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The supplemental development: A strike to consistency

Ramiel Yna C. Leuterio

12 - St. Mutien Marie

August 13, 2023

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Summary:
The fundamental idea of nonexperimental research was the foundation for quantitative research,
which was constructed upon the unique content that came through classification systems. As a
result, we move in a direction away from manipulable standards and toward an interdisciplinary
approach that is both highly descriptive of what we do and enhances our ability to communicate.
Through means of the two dimensions "research objective" and "time" (Johnson, 2001).
Additionally, Pressbooks (2016) reported in their studies that "Nonexperimental research is
research that lacks manipulation of an independent variable, random assignments of participants
to conditions or orders of conditions, or both."

The focus on relationships, non-experimental research falls under correlational research, a

summary of the conditions had to be dealt with in regards to the relationship (Chiang, 2015). On
the other hand, nonexperimental research can also focus on relationships, such as a
causal-comparative strategy or a cause and effect approach (Velázquez, 2023). According to an
article from CliffsNotes, 2023, "the main disadvantage of nonexperimental quantitative research
is that it cannot establish a causal relationship between two variables. This is because the
researcher has no control over the variables and cannot manipulate them in any way”, as
nonexperimental research embarks towards a non-manipulable aspect.

A path for the way is the method in which non-experimental research concentrates on offering
descriptive results rather than attempting to demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship.
Although the causal variable and its impact on the dependent variables are acknowledged, this
analysis does not quantify how or to what extent these dependent variables change (Ayanyemi,
2020). With the statement from the article Methodspace (2023b), it is stated that
“Non-experimental research designs are those that look at social phenomena without directly
altering the circumstances that the participants go through and without randomly assigning
people to various groups. As a result, there is little data to back up the cause-and-effect
correlations..”

Non-experimental research may be timely and necessitate prior consistency, but the vast bulk of
these investigations rely heavily on past experiences and preceding events (R, 2023).
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How is Burke Johnson’s typology of non-experimental quantitative research different
from the conventional classification of non-experimental quantitative research?
There are nine distinct categories of nonexperimental quantitative research in Burke Johnson's
typology, all of which are thorough. On the other hand, the singulative characteristic of traditional
classification of non-experimental quantitative study that currently concentrates on the single
variable rather than a statistical link between two variables (Chiang, 2015).

The usual approach to single-variable research entails identifying one variable and attempting to
extrapolate new meaning from these events, as described in the article by Adam (2023). This
kind of research seeks to learn more about a specific problem frequently to conduct additional
testing, rather than attempting to determine a relationship between two variables. Burke
Johnson's typology eagerly marks his notion of depleting the length in a time dimension under
the singulative idea. We should move in the direction of cross-sectional, longitudinal, and
retrospective research (Johnson, 2000).

Burke Johnson's typology, which differs from the compounding idea of including every single and
methodically formed typology and yielding nine conceptions, is described above. The research
objective and the time dimension were combined from the cross-classification process using
Johnson's typology's two distinct dimensions. It was the exact reverse of what was expected
because, as was already indicated, it was probably identifying one variable and trying to infer
new meaning from these events, which is known as confounding on singularity in
non-experimental research.

To summarize, Burke Johnson's typology extends the concepts of confusing association without
prior experimentation purely cross-classification. Whereas traditional, as explained in Adam
(2023), recognizes one variable and attempts to deduce additional meaning from these events.
As Burke Johnson, encompasses all components or aspects; entirely comprehensive.
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What are the dimensions in classifying non-experimental quantitative research (NQR)?

How many NQRs are there altogether?
Burke Johnson (2001) outlined the dimension in classifying non-experimental quantitative
research in his work by stating "The first dimension is based on the primary “research objective”
(i.e., description, prediction, and explanation), and the second dimension is called the “time”
dimension (i.e., cross-sectional, longitudinal, and retrospective)." It simply provides valuable and
meaningful information on the various forms that nonexperimental research can take.”

The first dimension, research objective, is what the researchers attempt to achieve by
performing. It is regarded as the most straightforward method of determining relevant groupings.
The following categories are particularly useful: descriptive study of the measurable data to
statistically assess a population sample (Dovetail Editorial Team, 2023). Predictive research
states that events, outcomes, repercussions, costs, or effects can be forecasted (Wollman, n.d.).
Finally, explanatory study is the why, why something happens when there is minimal evidence
accessible to investigate the occurrences (George, 2023).

The time dimension, the second dimension, describes the time periods employed in your model.
It alludes to the extent to which the research could collapse. The time dimension has the
following folds: Cross-sectional studies are observational studies that assess data from a
population at a single point in time (CHEST, n.d.) In a longitudinal study, researchers evaluate
the same individuals over and over again to detect any changes that may occur over time.
(Thomas, 2023). Finally, a posteriori retrospective investigation is carried out, utilizing knowledge
from prior events. Most of the data has already been collected and recorded in the register
(RetrosPective studies, n.d.).

After all, it was cross-researched from the two dimensions in classifying non-experimental
quantitative study. And in collecting cross research from Burke Johnson's article titled "Toward a
New Classification of Nonexperimental Quantitative Research", it derives into 9 types by
integrating the two dimensions of the research objection and time dimension. As a result, the
nonexperimental research typology created in this work has two dimensions. This typology
should be beneficial in education and related fields.
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