Chapter 1 Functions

CHAPTER 1
Functions
Contents:
1.1 Functions
1.1.1 Relations
1.1.2 Graph of Functions – Linear, Quadratic, Reciprocal, Cubic, Square Root, Modulus
1.1.3 Composite Functions
1.1.4 Inverse Functions
1.1.5 Graphs of Piecewise - defined Functions
1.2 Polynomial Functions

1.2.1 Long division Method
1.2.2 Remainder Theorem
1.2.3 Factor Theorem
1.2.4 Partial Fractions
1.2.5 Polynomial Inequalities
1.3 Exponential Fractions and Logarithmic Functions

1.3.1 Exponential Functions
1.3.2 Logarithmic Functions
1.3.3 Exponential and Logarithms Inequalities
1.4 Trigonometric Functions

1.4.1 Graph of sine, cosine, tangent and its inverse
1.4.2 Prove Trigonometric Equations
1.4.3 Equations in the form a cos x + b sin x = c
1.4.4 Solve Trigonometric Equations
1.4.5 Trigonometric Inequalities
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STPM Mathematics (T) Term 1 Chapter 1 Functions MAT6301 2023/2024
1.1 Functions
Function
1.1.1 Relations
• Domain =
• Codomain =
• Range =
2|Page
1.1.2 Graph of Functions
Linear Function
Quadratic Function
3|Page
Reciprocal Function
4|Page
Cubic Function
Square Root Function
5|Page
Modulus Function/Absolute Value Function
6|Page
Example 1:
A function 𝑓 is defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 2 − 25 .
(a) Determine its domain.

(b) Sketch the graph of the function 𝑓.
(c) State the range of 𝑓.
Example 2:
A function 𝑔 is defined by 𝑔(𝑥) = √5 − 𝑥 2 .
(a) Determine its domain.

(b) Sketch the graph of the function 𝑔.
(c) State the range of 𝑔.
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1.1.3 Composite Functions
Example 3:
The functions 𝑓 and 𝑔 are defined by

𝑓: 𝑥 ↦ √9 − 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 ∈ ℝ , −3 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3
𝑔: 𝑥 ↦ √4 − 𝑥 , 𝑥∈ℝ , 𝑥≤4
Find the composite function 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 and state its domain and range.
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Example 4:
The function 𝑓 and 𝑔 are defined by 𝑓: 𝑥 ↦ √𝑥 − 1 and 𝑔: 𝑥 ↦ 𝑥 2 − 1.
(a) Sketch the graph and state the domain and range of 𝑓 and 𝑔. Explain why 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 does not exist.
(b) Determine the domain of 𝑔 so that 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 exists.
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1.1.4 Inverse Functions
Example 5:
Given 𝑔(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 2)2 + 3, 𝑥 ∈ ℝ.
(a) Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥).

(b) State the domain of 𝑔 such that 𝑔−1 exists.
(c) Find 𝑔−1 and state its corresponding domain.
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Example 6:
Functions 𝑓 and 𝑔 are defined by
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 5, 𝑥 ≥ 0
𝑔(𝑥) = √9 − 𝑥 2 , −3 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3
(a) Find 𝑓𝑔 and state its domain.
(b) Find 𝑓 −1 and sketch its graph. Hence, state its range.
Example 7:
The function 𝑓 is defined by 𝑓: 𝑥 ↦ (𝑥 − 2)2 , 𝑥 ∈ ℝ , 𝑥 ≥ 2.

Find the inverse function 𝑓 −1 and find the coordinates of the point of intersection of the graphs of 𝑓 and
𝑓 −1 .
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Exercise 1.1A
5𝑥
1. Given 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥−3
, 𝑥 ≠ 3.
2
(a) Find 𝑔 .
(b) Find 𝑔−1 and state its domain.
𝑥+4
(c) Find 𝑓 such that 𝑔𝑓(𝑥) = 2 .
4𝑥−7 3−𝑥
2. Functions 𝑓 and 𝑔 are defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥+5
, 𝑥 ≠ −5 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 2
respectively.
(a) Find 𝑓 −1 .
2
(b) Solve 𝑓 −1 𝑔(𝑥) = .
5
5𝑥
3. A function 𝑔 is defined by 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥−8 , 𝑥 ≠ 8. Show that 𝑔 is a one-to-one function. Find the
value of 𝑥 such that 𝑔2 (𝑥) = 5.
4. Functions 𝑓 and 𝑔 are defined by

𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥, 𝑥 ≥ 0
𝑔(𝑥) = 3 ln 𝑥 , 𝑥 > 0
(a) Find 𝑔−1 and state its domain.
(b) Find 𝑓𝑔−1 and state its range.
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1.1.5 Graphs of Piecewise - defined Functions
Example 8:
Sketch the graph of each of the following functions and state its range.
2𝑥 + 3 for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3
(a) 𝑓(𝑥) = {
𝑥2 for 3 < 𝑥 ≤ 4
(b) 𝑔(𝑥) = { 𝑥2 for 0≤𝑥≤2

10 − 3𝑥 for 2<𝑥≤4
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Example 9:
Sketch the graph of 𝑓 defined by 𝑓: 𝑥 ↦ |𝑥 − 1| + |𝑥 − 2| and determine its domain and range.
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1.2 Polynomial Functions
1.2.1 Long Division Method

Example 10:
Determine the quotient and remainder when 2𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 38 is divided by (𝑥 − 3).
Example 11:
Determine the quotient and remainder when 2𝑥 4 − 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 2 divided by (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 3).
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1.2.2 The Remainder Theorem
When a polynomial P(𝑥) is divided by (𝑥 − 𝑎), the remainder is P(𝑎)
Example 12:
Find the remainder when the polynomial P(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 4 is divided by (𝑥 + 3).
Example 13:
Given that when the polynomial 𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 1 is divided by 𝑥 + 2, the remainder is 3. Find the
value of the constant 𝑎.
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Example 14:
The polynomial 𝑎𝑥 4 − 5𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 1 leaves a remainder of −8 when it is divided by (𝑥 − 1), and
11
a remainder of 2
when divided by (2𝑥 + 1). Determine the values of 𝑎 and 𝑏.
Example 15:
Given 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 − 4 has a factor 𝑥 − 1. When 𝑃(𝑥) is divided by 𝑥 + 3, the

remainder is 68. Determine the values of 𝑎 and 𝑏.
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1.2.3 The Factor Theorem
For a polynomial P(𝑥), (𝑥 − a) is a factor of P(𝑥) if and only if P(𝑎) = 0.
Example 16:
Show that 𝑥 − 1 is a factor of polynomial of 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6. Hence, factorise the polynomial

completely.
Example 17:
Find the values of 𝑝 and 𝑞 for which 2𝑥 + 1 and 𝑥 − 2 are factors of the polynomial
𝑥 3 + (𝑞 + 2)𝑥 2 − (𝑝 + 𝑞)𝑥 − 𝑝.
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Example 18:
Show that 𝑥 + 1 is a factor of the polynomial 3𝑥 3 − 8𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6 and factorise the expression

completely. Hence, solve 3(𝑥 + 2)3 − 8(𝑥 + 2)2 − 5𝑥 − 4 = 0.
Example 19:
Given that 𝑃(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 − 29𝑥 + 𝑏 has factors 𝑥 + 3 and 2𝑥 + 5.
(a) Find the values of 𝑎 and 𝑏.

(b) Hence, factorise 𝑃(𝑥) completely.
(c) Solve 𝑃(𝑥) < 0.
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Exercise 1.2A
4 3 2
1. Given 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + ℎ𝑥 − 28𝑥 + 𝑘 has a factor 𝑥 − 3. When 𝑃(𝑥) is divided by 𝑥 + 1,
the remainder is −32. Find the values of ℎ and 𝑘.
2. Given 𝑃(𝑥) = 2𝑥 4 + 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 5. 𝑃(𝑥) has a repeated factor (𝑥 + 1)2 and

𝑃(2) = 63. Find the values of 𝑎 and 𝑏.
3. 𝑃(𝑥) = ℎ𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 + 𝑘𝑥 − 12 is divisible by 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 4. Find the values of ℎ and 𝑘. Hence,

solve 𝑃(𝑥) = 0.
4. The expression 𝑥 2 + 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑟 leaves the same remainder when divided by 𝑥 + 𝑞 and 𝑥 − 2𝑝,
where 𝑞 ≠ −2𝑝. Express 𝑞 in terms of 𝑝.
29
5. The remainder obtained when 𝑎𝑥 3 − 7 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 2 is divided by 𝑥 + 1 is twice the remainder
when divided by 𝑥 − 2. Find the value of 𝑎.
6. The expression 𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 𝑏 and 𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 3𝑎 have a common factor 𝑥 + 2. Find

the values of 𝑎 and 𝑏.
7. If 2𝑥 3 + 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑒𝑥 + 𝑓 leaves the same reminder when divided by 𝑥 − 2 and 𝑥 + 3, show that

𝑒 = 𝑑 − 14. Given also that the remainder is 9 when the expression is divided by 𝑥 + 1,
calculate the value of 𝑓.
8. When a polynomial 𝑓(𝑥) ≡ 𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 − 20𝑥 + 24 is divided by 𝑥 − 1, the remainder is 7. Find

the value of 𝑎. With this value of 𝑎, find the three linear factors of 𝑓(𝑥).
9. Polynomials 𝑝(𝑥) and 𝑞(𝑥) are given by relationship 𝑞(𝑥) = 𝑝(𝑥)(𝑥 5 − 2𝑥 + 2).
(a) If 𝑥 − 2 is a factor of 𝑝(𝑥) − 5, find the remainder when 𝑞(𝑥) is divided by 𝑥 − 2.
(b) If 𝑝(𝑥) is of the form 𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 and 𝑥 − 1 is a factor of 𝑝(𝑥) − 5, find the values of 𝑎
and 𝑏.
10. If 𝑝(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 − 4, show that 𝑥 − 2 is a factor of 𝑝(𝑥). Hence, factorise 𝑝(𝑥) into
its linear factors.
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1.2.4 Partial Fractions
2 3
𝑓(𝑥) = +
𝑥+1 𝑥+2
Type 1 Denominator with linear factors
Type 2 Denominator with repeated linear factors
Type 3 Denominator with non-linear factor
Type 4 Degree of denominator less than or equal to numerator
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Type 1: Denominator with linear factors
Example 20:
2𝑥+3
Express (𝑥−1)(𝑥+2) in partial fractions.
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Type 2: Denominator with repeated linear factors
Example 21:
𝑥 2 −5𝑥+6
Express (𝑥+1)(𝑥−1)2 in partial fractions.
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Type 3: Denominator with non-linear factor
Example 22:
3𝑥 2 +2𝑥
Express (𝑥+2)(𝑥2 +3) in partial fractions.
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Example 23:
3𝑥 2 +𝑥+2
Express (𝑥+4)(𝑥2 −𝑥−6) in partial fractions.
Type 4: Degree of denominator less than or equal to numerator
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Example 24:
𝑥 4 +1
Express in partial fractions.
𝑥 3 +2𝑥
Example 25:
𝑥 3 +1
Express in partial functions.
(𝑥−1)(𝑥+2)
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Exercise 1.2B
1. Express each of the following in partial fractions.
2𝑥+3
(a) (𝑥+1)(𝑥−1)
2(𝑥+8)
(b) (𝑥+6)(𝑥+7)
7𝑥+8
(c) (𝑥−6)(𝑥+4)
6𝑥 2 −3𝑥+14
(d) (4−𝑥)(3𝑥2 +1)
𝑥 2 +5𝑥+4
(e) (𝑥+3)(𝑥2
+3𝑥+1)
1−2𝑥
(f) 1+𝑥 3
𝑥 3 −2
(g)
𝑥 4 −1
𝑥
(h) 4
𝑥 −16

𝑥 2 +7𝑥−14
(a) (𝑥+5)(𝑥−3)
5𝑥 2 −𝑥+4
(b) (2𝑥−3)(𝑥+4)
𝑥 4 +1
(c) 𝑥 2 +2𝑥

9−8𝑥
(a) (2𝑥−1)(3−𝑥)
12
(b) (2𝑥−1)(3−𝑥)
Hence, prove that

(9−8𝑥)2 4 9 24 12
(2𝑥−1)2 (3−𝑥)2
≡ (2𝑥−1)2 + (3−𝑥)2 − 5(2𝑥−1) − 5(3−𝑥)

4−𝑥+3𝑥 2
(a) (1+𝑥2 )(1−𝑥)
1
(b) (1+𝑥2 )(1−𝑥)
Hence, prove that

2
(4−𝑥+3𝑥 2 ) 1 9 3 3(𝑥+1)
(1+𝑥 2 )2 (1−𝑥)2
≡ (1+𝑥2 )2 + (1−𝑥)2 + 1−𝑥 + 1+𝑥 2
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1.2.5 Polynomial Inequalities
Find the set of values of 𝑥 which satisfy (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2) > 0
Mostly type of questions:
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Example 26: Find the set of values of 𝑥 which satisfy (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 2) < 0
Example 27: Find the set of values of 𝑥 which satisfy (2𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 3) ≤ 0
Example 28: Find the set of values of 𝑥 which satisfy (2𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2)2 < 0
29 | P a g e
(𝑥−4)(𝑥+3)
Example 29: Find the set of values of 𝑥 which satisfy 𝑥
≥0
3−2𝑥
Example 30: Find the set of values of 𝑥 which satisfy >1
𝑥+4
𝑥 1
Example 31: If ≤ , find the set of values of 𝑥 which satisfy the inequality.
𝑥+8 𝑥−1
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Inequalities involving modulus signs
Example 32:
(a) Find the set of values of 𝑥 which satisfy |𝑥 − 3| ≤ 4
(b) Find the set of values of 𝑥 which satisfy |𝑥 − 3| ≥ 4
Important Notes:
Example 33: Find the set of values of 𝑥 which satisfy |2 − 5𝑥| ≥ 3
Example 34: Find the set of values of 𝑥 which satisfy |2𝑥 − 7| > 4 − 𝑥
31 | P a g e
Example 35: Find the set of values of 𝑥 which satisfy |𝑥 2 + 1| < |𝑥 2 − 9|
3𝑥−2
Example 36: Find the set of values of 𝑥 which satisfy | 𝑥+2 | < 2
32 | P a g e
Exercise 1.2C
1. Solve the following inequalities and give your answers in set notation.
(a) 𝑥 2 (𝑥 − 3) ≤ 0
(b) 𝑥 2 (𝑥 + 2) ≥ 0
(c) (𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 3) ≤ 0
(d) (𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 3)(4 − 𝑥) ≥ 0
(e) (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1) < 0
(f) (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 1) < 0
(g) (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 1) > 0
(h) (𝑥 + 2)(2𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 2) < 0
(i) 𝑥 3 > 1
𝑥 2 (𝑥+1)
(j) 𝑥−1
>0
2
𝑥 +𝑥+1
(k) 𝑥−2
>0
𝑥−1 𝑥−4
(l) >
𝑥−3 𝑥−2
2. Find the solution sets of the following inequalities.

(a) |6 − 𝑥| > 𝑥 + 1
(b) |𝑥 − 4| > 2𝑥 − 1
(c) |𝑥 − 2| < 2𝑥
2𝑥+1
(d) | 𝑥−3 | > 1
𝑥−2
(e) |𝑥+1| < 3
𝑥−3
(f) |𝑥+1| < 2
(g) |𝑥 − 4| > |2𝑥 − 1|
(h) |3 − 2𝑥| ≤ |𝑥 + 4|
3. Sketch on the same axes, 𝑦 = |2𝑥 − 1| and 𝑦 = 2 − 𝑥 2 . Find the 𝑥 coordinates of the equation
|2𝑥 − 1| = 2 − 𝑥 2 . Hence, solve the inequalities |2𝑥 − 1| ≤ 2 − 𝑥 2 .
4. Sketch on the same axes, 𝑦 = |1 + 3𝑥| and 𝑦 = 6𝑥. Hence, solve the inequalities |1 + 3𝑥| < 6𝑥.
5. Sketch on the same axes, 𝑦 = |𝑥 + 1| and 𝑦 = 4 − |𝑥 + 2|. Hence, solve the inequalities
|𝑥 + 1| + |𝑥 + 2| > 4.
33 | P a g e

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Chapter 1 Functions

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CHAPTER 1

1.2 Polynomial Functions

1.3 Exponential Fractions and Logarithmic Functions

1.4 Trigonometric Functions

Square Root Function

A function 𝑓 is defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 2 − 25 .

(a) Determine its domain.

A function 𝑔 is defined by 𝑔(𝑥) = √5 − 𝑥 2 .

(a) Determine its domain.

The functions 𝑓 and 𝑔 are defined by

The function 𝑓 and 𝑔 are defined by 𝑓: 𝑥 ↦ √𝑥 − 1 and 𝑔: 𝑥 ↦ 𝑥 2 − 1.

Given 𝑔(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 2)2 + 3, 𝑥 ∈ ℝ.

(a) Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥).

Functions 𝑓 and 𝑔 are defined by

The function 𝑓 is defined by 𝑓: 𝑥 ↦ (𝑥 − 2)2 , 𝑥 ∈ ℝ , 𝑥 ≥ 2.

4. Functions 𝑓 and 𝑔 are defined by

(b) 𝑔(𝑥) = { 𝑥2 for 0≤𝑥≤2

1.2.1 Long Division Method

Determine the quotient and remainder when 2𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 38 is divided by (𝑥 − 3).

Determine the quotient and remainder when 2𝑥 4 − 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 2 divided by (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 3).

When a polynomial P(𝑥) is divided by (𝑥 − 𝑎), the remainder is P(𝑎)

Find the remainder when the polynomial P(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 4 is divided by (𝑥 + 3).

Given 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 − 4 has a factor 𝑥 − 1. When 𝑃(𝑥) is divided by 𝑥 + 3, the

For a polynomial P(𝑥), (𝑥 − a) is a factor of P(𝑥) if and only if P(𝑎) = 0.

Show that 𝑥 − 1 is a factor of polynomial of 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6. Hence, factorise the polynomial

Show that 𝑥 + 1 is a factor of the polynomial 3𝑥 3 − 8𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6 and factorise the expression

Given that 𝑃(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 − 29𝑥 + 𝑏 has factors 𝑥 + 3 and 2𝑥 + 5.

(a) Find the values of 𝑎 and 𝑏.

2. Given 𝑃(𝑥) = 2𝑥 4 + 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 5. 𝑃(𝑥) has a repeated factor (𝑥 + 1)2 and

3. 𝑃(𝑥) = ℎ𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 + 𝑘𝑥 − 12 is divisible by 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 4. Find the values of ℎ and 𝑘. Hence,

6. The expression 𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 𝑏 and 𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 3𝑎 have a common factor 𝑥 + 2. Find

7. If 2𝑥 3 + 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑒𝑥 + 𝑓 leaves the same reminder when divided by 𝑥 − 2 and 𝑥 + 3, show that

8. When a polynomial 𝑓(𝑥) ≡ 𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 − 20𝑥 + 24 is divided by 𝑥 − 1, the remainder is 7. Find

Type 1 Denominator with linear factors

Type 2 Denominator with repeated linear factors

Type 3 Denominator with non-linear factor

Type 4 Degree of denominator less than or equal to numerator

Type 4: Degree of denominator less than or equal to numerator

2. Express each of the following in partial fractions.

3. Express each of the following in partial fractions.

Hence, prove that

4. Express each of the following in partial fractions.

Hence, prove that

Mostly type of questions:

(a) Find the set of values of 𝑥 which satisfy |𝑥 − 3| ≤ 4

(b) Find the set of values of 𝑥 which satisfy |𝑥 − 3| ≥ 4

Example 33: Find the set of values of 𝑥 which satisfy |2 − 5𝑥| ≥ 3

2. Find the solution sets of the following inequalities.

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