Three-phase Circuits  consists of a generator connected through
a pair of wires (a transmission line) to a
Thomas Alva Edison (1847–1931)
 the greatest American inventor.
 patented 1093 inventions
o incandescent electric bulb
o phonograph
o first commercial motion pictures
o designed the first electric power
station to supply electric light.
 1868 - Edison read one of Faraday’s
books and found his calling.
 1876 - He moved to Menlo Park, New
Jersey, where most of his inventions came
out of this laboratory. His laboratory
served as a model for modern research
organizations.
 Edison began to establish manufacturing
companies for making the devices he
invented.
 mid-1880s - formal electrical engineering
education began in with Edison as a role
model and leader.
Nikola Tesla (1856–1943)
 a Croatian-American engineer whose
inventions greatly influenced the
settlement of the ac versus dc debate in
favor of ac.
o induction motor
o first polyphase ac power system
o adoption of 60 Hz as the standard
for ac power systems in the US
o high-voltage apparatus (the tesla
coil)
o wireless transmission system.
 1884 - he moved to the United States and
first worked for Thomas Edison. At that
time, the country was in the “battle of the
currents” with George Westinghouse
(1846–1914) promoting ac and Thomas
Edison rigidly leading the dc forces.
 Tesla left Edison and joined Westinghouse
because of his interest in ac. Tesla gained
the reputation and acceptance of his
polyphase ac generation, transmission,
and distribution system.
 He held 700 patents in his lifetime.
 The unit of magnetic flux density, the
tesla, was named in honor of him.
single-phase ac power system
load.
single-phase two-wire system
 Vp - magnitude of the source voltage
 φ – phase
single-phase three-wire system
 contains two identical sources (equal
magnitude and the same phase) which
are connected to two loads by two outer
wires and the neutral
polyphase
 Circuits or systems in which the ac
sources operate at the same frequency
but different phases.
two-phase system
 produced by a generator consisting of two
coils placed perpendicular to each other
so that the voltage generated by one lag
the other by 90◦
three-phase system
 produced by a generator consisting of
three sources having the same amplitude
and frequency but out of phase with each
other by 120◦
 most prevalent and most economical
polyphase system
 all electric power is generated and
distributed in three-phase, at the operating
frequency of 60 Hz (or ω = 377 rad/s) or
50 Hz (or ω = 314 rad/s)
 the instantaneous power in a three-phase
system can be constant (not pulsating)
 for the same amount of power, the three-
phase system is more economical than
the single-phase
  one in which both the balanced source
and balanced load are ∆-connected.
Balanced ∆-Y system

 consists of a balanced ∆-connected

Balanced Three-Phase Voltages
source feeding a balanced Y-connected
Three-phase voltages load.

 often produced with a three-phase ac Neutral current

generator (or alternator)
 current that flows in the neutral conductor,
generator which is equal to the algebraic sum of the
three line currents.
 consists of a rotating magnet (called the
rotor) surrounded by a stationary winding
(called the stator)
Balanced phase voltages

 equal in magnitude and are out of phase

with each other by 120◦
abc sequence or positive sequence

acb sequence or negative sequence

Phase sequence

 time order in which the voltages pass

through their respective maximum values.
 may also be regarded as the order in
which the phase voltages reach their peak
(or maximum) values with respect to time.
Balanced load

 one in which the phase impedances are

equal in magnitude and in phase.
Balanced Y-Y system
Power In a Balanced System
 a three-phase system with a balanced Y-
connected source and a balanced Y- Unbalanced system
connected load.
 is due to unbalanced voltage sources or
Balanced Y-∆ system an unbalanced load.

 consists of a balanced Y-connected Review Questions

source feeding a balanced ∆-connected
1. What is the phase sequence of a three-phase
load.
motor for which VAN = 220 <− 100◦ V and
Balanced ∆-∆ system VBN = 220 <140◦ V?
 abc
2. If in an acb phase sequence, Van = 100 <−
20◦, then Vcn is:
 100 <− 140◦
3. Which of these is not a required condition for
a balanced system:
 |Van|=|Vbn|=|Vcn|
 Ia + Ib + Ic = 0
 Van + Vbn + Vcn = 0
 Source voltages are 120◦ out of phase
with each other.
 Load impedances for the three phases are
equal.
4. In a Y-connected load, the line current and
phase current are equal.
 True
5. In a ∆-connected load, the line current and
phase current are equal.
 False
6. In a Y-Y system, a line voltage of 220 V
produces a phase voltage of:
 127 V
7. In a ∆-∆ system, a phase voltage of 100 V
produces a line voltage of:
 100 V
8. When a Y-connected load is supplied by
voltages in abc phase sequence, the line
voltages lag the corresponding phase
voltages by 30◦.
 False
9. In a balanced three-phase circuit, the total
instantaneous power is equal to the average
power.
 True
10. The total power supplied to a balanced ∆-load
is found in the same way as for a balanced Y-
load.
 True
 Magnetically Coupled Circuits Linear Transformers
Conductively coupled Transformer

 one loop affects the neighboring loop  generally a four-terminal device

through current conduction.
Magnetically coupled
 two loops with or without contacts
between them affect each other through
the magnetic field generated by one of
them.
Mutual inductance
 When two inductors (or coils) are in a
close proximity to each other, the
magnetic flux caused by current in one
coil links with the other coil, thereby
inducing voltage in the latter.
 The ability of one inductor to induce a
voltage across a neighboring inductor,
measured in henrys (H)
Self-inductance
 it relates the voltage induced in a coil by a
time-varying current in the same coil.
Dot convention
 a dot is placed in the circuit at one end of
each of the two magnetically coupled coils
to indicate the direction of the magnetic
flux if current enters that dotted terminal of
the coil.
If a current enters the dotted terminal of one coil,
the reference polarity of the mutual voltage in the
second coil is positive at the dotted terminal of the
second coil.
If a current leaves the dotted terminal of one coil,
the reference polarity of the mutual voltage in the
second coil is negative at the dotted terminal of
the second coil.
Energy In a Coupled Circuit
Coupling coefficient k
 is a measure of the magnetic coupling
between two coils; 0 ≤ k ≤ 1.
Loosely coupled
 k < 0.5
comprising two (or more) magnetically
coupled coils.
 an electrical device designed based on
the concept of magnetic coupling. It uses
magnetically coupled coils to transfer
energy from one circuit to another.
 key circuit elements
 used in power systems for stepping up or
stepping down ac voltages or currents.
Primary winding
 the coil that is directly connected to the
voltage source.
Secondary winding
 coil connected to the load.
Linear transformer / air-core transformers
 the coils are wound on a magnetically
linear material.
 regarded as one whose flux is proportional
to the currents in its windings.
Ideal Transformers
Ideal transformer
 one with perfect coupling (k = 1).
 consists of two (or more) coils with a large
number of turns wound on a common core
of high permeability.
 a unity-coupled, lossless transformer in
which the primary and secondary coils
have infinite self-inductances.
A transformer is said to be ideal if it has the
following properties:
 Coils have very large reactances (L1, L2,
M → ∞).
 Coupling coefficient is equal to unity (k =
1).
 Primary and secondary coils are lossless
(R1 = 0 = R2).
Iron-core transformers
 close approximations to ideal
transformers.
 used in power systems and electronics.

Tightly coupled Isolation transformer

 k > 0.5  n=1

Step-down transformer

 one whose secondary voltage is less than 3. The coefficient of coupling for two coils
its primary voltage. having L1 = 2 H, L2 = 8 H, M = 3 H is:
Step-up transformer  0.75
4. A transformer is used in stepping down or
 one whose secondary voltage is greater stepping up:
than its primary voltage.  ac voltages
5. The ideal transformer in Fig. 13.70(a) has
Two simple rules to follow are:
N2/N1 = 10. The ratio V2/V1 is:
 If V1 and V2 are both positive or both  -10
negative at the dotted terminals, use +n in
Eq. (13.52). Otherwise, use −n.
 If I1 and I2 both enter into or both leave
the dotted terminals, use −n in Eq.
(13.55). Otherwise, use +n.
The general rule for eliminating the transformer 6. For the ideal transformer in Fig. 13.70(b),
and reflecting the secondary circuit to the primary N2/N1 = 10. The ratio I2/I1 is:
side is: divide the secondary impedance by n2,  0.1
divide the secondary voltage by n, and multiply
the secondary current by n.
The rule for eliminating the transformer and
reflecting the primary circuit to the secondary side
is: multiply the primary impedance by n2, multiply
the primary voltage by n, and divide the primary
7. A three-winding transformer is connected
current by n.
as portrayed in Fig. 13.71(a). The value of
Autotransformer the output voltage Vo is:
 -6
 a transformer in which both the primary
and the secondary are in a single winding.
 can operate in the step-down or step-up
mode.

8. If the three-winding transformer is

Review Questions
connected as in Fig. 13.71(b), the value of
1. Refer to the two magnetically coupled the output voltage Vo is:
coils of Fig. 13.69(a). The polarity of the  10
mutual voltage is:
 Negative

9. In order to match a source with internal

2. For the two magnetically coupled coils of
Fig. 13.69(b), the polarity of the mutual
voltage is:
 Positive
impedance of 500 ohms to a 15-ohms
load, what is needed is:
 step-down ideal transformer
10. Which of these transformers can be used
as an isolation device?
 ideal transformer
 Per Unit System  point to which unbalanced connection is
attached in an otherwise balanced
per unit system
system.
 widely used in the power system
industry to express values of voltages,
currents, powers, and impedances of Sequence network
various power equipment.
 a copy of the original balanced system to
 mainly used for transformers and AC
which the fault point is connected and
machines.
contains the same per phase impedances
 used extensively along with one-line
as the physical balanced system arranged
diagram to further simplify the process.
in the same way.
 All base values are only magnitude.
They are not associated with any
angle.
 The per unit values, however, are
phasors.
 The phase angles of the currents and
voltages and the power factor of the
circuit are not affected by the
conversion to per unit values.
 The per unit system values can also
be expressed as percent values.

Symmetrical Components
Symmetrical components

 unbalanced three-phase system vectors

broken down into three groups of
balanced vectors.
Positive sequence components

 three equal vectors whose phase

sequence is the same as the original
sequence of the unbalanced system of
vectors.
Negative sequence components

 three equal vectors whose phase

sequence is opposite of the original
sequence of the unbalanced system of
vectors.
Zero sequence components

 three vectors which are equal and in

phase.
Fault

 any connection or situation that causes an

unbalance among the three phases.
Fault point