Billie Call Christian Institute

Second Marking Period Notes

Grade 10 Physics
Motion In One Dimension
Kinematics (Particles In Motion)s
Motion means a continuous change in the position of a body relative to a reference point, as measured by a
particular observer in a particular frame of reference. In other words, motion is any physical movement or
change in position or place.

Kinematics is the study of the motion of a particle. A particle is a body whose dimensions, except mass are
negligible. In the study of kinematics, the cause of motions is not taken into consideration. Only
displacement, velocity, and acceleration are considered.

Types of Motion
1. Rectilinear motion: This is the type of motion, which takes place along a straight line. It is also
known as translational or linear motion e.g. running a race between two points in a straight line.

2. Circular motion: This is the motion of a body traveling in a circle. For example:
• A motorist negotiating a curve or bend
• A ball tied to a spring and whirled around
• Satellite moving around a planet
• The motion of the electron about the nucleus.

3. Spin or rotational motion: This is the type of motion in which an object rotates or spins on its
axis. For example:
• The rotation of the earth about its axis causes day and night.
• The rotation of the blades of a fan
• The motion of a windmill
• The motion of a turn-table
• The rotation of a wheel about its axis

4. Oscillatory motion: This is the to-and-fro motion of a particle. Simple harmonic motion (SHM) is a
special type of oscillatory motion. For example:
• The motion of a load attached to a vertically stretched spring
• The motion of a simple pendulum
• The motion of a liquid inside a U-tube
• The motion of the balance wheel of a watch
• The movement of a piston in an automobile engine
• Atom vibrating at the lattice of a crystal structure
• The motion of a car’s wiper

5. Random motion: This is a haphazard or irregular non-directed type of motion. For example:
• The motion of a drunken man staggering about
• The movement of gas molecules

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Some Basic Definitions
1. Vector quantity: This is any quantity that has got both magnitude and direction. For example,
force, acceleration, velocity, weight, displacement, etc.
2. Scalar quantity: This quantity has only magnitude and no direction. For example, speed, time,
temperature, mass distance, etc.
3. Distance: This is the interval between two points in a straight line. S.I. unit of distance meters (m).
4. Displacement: This is the distance covered in a specified direction.
5. Speed: This is defined as the distance per unit of time or the time rate of change of distance.
Mathematically,
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑
Speed = : Unit m/s or ms-1
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛
6. Uniform or constant speed: A body is said to have a uniform speed if it covers equal distances in
equal time intervals or if the time rate of change of distance is constant.
7. Average speed: This is the ratio of the total distance traveled to the total time taken.
Mathematically,
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑
Average speed = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛
Note: When a body moves with uniform speed its average speed is equal to its uniform speed.
8. Velocity: This is the time rate of change of displacement. Mathematically,
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
Velocity = or
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Velocity = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
Unit m/s or ms-1
9. Uniform or constant velocity: A body is said to move with uniform velocity if its time rate of
change of displacement is constant.
10. Average velocity: This is the ratio of total displacement to the total time taken
Mathematically,
𝑡𝑜𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
Average speed = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛
11. Acceleration: This is the time rate of change of velocity. Mathematically,
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
Acceleration = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛
Unit m/s2 or ms-2
12. Uniform or constant acceleration: A body is said to move with uniform acceleration if its time
rate of change of velocity is constant. Note that anybody moving with a uniform velocity has no
acceleration.
13. Retardation: This is defined as the decrease in velocity per unit of time. That is retardation occurs
when the velocity of a moving body decrease. Retardation is regarded as the negative of acceleration.
Mathematically,
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
Retardation =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛
Unit ms-2
14. Uniform Retardation: A body is said to have uniform retardation if its velocity decreases by an
equal amount in equal time.

EQUATIONS OF MOTION
Consider a body starting with an initial velocity u and moving with a constant acceleration a for a time t at
the end of which it attains a velocity v after covering a distance s. by definition,
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
Acceleration = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛
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Examples
1. Determine the distance covered by a body in 4.0 s if its initial velocity, u is 20 ms-1 and acceleration
a is 4.0 ms-2.
2. A body initially traveling at 10 m/s is given a retardation of 2 m/s2 for 3s. find its final velocity.
3. A body starts from rest and after 10 s traveled 200 m. find its acceleration.
4. A vehicle is moving at ms-1. How long will it take to stop at a distance of 15 m?
5. A car acceleration uniformly from rest at 5 ms-2. What is the velocity after 5 s?
6. A body starts with an initial velocity of 26 m/s and moves with a constant acceleration of 7 ms-2 for
25 s. find the total distance moved in meters
7. An electric train moving at 20 kmh-1 acceleration to a speed of 30 km-1 in 20 s. find the distance
traveled in meters during the period of acceleration.
8. A train traveling at 20 ms-1 undergoes a uniform retardation of 2 ms-2 when brakes are applied.
Calculate the time taken to come to rest and the distance traveled from the place where the brakes were
applied.
9. A car moving with a speed of 90 km-1 was brought uniformly to rest by the application of brakes in
10 s. how far did the car travel after the brakes were applied?
10. A particle moving in a straight line with uniform deceleration has a velocity of 40 ms-1 at a point P,
-1
20 ms at a point Q, and comes to rest at a point R where QR = 50 m. calculate the
i) Distance PQ,
ii) Time is taken to cover PQ,
iii) Time is taken to cover PR.
GRAPHS OF MOTION
1. Displacement time graph

For a body moving with non-uniform velocity, the graph is a curve and the velocity at any time is called
instantaneous velocity. Instantaneous velocity at any instant is defined as the gradient of the tangent to the
displacement-time curve at that instant.

2. Velocity time graph

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 5

1
0
1 2 3 4 4
OB represents uniform acceleration
AB represents constant velocity or zero acceleration
BC represents a uniform deceleration
Note: The slope of the curve under the velocity time graph represents the acceleration and the area under
the curve represents the distance covered.
Examples
1. A body starts from rest and accelerates to 2 ms-2 for 6 s. it maintains this velocity for 10 s and then
decelerates to rest in 4 s.
i) A sketch velocity-time graph for the motion
ii) Calculate the distance the body covers
2. A body starts from rest and travels to a distance of 120 m, 300 m, and 180 m in successive equal
time intervals of 12 seconds during each interval the body is uniformly accelerated.
i) Calculate the velocity of a body at the end of each successive interval
ii) Sketch the motion
iii) Use the graph in (ii) to calculate the acceleration during each time interval
3. A body starts from rest and accelerates to a velocity of 5 ms-1 in 20 s. it maintains this velocity for 10
s and then decelerates to rest for further 10 s
i) Draw a velocity-time graph of the motion
ii) Calculate the initial acceleration of the body and the total distance covered by the body.
4. A particle starts from rest and accelerates to a velocity of 5 ms-1 in 20 s. it maintains this velocity for
10 s and then decelerates to rest for a further 10 s.
i) Draw a velocity-time graph of the motion.
ii) Calculate the initial acceleration of the particle and the total distance covered.
5. A body traveling with a uniform acceleration covers a distance of s meters after time t seconds as
shown in the table below
s/m 0 4 8 12 16 20
t/s 0 10 20 30 40 50

i) Draw a distance-time graph of the motion

ii) Determine from the graph distance covered by the body after 4.5 s.
6. a) Sketch a velocity-time graph to illustrate each of the following
i) uniform motion;
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ii) Uniform acceleration.
b) The table below shows the motion of a car:
Time /s 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0
V/ms -1 25.0 45.0 65.0 75.0 75.0 75.0

i) Plot a velocity-time graph of the motion

ii) Use the graph to determine the
(𝑎) the initial velocity of the car;
(𝛽) acceleration of the car;
(Υ) distance covered by the car in 9 s.
7. A motorcycle accelerates from rest for 10 seconds up to a velocity of 20 ms-1. It continues with
uniform velocity for a further 20 seconds and then decelerates so that it stops in 20 seconds. Calculate the
a) acceleration;
b) deceleration;
c) distance traveled

7. A body at rest is given an initial uniform acceleration of 8.0 ms-2 for 30 s after which the
acceleration is reduced to 5.0 ms-2 for the next 20 s. The body maintains the speed attained for 60 s after
which it is brought to rest in 20 s. Draw the velocity-time graph of the motion using the information given
above.
a) Using the graph, calculate the:
i) The maximum speed attained during the motion;
ii) Average retardation as the body is being brought to rest;
iii) Total distance traveled during the first 50 s;
iv) Average speed during the same interval as in (iii).
A vertical motion under gravity

Vertical Motion under Gravity (Freely Falling Body)

The motion of a body thrown vertically upward or falling freely downward (ignoring air resistance) is a
special case of uniform acceleration in a straight line. This uniform acceleration is due to gravity and acts
vertically downwards towards the center of the earth. It is denoted by g = 9.8 m/s-2 or 10 m/s-2.
Note: if the body is thrown vertically downward, 𝐚 = 𝐠 and if thrown vertically upward 𝐚 = −𝐠

1. 𝑣 = u + gt
2. 𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2gh
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3. ℎ = 𝑢𝑡 + 2 gt2
❖ Where d is the distance, and displacement of height.
The projectile reaches its greatest height when its velocity is zero.
i.e. 𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + gt = 𝑣𝑖 = gt
• Time taken to reach its maximum height.
𝑣
t = 𝑔𝑖
• Time of flight
This is the time taken for the body to travel along its path i.e. from point of projection to the
maximum point and back to the point of projection. This is twice the time taken to reach the
maximum height. i.e.

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 Special cases.
If the particle is projected vertically at a point
above the2𝑢ground (i.e. at a distance y above
Considered the vertical motion: t = 𝑔 then the maximum height
the ground) H
• Maximum height reached from the ground is
Using 𝑣 2 = U2 + 2gh , put 𝑉= 0 𝑣𝑖 2 h
i.e. 0 = 𝑢 + 2gh,
2 y + h max = y + 2𝑔

h = 2𝑔
𝑢2 Note: the total distance traveled by the
particle is
𝑣𝑖 2 y
y + 2hmax = y + 2𝑔
h

✓ If the particle is projected horizontally at a point u

above the ground, the particle travels through a
horizontal distance, x, and a vertical distance y, y

Note the following points:

x
• The time taken to travel through the horizontal distance is
the same as the time taken to travel through the vertical
distance.
• The particle has no initial vertical velocity, therefore the equations of motion for the vertically
downward motion are:

1. 𝑉= gt, 𝑣 = 𝑢 + gt
gt2 1
2. h = 2 , ℎ = 𝑢𝑡 - 2 gt
2

3. v 2 = 2gh , 𝑣 = u + 2gh
2 2

Newton’s Laws of Motion

Newton’s 1st law or Law of Inertia

Everybody continues to be in its state of rest or of uniform motion until and unless it is compelled
by an external force to change its state of rest or uniform motion.

Inertia
The property by virtue of which a body opposes any change in its state of rest or of uniform
motion is known as inertia. The greater the mass of the body greater the inertia. That is mass is
the measure of the inertia of the body.
Numerical Application If, F = 0; u = constant ( In the absence of externally applied force-velocity
of the body remains unchanged.)

Physical Application of inertia or Newton’s first law

1. When a moving bus suddenly stops, the passenger’s head gets jerked in the forward direction.
2. When a stationery bus suddenly starts moving passenger’s head gets jerked in the backward
direction.
3. On hitting the used mattress with a stick, dust particles come out of it.
4. To catch a moving bus safely we must run forward in the direction of motion of the bus.
5. Whenever it is required to jump off a moving bus, we must always run for a short distance after
jumping on the road to prevent us from falling in the forward direction.
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Newton’s Second law of motion:
It states that the rate of change of momentum of a body is proportional to the applied force and
takes place in the direction in which force acts.
Thus F= k dp/dt= k ma
Derivation of second laws of motion

⇒ The second law is consistent with the First law (F=0 implies a=0)
⇒ It is a vector equation
⇒ It applies to a particle, and also to a body or a system of particles, provided F is the total
external force on the system and a is the acceleration of the system as a whole.
⇒ F at a point at a certain instant determines acceleration at the same point at that instant.
Acceleration at an instant does not depend on the history of motion
⇒ Force is not always in the direction of motion. Depending on the situation F may belong to V,
opposite to v, normal, or may make some other angle with v. In every case, it is parallel to
acceleration.
⇒ If v=0 at an instant, i.e., if a body is momentarily at rest, it does not mean that force or
acceleration is necessarily zero at that instant. Forex: When a ball is thrown upward and reaches
its maximum height, but the force continues to be its weight ‘mg‘ and the acceleration is ‘g’ the
acceleration due to gravity.
Note:- Above result is not Newton’s second law rather it is the conditional result obtained from it,
under the condition when m = constant.

Numerical Application:
acceleration, a = F Net / M

Where F Net is the vector resultant of all the forces acting on the body

Physical Application
i) Case - 1 Body kept on the horizontal plane is at rest.
For vertical direction
N = mg(since the body is at rest)
ii) Body kept on the horizontal plane is accelerating horizontally under a single horizontal force.
For vertical direction
N = mg (since the body is at rest)
For horizontal direction
F = ma

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iii) Body kept on a horizontal plane is accelerating horizontally towards the right under two
horizontal forces. (F1> F2)
For vertical direction
N = mg (since the body is at rest)
For horizontal direction F1 - F2= ma

Newton’s 3rd law or Law of Action and Reaction

Every action is opposed by an equal and opposite reaction.
or
For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

F12 is the force on the first body (m1 ) due to second body (m2 )
F21 is the force on the second body (m2) due to first body (m1)
If F12 is in action then F21 reaction and if F21 is in action then F12 reaction.

Numerical Application
Force on the first body due to the second body (F12 ) is equal and opposite to the force on the
second body due to the first body (F21 ).
F21 = - F12
Physical Application
i) When we push any block in the forward direction then the block pushes us in the backward
direction with an equal and opposite force.
ii) Horse pulls the rod attached to the cart in the forward direction and the tension of the rod
pulls the cart in the backward direction.
iii) Earth pulls the body on its surface in a vertically downward direction and the body pulls the
earth with the same force in a vertically upward direction.
iv) While walking we push the ground in the backward direction using static frictional force and
the ground pushes us in the forward direction using static frictional force.
v) When a person sitting on the horse whips the horse and the horse suddenly accelerates, the
saddle on the back of the horse pushes the person in the forward direction using static frictional
force and the person pushes the saddle in the backward direction using static frictional force.
Note – Normal reaction of the horizontal surface on the body is not the reaction of the weight of
the body because the weight of the body is the force with which the earth attracts the body
towards its center, hence its reaction must be the force with which body attracts earth towards it.

1. The net external force on the propeller of a 0.75 kg model airplane is 17N forward. What is the
acceleration of the airplane?
2. The next external force on a golf cart is 390 N north. If the cart has a total mass of 270 kg, what are the
magnitude and direction of its acceleration?
3. A car has a mass of 1.50 x 103 kg. What force is required to accelerate the car at 4.5 m/s2 to the east?
4. A 2.0 kg mass starts from at the top of an inclined plane 85 cm long and slides down to the bottom in 0.50
s. What net external force acts on the mass along the incline?

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5. A 2.00 kg cart on a frictionless track is pulled by a force of 3.00 N. What is the acceleration of the cart?
A 3.00 kg cart on a frictionless track is pulled by a string so that it accelerates at 2.00 m/s/s. What is the
tension in the string?
6. A 20 N unbalanced force causes an object to accelerate at 1.5 m/s2. What is the mass of the object?
7. An unbalanced force of 500 N is applied to a 75 kg object. What is the acceleration of the object?
8. A 0.500 kg model rocket is initially pushed upwards by a thrust force of 15 N. If the force of air resistance is
1.00 N, what is the initial acceleration of the rocket?
9. A 70.0 kg skydiver falls toward the earth. If the force due to air resistance is 0 N, what is the acceleration of
the skydiver?
10. The skydiver in problem 6 opens her chute. The force due to air resistance is now 1200 N. What is the
acceleration of the skydiver?
11. A man pushes his child in a grocery cart. The total mass of the cart and child is 30.0 kg. If the force of friction
on the cart is 15.0 N, how hard does the man have to push so that the cart accelerates at 1.50 m/s/s?