1.

Yes, an acid or a base can be turned into a neutral substance through a chemical reaction
called neutralization. This involves mixing an acid and a base in specific proportions to produce
water and a salt. For instance, combining hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
results in the formation of water and sodium chloride (NaCl), effectively neutralizing the initial
acidic and basic properties.

2. pH refers to the measure of a solution's acidity or alkalinity on a logarithmic scale ranging

from 0 to 14. A pH of 7 is neutral, while values below 7 indicate acidity and values above 7
indicate alkalinity. A buffer is a solution that resists changes in pH when an acid or base is
added. Buffers consist of a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate
acid, helping to stabilize pH levels.

3. pH holds significance in various aspects. In biological systems, it influences enzyme activity,

cellular function, and metabolic reactions. Environmental health relies on proper pH levels in
water bodies and soils for the well-being of aquatic life and ecosystems. In industrial processes,
maintaining specific pH conditions is vital for optimal results. Additionally, pH affects the
solubility and availability of minerals and nutrients in various contexts.

4. The pH of body fluids, such as blood, remains remarkably constant due to efficient buffering
systems. In blood, the bicarbonate buffer system plays a central role. This system involves the
reversible conversion between carbon dioxide (CO2) and bicarbonate ions (HCO3-), helping to
counteract changes in blood pH. Additional buffer systems involving proteins and phosphate
ions also contribute. These buffering mechanisms ensure that any shift in pH is minimized,
which is essential for maintaining stable biochemical processes and overall physiological
function.