Sustainable Operations and Computers 4 (2023) 22–28

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Sustainable Operations and Computers

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Optimization of solar energy using MPPT techniques and industry 4.0

modelling
Bipasa Patra a, Pragya Nema b, Mohd Zaheen Khan c,∗, Osama Khan d
a
Department of Electrical Engineering, Oriental University Indore, G H Raisoni Institute of Business Management, Jalgaon, India
b
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Oriental University, Indore, India
c
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Engineering & Technology, Lucknow 226021, India
d
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jamia Millia Islamia, 110025, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Keywords: Solar energy is the energy discharged by the sun in the form of radiation of light which is then utilized by human
Photovoltaic cells beings using a diversity of method such as photovoltaic cells. It is unlimited source of energy such as solar
DC‐DC converter energy does not belongs to anybody and so it is at no cost. The quantity of solar energy acknowledged by the
MPPT
world was considered to be 3000–50,000 EJ, which is much superior to the total world energy utilization of 600
Perturb & observe algorithm
EJ. Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) can be integrated in controlling charge and further used to take out
Industry 4.0
highest extractable and obtainable output from photovoltaic cells depending on few circumstances. The particular
input for Photovoltaic module is capable of generating highest possible output power is called MPP (Maximum
power point) or highest voltage. Maximum power changes with Sun’s energy parameter of required temperature
of PV module. Along with dissimilar tracking technique with P-O methods etc. Furthermore, several components
were used to compute input parameters which had their own uncertainty. This uncertainty was removed by
using devices equipped with sensors comprising of industry 4.0 techniques. The values were delivered back by
sensors enabling error free solar energy estimation. This delivers admirable outcome and hence are employed.
This system can be developed for charge controller by employing a microcontroller-based circuit for DC-DC buck
converter and introducing MPPT.

1. Introduction 1.1. Present energy scenario of solar energy

The Solar energy is a very accessible energy; it can be improved
as wide generation, located at or near the point of use or as a cen-
tral‐station, beneficial to all, similar to conventional power plants. These
two methods can also accumulate the energy they generate from solar
radiation. The sum amount of solar energy occurrence on Earth is enor-
mously in surplus of the world’s existing and expected energy necessi-
ties. If properly utilized, this extremely dispense source has the potential
to assure all expectations energy requirements. In the 21st century solar
energy power can be predicted to develop to be gradually more impres-
sive as an inexhaustible energy source because of its renewable power
supply and its ecofriendly quality, in distinct variation to the limited fos-
sil fuels, petroleum and natural gas coal etc. Also, effective usage of solar
energy can be delivered by successful integration of such technologies
with industry 4.0 [1,2].
∗
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: zhnkhan4@gmail.com (M.Z. Khan).
In current years, researcher has progressively paid more concentra-
tion towards the Sun’s energy. Presently is an alarming requirement for
employment of energy from Sun for huge number of uses like heating
water, or for cooking, or generation of electricity and refrigeration. So-
lar power is outcome of a renewable source; the Sun by the heat nuclear
combinations happening within its core. Entire power reserves on globe
are sourced from Sun either directly or indirectly [3,4]. The sun actu-
ally transfers solar in a huge volume of power as packets or photons to
the Earth surface. The solar energy in the form of streams of electrons
indicates the idiom “solar constant” at a rate equal to 1368 W/m2 . In
India the average electricity utilization is still between the small in the
world at just 630 kWh per person per year, but this is estimated to grow
up to 1000 kWh in the upcoming days. The Central Electricity Authority
(CEA), the crest electricity requirement in 2008 was 120 GW of power,
although only 98 GW could be complete. According to a survey taken by
the Indian PV project inventor Aston field, this insufficiency is expected
to grow up to 25 GW by 2012. The Ministry of Power has set a pro-
gram of providing ‘‘Power to All’’ by 2012. India campaigns to bridge
the crest short fall using an amount of a venue. Many of them rely on
growing the fossil fuel footprint and hence indeed raise our confidence

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susoc.2022.10.001
Received 8 February 2022; Received in revised form 23 August 2022; Accepted 26 October 2022
Available online 2 November 2022
2666-4127/© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co., Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
B. Patra, P. Nema, M.Z. Khan et al.
Fig. 1. PV module modeling.
and trust on the se fossil fuels. At the same time, the government also
making severe hard work to build up the development of renewable
involvement to power. The most important resource for energy power
generation is coal-based power plants; the personal area is contributing
the major amount of power production in India [7].
1.2. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT)
The MPPT charge controller enables the loads obtain maximum cur-
rent to be employ by speedily charging to the battery. Most electric out-
let may be understood as the final voltage at that the maximum power
provides to the hundreds, with least number of losses. This is often addi-
tionally sometimes named as crest power voltage. The maximum electric
outlet at MPPT comes with the purpose on a current-voltage curve (IV)
at that the PV device manufacture the peak output i.e., wherever the
results of current intensity and Voltage (V) is the most. The MPPT may
modify relying to external factors like temperature, light state of affairs
and technique of the device. So as to make sure that most power out-
put Pmax a solar PV device visible to those external factors, most power
output trackers may also be employed as operating to regulate the re-
sistance of the device [5,6].
2. MATLAB modeling
Fig. 1 depicts a mathematical modeling for solar cell is drawn in
terms of the MATLAB simulation. We all know that the photovoltaic cell
is drawn by a reverse current flowing through the diode and powered
by a gage boson current. The gage boson current equation is predicated
on the radiation on the market from the sun and therefore the temper-
ature at the surface of the star panel will each inputs area unit taken
for photovoltaic cell and therefore the solar cell is sculptural supported
the equation. Fig. 2 shows, the photovoltaic cell output voltage, which
is obtained at 34 V as per the information sheet. PV curve of star cell
therefore obtained as mentioned in MPPT formula section we’d like to
limit operation of photovoltaic cell specified the most power may be
23
Sustainable Operations and Computers 4 (2023) 22–28
achieved from it. From PV curve it’s clearly visible that there exists a
peak purpose of power at around 30 to 34 V [8–12].
Also we can find the waveforms relevant to the PV boost converter
wherein we get the before and after boosting the voltage. It is known that
the boost converter works in the continuous and discontinuous conduc-
tion modes. While in the conduction mode the inductor current never is
0 so it has to partially discharge at the initiation of the cycle to switch-
ing. On the other hand we find that there is current in inductors as it
gets towards the end of the cycle of switching. Mathematically, for con-
tinuous conduction:
Switch is ON
( )
1
𝐼𝐿 = ∗ ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑡
𝐿
Switch is OFF
( ) ( )
1
𝐼 ′′′ 𝐿,𝑂𝑓 𝑓 = − ∗ 𝑉𝑖𝑛 − 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 ∗ 𝑑𝑡 + 𝐼 ′′ 𝐿;𝑜𝑓 𝑓
𝐿 ∫
Discontinuous conduction Mode:
( )
1
𝐼𝐿 = ∗ ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑡
𝐿
The major aim of MPPT is to limit voltage at the particular conver-
sion that power starts decreasing.
As shown in Fig. 4, the MPPT is enforced in MATLAB Simulink as for
the formula. The basic working of MPPT is to investigate if the facility
is decreasing or not. Supported this analysis MPPT generates a pulse
signal that is given to the boost converter. These pulses area unit varied
supported the voltage changes and therefore the power changes at every
iteration. Assume that at any specific time the voltage and current is
measured and fed to the MPPT. The MPPT compares the measure of
voltage and current, that’s nothing however power of photovoltaic cell,
at each iteration. It’s expected that the facility ought to be in increasing
means as shown in PV curve of the photovoltaic cell. At any specific
time if Power starts decreasing then MPPT restricts voltage by lowering
the pulse dimension [13–17].
Due to the presence of several equipmnets in this paticular setup, it
is quite neccesary that their would some kind of error in measuremnet.
B. Patra, P. Nema, M.Z. Khan et al.
Fig. 3. PV Curve of Solar cell.
This measurement error is sensed by sensors equipped with Industry 4.0
technology and hence these values are adjusted for correct readings.
This model presents a full prrof output by eliminating all the errors in
variably present in the system.
3. Methodology
3.1. Modeling of photovoltaic cell
The PV electric cell is made‐up of the semiconductor material with
the assistance of name aspect positive and sun before of aspect as neg-
24
Sustainable Operations and Computers 4 (2023) 22–28
Fig. 2. PV Boost Output.
ative. At any time, the sunrays fall on the PV cell; it produces then
the electrons flowing within the external circuit proverbial as pho-
tocurrent current. During this model of the Photovoltaic cell, it indi-
cates a current supply as shown in Fig. 7. There seems a voltage at
the output terminal if it’s circuited and known as open circuit volt-
age (VOC ). This voltage causes a current through the contact a bit
like a diode. These diodes are connected with sensors working on In-
dustry 4.0 model deriving the error rates back to the original system
[17–19].
𝐼𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝐼𝑝𝑣 − 𝐼𝐷 − 𝐼𝑠ℎ𝑢𝑛𝑡
B. Patra, P. Nema, M.Z. Khan et al. Sustainable Operations and Computers 4 (2023) 22–28

Fig. 4. MPPT implementation.

Fig. 5. Complete system with MPPT con-

nected boost converter powered by solar
cell.

25
B. Patra, P. Nema, M.Z. Khan et al.
Fig. 6. Single diode model of solar PV cell.
Fig. 7. Solar tracker in darkness mode. (b) Solar tracker in tracking mode.
[ 𝑉 +𝐼𝑅 ] [ ] relevance to the previously observed power Pold . If Pnew is bigger than
𝑠 𝑉 + 𝑅𝑠 𝐼𝑃 𝑉
𝐼 = 𝐼𝑝𝑣 − 𝐼𝑜 𝑒 𝜂𝑘𝑇 ∕𝑞 − 1 − 𝑃 𝑉
𝑅𝑠ℎ
For Short circuit current, when output voltage is 0,
[ 𝐼 𝑅 ] [ ] part of it from the solar panel as well. If Pnew is a smaller amount than
𝑠𝑐 𝑠 𝐼 𝑅
𝐼𝑆𝐶 = 𝐼𝑝𝑣 − 𝐼𝑜 𝑒 𝜂𝑘𝑇 ∕𝑞 − 1 − 𝑠𝑐 𝑠
𝑅𝑠ℎ
This diode and therefore the current supply (Iph ) area unit place in
parallel as depict in seven. because the PV‐generated current starts flow-
ing, a number of the electron‐hole recombination happens that scale
back the formally provoked electrons; this loss of current is indicated by
a shunt resistance (Rsh ) Series resistance (Rs ) shown by the resistance.
Makers constantly upset to stay the property of each these resistances
as little as attainable to develop the working of the PV module (Figs. 3,
5, 6).
3.2. Solar tracker
The sun lightweight acquires with facilitate of the star PV module
issue to an uninterrupted distinction. A solar PV tracker is employed to
trace the sun to boost the star combination. In electrical phenomenon
system, PV module is mounting on star trackers therefore on PV mod-
ules area unit for all time meant for traditional within the direction of
the sun. Since the sun rotates from east to west throughout the day,
the star trackers formulate sure the constant and maximum generation
of electricity that systematically charges the batteries and so it will in-
crease their duration. In indoor lighting system, star trackers area unit
26
Sustainable Operations and Computers 4 (2023) 22–28
used to focus the sunrays. During this system, the double axis hunter is
employed so tracks the sun and produce utmost electricity. Within the
execution star tracker, lightweight sensors area unit want to calculate
the sunshine and number of rays. A cloudy obstruction was set between
those lightweight sensors to avoid the sunshine returning from differ-
ent directions to accurately and quickly track the sun. The irradiations
losses are interpreted by industry 4.0 enabled solar panels which are
further connected with sensors working on Industry 4.0 model deriving
the error rates back to the original system [20,21].
3.3. The algorithm P&O- perturb and observe
Usually, P-O technique refers to the one following the MPPT. This
algorithm, is a negligible agitation for introducing, originating with a
facility for distinction of the Photovoltaic module. The obtained power
at final stage is sometimes considered for comparison with the earlier
obtained output. If the final power at output expands, identical tech-
nique is sustained otherwise perturbation is inverted. During this pro-
cess perturbation delivers the voltage at array to the cell module. This
final voltage is boosted from the module or decreased to ensure that
either or the facility is enhanced or decreased. Once a rise in energy
ends up as enhanced power, this implies that the in-operation purpose
of the set-up is to the MPPT’s left. Therefore, additional perturb pro-
cess becomes important concerning to succeed in MPPT’s right. On the
opposite hand, if a rise in voltage result in a scale back in power, this
implies that the in-operation purpose MPPT side for solar cell is correct
and so extra perturbation towards the left is needed to succeed in fur-
ther perturb part of the MPPT. The flow as algorithm of the assumed
P-O formula for the controller part of the charge is given in Fig. 8. As
the combination of the PV module and battery with MPPT controller
of charge is accomplished, then it calculates the voltages of concerned
module and battery. Pre-calculating subsequently after measurement of
voltage of the battery, it verifies the charging status of the same. Hence,
it detects desired voltage limit, then if it finds the battery is absolutely
charged to 12.6 V and charging is stopped without further delay so as to
avoid the battery from getting over charged. In case the same isn’t abso-
lutely energized and the charging is initiated by activation of the DC-DC
device. The analyses is executed by the micro-controller and further the
accessible power Pnew at the final stage is by considering the voltage
and current, and evaluate this power with respect to the comparison in
Pold , cycle of duty with respect to PWM techniques is accrued to get
rid of most power being the cause for harmonics introduction and some
Pold , the cycle of duty is decreased to form certain that the arrangement
to maneuver back to the earlier most procured power. This MPPT al-
gorithm hence is found simpler, straightforward to execute, and low in
price with greater exactitude [22–24].
3.4. Sustainable development with adoption of industry 4.0
The chief reason for resounding out an uncertainty for any system is
that human based errors are very common. Moreover, sometimes even
machines may have some marginal errors in the calculation of a property
which also needs to be taken into consideration and calibrated likewise.
Industry 4.0 technique equipped with several sensors which measures
various properties at regular intervals in the system along with its errors.
The sensors used in industry 4.0 machines then readjust the output based
on the actual values determined by these errors [25,26].
As the system surrounds the renewable technologies and helps in es-
tablishing the stability of the supply system hah in hand with the ecolog-
ical balance. This is possible due to the intelligent grid software parity
including the sustainability in view with the reduction in harmful emis-
sions and thus regulating the air quality index. No-doubt the needs and
energy crisis is growing at an alarming rate but industry 4.0 provides a
range of solutions to reduce the energy intake and hence better energy
B. Patra, P. Nema, M.Z. Khan et al. Sustainable Operations and Computers 4 (2023) 22–28

Fig. 8. MPPT P&O algorithm.

Fig. 9. Output Voltage of before and after boost converter.

27
B. Patra, P. Nema, M.Z. Khan et al.
solutions for and intelligent tomorrow. The 3 R’s recycle, reuse and re-
fresh form the way to enhanced research domains and field of interest
for researchers to come up with better engineering solutions [1].
4. Results
Fig. 9 shows an entire system of MPPT connected boost device
steam‐powered by photovoltaic cell. The output of solar cell with bypass
diode is connected to the boost converter input the pulses square mea-
sure generated by exploitation MPPT formula to the boost device switch
and hence at the output voltage is measured. By decreasing the current
value by implementing a bit resistance within the path of the current
then the MPPT charge controller will maximize the voltage value. This
amount of voltage to current quantitative relation modification is called
as most outlet tracking (MPPT) usually; it will increase the present to the
battery by around 20% to 25%. From Fig. 9 it’s clearly visible that the
output of the boost device is stable and therefore the power is obtained
is to be most [27–30].
5. Conclusion
In this topic optimization perspective to form best use of the PV mod-
ule output power is accessible. A new planned intention role of PV mod-
ule power and constraint conjointly exists. P&O formula is performed
under varied the first output of separate variables, and so Lagrange mul-
tiplier factor formula is simulated. The best PV module power obtains
from each algorithms compare. The analysis relies on real measured in-
formation of alternative energy and ambient temperature. The examina-
tion is finished in complete sunny day and therefore the results showed
that the error between 2 projected resolution techniques is suitable and
therefore the affected optimization technique is applicable. These in-
herent losses create several uncertainties in the output values deeming
system to be unfit, thereby depicting the importance of industry 4.0 sys-
tems to in encrypt in the system which provides error free results with
utmost efficacy.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The author declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
the work reported in this paper.
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