBINATIONS

The various load cases applied to structures in combination with the required strength
factors are indicated below. The load combination producing the maximum resultant
forces and moments shall be used in design.

1. U = 1.4 D
2. U = 1.2 D + 1.6 L
3. U = 1.2 D + 1.0 L + 1.0 E
4. U = 0.9 D + 1.0 E

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 Load combinations for sanitary engineering structures shall be in accordance with
recommendations of UBC and ACI.
Loading combinations will be as per AASHTO LRFD 2010 Code for bridge.

The guidelines set forth in AASHTO LRFD 7th Edition 2015 shall be used in the design
of culverts carrying transit loadings except as modified herein

Notations

D = Dead Load
L = Live Load
E = Earthquake Load
U = required ultimate strength for concrete structures to resist design loads or
their related internal moments and forces as defined in ACI 318-05.

4.0 MATERIAL PROPERTIES

For material specifications, the “General Specifications” (1998) by “National Highway

Authority (NHA)” will be used. Special provisions will cover any deviation from these
specifications. The following major materials will be used in the construction of the
structures mentioned earlier.

4.1 REINFORCING STEEL

All reinforcing steel, to be used in reinforced concrete works shall be deformed, hot
rolled billet steel bars conforming to ASTM A-615 Grade 60 with specified yield
strength of not less then (fy) 60,000 Psi nor more then 78,000 Psi and ratio of ultimate
tensile strength / yield strength not less than 1.25

Bar spacing, splices and reinforcement covers shall conform to the ACI 318-05 Code
requirements.

4.2 CONCRETE

All reinforced concrete shall have a minimum compressive cylinder strength of 21

N/mm2 (3000 psi) at 28 days except water retaining structures having minimum
compressive cylinder strength of 28 N/mm2 (4000 psi) at 28 days unless otherwise
indicated on drawings.

Adequate protection shall be given to concrete against direct exposure to earth and to
possible physical damage at locations like vehicle entrances by bitumen coating, corner
angles, bollards etc.

Minimum compressive cylinder strength of concrete at 28 days for various bridge

structural works shall be as follows:

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 Substructure of bridge 280 Kg/cm2 (4000 psi).

Deck slab and diaphragms of bridge 280 Kg/cm2 (4000 psi).

Piles 280 Kg/cm2 (4000 psi).

Precast Prestressed concrete 350 Kg/cm2 (5000 psi).

Lean/Blinding concrete 100 Kg/cm2 (1500 psi)

4.3 BRICK WORK

All brick work shall be laid in first class Brick Masonry. A good first class brick shall
be sound hard and well burnt with uniform size , shape and color, homogeneous in
texture and free from flaws and cracks. Minimum crushing strength of first class burnt
bricks shall be 14 N/mm2 (2000 psi).

Thickness of load bearing walls shall be kept so that the stresses due to sustaining loads
remains within prescribed limits and bond beams shall be provided where required by
design.

A smooth bearing for RCC slabs on the walls shall be provided with 6 mm cement plaster
(1:3), finished with a floating coat of neat cement and covered with Kraft paper. Under
beams, a thick bed plate of reinforced concrete, finished with a smooth surface as above
shall be provided.

5.0 ANALYSIS

The analysis for final design shall be carried out using computer softwares of analysis
and design as listed below.

ETABS - Extended. Three Dimensional Analysis of

Building System.
SAFE - Slab analysis by the finite element method
SAP - Structural analysis program

5.1 DEFLECTION

The vertical deflections and lateral displacements of any structural component shall be
limited by the values set forth in ACI 318-05 Code.

6.0 DESIGN

All reinforcement concrete structure shall be designed by the ultimate strength method, as
defined in ACI 318-05 except for all concrete liquid retaining or sanitary engineering
structures which are designed and detailed based on method as recommended by ACI

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 committee 350. A minimum factor of safety against sliding or overturning of 1.5 shall be
used for all structures.
As future equipments and building extensions are anticipated, therefore all main
structural elements shall be designed accordingly and be specifically notified on the
drawings.

7.0 CODES AND REFERENCES

The design, fabrication and erection shall in general conform to the latest editions of the
following codes which are to be applied with proper engineering judgment.

7.1 BCP-2007 “Building Code of Pakistan”

7.2 ACI-318-05 “Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete”

7.3 UBC – 97 “Uniform Building Code”

7.4 AWS "Structural Welding Code II AWS 1.1”

7.5 AISC “Manual of Steel Construction”

7.6 ASCE 7-98 “Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and other
Structures"
7.7 WPC PHB (1967) West Pakistan Code of Practice for Highway bridges.

7.8 AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, American Association of State

Highway and Transportation Officials.

7.9 ACI 301-95 Specifications for Structural Concrete. American

Concrete Institute.

7.10 ASTM A615 Specifications for Deformed and Plain Billet Steel Bars
for Concrete Reinforcement

7.11 ASTM C150 Specifications for Portland cement

7.12 ASTM C33 Specifications for Concrete Aggregate

7.13 EM USR Relevant Manual of U.S. Army Engineers

7.14 ACI -350R (Building Code Requirement for Water Retaining

Structures)
7.15 ASCE 7-10 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and other
Structures