Friction Kinematic Equations

 It is a force that resists motion whenever two

materials or media are in contact with each other
and are sliding or rolling over each other.
 High for dry and rough surfaces
 Low for smooth and wet surfaces

Elements (Formulas)
f = Friction force
Fnet = Net Force
Fa = applied force
Types of Friction Fn = normal force
 Static Friction – applies to cases where friction is μ = coefficient of friction
sufficient to prevent relative motion between the
surfaces. Equations for Friction
 An object remains at rest, the applied force is
balanced by the static friction. If the applied force
exceeds the maximum value of friction, the
object will accelerate in the direction of the
applied force .
 Sliding Friction – this occurs when there is relative
(sliding) motion at the interface of the surfaces in
contact.
 It is a force that opposes the sliding motion of
two surfaces moving past each other
 This is also known as kinetic friction.
 Rolling Friction – occurs when an object rolls over a
surface.
 So engineers use ball bearings to reduce the
friction between the wheels and the rest of the
product. (sliding up to the right)
 Example: Rolling friction acts in the direction
opposite to the skateboard’s motion.
 Fluid Friction – an object pushes fluid aside, friction
occurs.
 Like rolling friction, fluid friction is easier to
overcome than sliding friction.
 This is why the parts of machines that must slide
over each other are often bathed in oil. (sliding down)
Sample Problems

Equilibrium
Rigid Bodies are objects wherein all the parts remain at
constant or fixed distances from every other part as the
object rotates.
In a girdle bridge, load is supported by transmitting a
combination of compression and tension forces to the
bridge end supports.
In multiple arch bridge, load is supported by transmitting
compressive forces along the arch to the end supports.
Suspension bridge
General Rigid Body Motion
 A combination of translational and rotational motion.
 Translational Motion ─ linear motion wherein every
particle has the same instantaneous velocity.
 Rotational Motion ─ motion of a body about a fixed
axis of rotation wherein the particles have the same
angular velocity.
Mechanical Equilibrium ─ a condition in which the vector
sum of all forces acting on the body is zero.
Classification:
 Static Equilibrium ─ a condition in which all forces
acting on the body are balanced, causing the body to
remain motionless.
 Dynamic Equilibrium ─ a condition in which the body States of Equilibrium
is in motion at a constant velocity  Stable Equilibrium ─ a condition wherein the center
of gravity of an object is at its lowest.

 Unstable Equilibrium ─ a condition in which the

Center of Gravity (CG)
center of gravity is at its highest possible position.
 Center of Mass (CoM)
 A point where the mass/weight of an object is
concentrated.
Ways of Locating the CG
 For regularly shaped object, the CG is found at the
geometric center of the object

 Neutral Equilibrium ─ a condition of a system such

that when it is slightly disturbed, its CG is neither
lowered nor raised.

 For irregularly shaped object, the CG is found at the

center of mass (CoM), by balancing or by hanging or
by using plumb line method.

Factors that Affect Equilibrium

 Area
 Weight
Conditions for Equilibrium
 The CG of some objects may be at a point where no First Condition of Equilibrium (Concurrent Forces)
mass exists.
Free Body Diagram

Sample Problems