HIST 1 (Reviewer) o Good ideas

o Courage
● History
o Appreciation
- Writing (cities to empires &
industrial revolution)
● History as a human activity
- Western concept (Istorya :
learning through inquiry)
● Language concerns with the essence
- Root/inquiry’s to know
of writing.
- German (Geschichte –
Gesechen)
● Historical Thinking
- Ganscript/Indu (Itihaasa:
how things are)
- Reading analysis and
- Kasaysayan (Dr. Zues
writing about
Salazar) : kwento na may
- Gets closer to past
saysay/kwentong may
- Complex and vital in
kwenta ---- Makilala ang
helping a child to be better
sarili at ang bayan
- “Historical Approach” to
- 6 M yrs. ago
primary sources
- Homo sapiens sapiens (260
M yrs. ago)
⮚ Elements of Historical Thinking

a. Multiple Account and

● 50,000 BC – Most advanced language Perspectives
● 10,000 BC – civilization began b. Analysis of primary sources
c. Sourcing
d. Understanding historical
⮚ Video #1: how knowledge is pass fom context
one generation to another language e. Claim evidence connection
⮚ 2: history as solutions to the problem of
the present ⮚ Important Aspect
⮚ 3: problem of history - “you need to ask questions”
● the past - “inquire”
- fractured
- different and distant ⮚ Strategies for reading historical
● preservation of the pass documents
- fragmentary 1. Sourcing – think about
- management a document’s author and
● the production its creation
- individuals 2. Contextualizing– situate
- constrained the document and its
events in time and place
(imperfection of recovery and
3. Close Reading –
representation)
carefully consider what
● Purpose of History (things can the document says, and
change) the language used to say
- Solutions to the problems of it
the present
 4. Using Background
Knowledge – use
historical information
and knowledge to read
& understand document
5. Reading the Silences –
identify what has been
left out or is missing
from the document by
asking questions of its
account
6. Corroborating – asks
questions about
important details across
multiple sources to
determine points of
agreement and
disagreement
⮚ Goals why taught students to
“think like a historian”
1. To tolerate complexity
2. To adapt to new
situations
3. To resist the first answer
that comes to mind
● Herodotus – Father of History
(asking the right question is the
ability to get the right answer)
● Rio de Plata
● Reduction
● Colonialism: Economic and Structural
influences
Pre-colonial Setting
● Austronesian “ban(u)wa”
● Settlement Patterns
Entradas to Encomiendas
● Tradition of Conquista
● Role of Encomienderos
● Policy of Reduction- Reducing
Settlements
Royal Patronage
- Every expedition should have one friar
Encomiendero
- Spanish soldiers with good reputation
-Right hand of the king
-Manages an encomienda
Encomienda
- Mostly founded by the river
Entrada
- Event when Spanish soldiers enter the
houses of the Datus by either
influencing of forcing them to follow
them.
-Reward to Encomiendero
Conquistador
- Spanish soldiers
Poblacion
- Where pueblo lives
Pueblo
- Town
-latin: Popolo meaning people
-Evolved from encomiendas
-Centered on Poblacion
-Has elites who are in rotation of
becoming government officials
-Has its own church with permanent
friar/priest
Visita
- Has government
-Has no permanent priest
-Eventually becomes pueblo
Matris* (search)
Missionary Orders
1. Augustinians (1565)
- first to come with Legazpi
-flaming heart of Jesus
2. Franciscans (1577)
- Hand of Jesus + Hands of St.
Francis
3. Jesuits (1581)
- Society of Jesus
-Eastern Visayas
4. Dominicans (1587)
- Held key positions
-Order of Preachers
5. Recollects (1606)
 - Augustinians who separated
from the first Augustinians
FRIARS AS TRAILBLAZERS
1 Pueblo: 1 Friar
Problem of Settlements
● Few Spaniards
● Natives flee from Spanish Influence
● Disjuncture in the sense of place
Friar- backbone of the Philippines
Namumundok- gets outside of the Spanish
context
Translation and Colonization
Friars
- Had to learn the Filipino language,
they did not let Filipinos adjust to their
language; Spanish
Casique/Kasike
- Leaders of indigenous groups that
refuse to become a part of local
bureaucracy
2 books in Spanish
Bokabularyo (Vocabulario)
- Dictionary
Arte y
- Grammar book
-use of Latin principles in organizing
grammar
-retention of Latin/Spanish forms of
Dios, Virgen Espirito Santo, Cruz,
Doctrina
Artey De La Lingua Bisaya-1747
Dela Lengva Pampanga
Fray Alonso De Mentrida
● Arrived in the Philippines in 1598
● Assigned as lecturer of grammar in
Cebu and lector of the covenant in
Manila.
Revolts
Dagami Revolt (1565-1567) 
● Started May 22, 1565 
● Led by Chief Dagami, including a party
of 16, and 4 other chieftains  
● Chief Dagami is a native of Gabi (now
Polo) in Cebu 
● Pedro de Arana, personal company of
Spanish Governor Miguel Lopez de
Legazpi, was the first casualty of the
revolt in May 23, 1565 
● December 1566, two Spaniards and 3
nearly died because of a poisoned wine
bought from a Cebu wine seller. Legazpi
alleged Rajah Tupas and other datus as
the culprit of the poisoning 
● Tupas handed over two women, these
women implicated two others. 3 were
sentenced to flogging and deportation
while the other as sentenced to death 
● Tupas betrayed Dagami to Legazpi 
● Dagami’s head and other body parts
were displayed in the place were Pedro
de Aran died 
● Tupas lauded Dagami as one of the
proudest in the island, opposing peace
with the Spaniards even after the Treaty
of Cebu. He favored revolts and wars to
gain Independence 
Lakandula and Sulayman Revolt (1574) 
● Also called Manila Revolt or Tagalog
Revolt 
● Led by Lakandula and
Rajah Sulayman in Tondo, Manila 
● Happened on the same as the Chinese
pirate Limahong attacked on Intramuros 
● Caused by losing Soliman
and Lakandula's kingdom to Legazpi
and accept Spanish sovereignt on the
condition that they will be treated well
and retain some of their royal and
political power 
 ● Guido de Lavezaris, replaced Legazpi as ● Tamblot death is still unknown. He was
Governor General after the latter’s either killed in the battle or assassinated
death, revoked exemptions from paying by a Spanish friar 
tributes and confiscated lands
of Lakandula and Sulayman  Tapar Revolt
● Father Martin convinced the two to   
abort revolt and promised to return ● Led by a babaylan named Tapar 
their priveleges, ● Held at Oton, Panay 
however, Sulayman continued with the ● Tapar renounced the Catholic faith and
revolt and was brutally crushed  instead founded a religion with a mixed
  of Christianity and paganism 
Magalat Revolt (1596)  ● He claimed to have spoken with demons
and formulative native versions of
● Led by Magalat, one of the Spanish clergy, Holy Trinity, and the
few rebels from Cagayan  Virgin Mary 
● Arrested by the Spaniards for rebellion ● A parish priest intervened by Tapar had
but was released at the request of the him killed 
Dominican priests  ● Tapar and his follower were hunted and
● Together with his brother, he urged the killed. Their corpses were tied to
entire country to revolt  bamboo poles and fed to crocodiles 
● He was said to have
committed atrocities against fellow
natives who refused to rise Structural analysis – Basic Structure
up against the Spaniards   ● Arte – 4 books in the 1894 edition, with
● Governor General Francisco de Tello de the 2 last books possibly as later
Guzman sent Pedro de Chaves to fight, addition
capture, and execute the rebels and its ● Vocabulario -1637 edition has two parts
leaders  ⮚ Spanish – Bisaya “Glossary”,
● Magalat was assassinated within his Bisaya Spanish Dictionary
fortified fortress by his own men  -1842 edition (2nd part)
⮚ Espanol – Hiligaina Diccinario
Tamblot Revolt (1621-1622)  – Fray Julian Martin

● Religious uprising in Bohol led Structural Analysis – Bridging the Gap

by Tamblot  Phonological Gap
● Jesuits came to Bohol and converted ● Phonological Gap
natives to Catholic faith  -Vowel system
● As a babaylan, urged his fellow -d/t/I allophony
Boholanos to return to their old faith of ● The Phonological Gap
their forefathers  -Phonemic Inventory
● Tamblot challenge a priest to which god 1.Bisayan
would give rice and wine from -Interplay with Orthography
bamboo, Tamblot won and gained 2000 2.Bisayan
followers  3.Spanish
● Spanish called for reinforcement from ● The Phonological Gap
Cebu due to the revolt  -Indicating lexical stress – use
of abbreviation
 1.For disyllabic entries
*Primer accents – Accent on the
first syllable
*Ultima accents – Accent on the
final syllable
2.For trisyllabic entries
*Penultima Concepts – For
words with 3 syllables or more
-short penultimate,
accent on the syllable before it
*Penultima Products – long
penultimate
3.dv both syllables are stressed
● The Phonological Gap
-Indicating lexical stress – one
of abbreviation: Indicating
lexical stress
Morphological grammatical Gap
● Fusional vs Agglutinative: Declerisions
vs Affixes
-verb forms and the chapters of
arte
● Lack of Equivalents of auxiliary verbs
-ser-multiple expressions
*embedded in adjectives
-estar- by locatives such as art,
yari,are,diri
-tender/haber – may and coy
History in Languages
1. Aklanon
● No mention but words found in modern
Aklanon are in vocabulario
-nina: herida o ilaga “wound” (labelled
as Cebuano)
-bonae: lavar ropa “to wash clothes”
(“wet” in Aklanon)
-umug: ropa humeda “wet clothes”(
“dirty clothes” in Aklanon)
● “Archaie” Hiligaina more similar to
Waray – use of itonas demonstrative
pronoun
Conclusion
● Unequal relationships are embedded in
the works
-Not bi-directional, serves only to teach
Bisayan to the Spaniards but not
Spanish to the natives – discrepancy
between the lemmas
-Trying to fit Hiligaina into the Spanish
framework – “plura;” forms
● Inclusion of religious teachings in the
examples – importance of catechism in
the native’s language
Tomas Pinpin – Librong pag-aaralan ng mga
tagalog ng wikang Kastila
Governing a Colony
A. Governor General
● Gobernador y capitan general
● Presiding officer of the Audencia (4
oidores and 1 fiscal)
● The vice patron – obedezco pero no
cumplo
● Appointing officer of provincial officials
● Inspectore of Corporations
● Commander – in – chief of the Colonial
forces
● Appointed by the King, elected by the
State Council in Spain
● Visita and Residencia
● Prohibitions:
-Marriage or becoming a
sponsor
-To own farms or real estate
-To engage in commerce
● Conflict with the Church
B. Alcaldes y Gobernadores
● Provinces are divided into Alcaldia and
Corregimientos
● Appointed by the Governor General
either as ordinary (3 yrs) or royal (6 yrs)
● 3 ranks (entrada, asenso, and termino)
● Presiding officer in town elections
● Could engage in trade through indulto
commercio
● 1844 – all must be practicing lawyers
● 1859 – office of the Gobernador
separated from the Alcalde
 F. Problems
C. Gobernadorcillo ● Threats from the inside and outside
● Honorary position -Piratical raids
● Elected by the member of the Principlia -Revolts
-A native or mestizo -Dutch and British Invasion
-At least 25 years of age ● Corruption
-Able to read and write in -Abuse of indulto commercio
Spanish -Unpaid labor
-Former teniente or cabeza with ● Lack of Substancial Activity
good record -reliance on Galleon trade – real
● Has to pay media anata situado
● Collects tributes from Cabezas de
Barangay (0.5% incentive)
● Oversees the polo y servicio
● Makes sure adult men participate in the
tanoria
● Justice of peace for cases involving up
to 44 pesos
● Procures servants for alcalde, priests, etc

D. Cabeza de Barangay
● Either elected or hereditary
● At least 25 years old
● Possesses a padron list of tribute payers
under his care
● Gets 1.5% of tribute collected
● Required to present a bond or security
● Exemption ( including family of eldest
son) from tribute and polo y servicios

E. Taxes
● One tribute (8 reales) – a couple with
minor children increased to 12 reales in
1851
● Half tribute – unmarried men and
women, 18 – 25 years old
● Chines pay double (16 reales) per head
● Exemptions:
-old age (60 years and above)
-sickness of disability
-extreme poverty
● One real for the tithe and half for caja de
comunidad (no exmptions, except for
certain Spaniards)
● Donativo de Zamboanga – half real
● Sanctorum (church buildings) – 3 reales