Tissue

Cells organize into three layers:

 Ectoderm
- Forms the exoskeleton
 Mesoderm
- Develops into organs
 Endoderm
- Forms the inner lining of the organs
Tissues
- group of cells similar in structure and inter cellular substances performing a
specific function.
Four Fundamental Types of Tissues
 EPITHELIAL TISSUE
Types of Epithelial Tissue:

  EPITHELIAL TISSUE
- covers and lines body parts (sheets of cells)
- covers body surfaces, forms glands, and lines body cavities, hollow organs,
and ducts.
 Barrier
 Secretion
 Absorption
 Protection
 Passage
- glandular epithelium
 two major types
- endocrine glands secrete hormones to blood (no ducts)
- exocrine secrete products into ducts that open to skin or lumen
of organ
 structural classification of exocrine glands
- multicellular - form a distinctive structure or organ (e.g., sweat,
salivary)
 - unicellular - have no ducts but still considered exocrine (e.g.,
goblet cells)

 functional classification of exocrine glands

- holocrine - cell accumulates product, cell dies, bursts open and
substance secreted (e.g., sebaceous)
- merocrine - secreted by exocytosis (most glands)
 epithelial sheets - special characteristics
- continuous sheets of closely packed, tightly joined cells
- have apical (free) and basal surface
- attached to 2-layered basement membrane
- basal lamina - proteins and polysaccharides secreted by epithelial cells
- reticular lamina - protein fibers and glycoproteins secreted by
underlying connective tissue
- avascular - exchanges occur by diffusion from blood supply of
underlying connective tissue
- have nerve supply
- high capacity for regeneration (lots of mitosis)

SIMPLE
EPITHELIUM Structure Function Location
( 1 LAYER )
1. Simple
Squamous - Single layer or flat - Diffusion - Lining of blood
Epithelium - Hexagon cells - Filtration vessel and heart
- Nuclei appears as - Some secretion - Lymphatic vessel
bumps (cross - Some protection (friction) - Alveoli of the lungs
section view) - Portions of the
 kidney tubules
- Lining of serous
membrane of body
cavities
2. Simple Cuboidal
Epithelium - Single layer - Secretion and absorption -
kidney tubules
- Cube-shaped cells (cells of the kidney tubules) -
gland and their
- Some cells have - Secretion (cell of glands & ducts
microvilli (kidney choroid plexuses) - choroid plexuses of
tubules) - movement of particles the brain
- Some cells have embedded in mucus out of - lining of terminal
cilia (terminal the terminal bronchioles (by bronchioles of the
bronchioles of the ciliated cells) lungs
lungs) - surfaces of the
ovaries
3. Simple Columnar
Epithelium - Single layer -
Movement of the particles - Glands and some
- Tall and narrow cell out of the bronchioles of the ducts
- Some cells have lungs by ciliated cells - Bronchioles of
cilia (bronchioles of - Movement of oocytes lungs
lungs, uterine through the uterine tubes by - Auditory tubes
tubes, auditory ciliated cells - Uterus
tubes & uterus) - Secretion by cells of the - uterine tube
- Some has microvilli glands, stomach, and the - stomach
(intestines) intestine - intestine
- Absorption by the cell of the - gallbladder
intestine - bile ducts
- ventricles of the
brain
4. Transitional
Epithelium - Surface cell - Stretches readily - Lining of the ureters
- Dome shaped - Permits distention of urinary - Bladder
- Squamous like organ (by contained urine) - Part of the urethra
(depending on
degree of organ
stretch)

PSEUDOSTRATIFIED STRUCTURE FUNCTION LOCATION

EPTHELIUM
(1 LAYER BUT
APPEARS MANY)
1. Pseudostratified - Single layer of cells - synthesize and secrete - lining of nasal cavity
 Columnar - some cells are tall mucus into the free - nasal sinuses
Epithelium and thin surface - auditory tubes
- reach the free - move mucus (fluid) that - pharynx
surface contains foreign particles - trachea
- nuclei of this cell over the surface of the - bronchi of lungs
are at different free surface and from the
levels and appear passages
stratified
- almost ciliated
- associated with
gablet cells that
secrete mucus into
the free surface

STRATIFIED STRUCTURE FUNCTION LOCATION

EPTHELIUM
(MULTIPLE LAYER)
1. Stratified - Multiple layer - Protects against abrasion - Keratinized (outer
Squamous - Cuboidal in the layer of the skin)
Epithelium basal - Forms a barrier against
- Progressively infection - Non keratinized
flattened toward the (mouth, throat,
surface larynx, esophagus,
- Reduces loss of water anus, vagina,
Non keratinized from the body inferior urethra, and
stratified squamous corneas
epithelium – the
surface cell retains a
nucleus and cytoplasm

Keratinized stratifies
squamous epithelium-
the cytoplasm of the
cells at the surface is
being replaced by a
protein called keratin
and the cells are dead

 CONNECTIVE TISSUES
- type of tissue protects and supports the body and its organs, binds organs
together, stores energy reserves as fat, and provides immunity
 Protection
 Enclosing and separating other tissues
 Storing compounds
  Transportation
 Cushioning and insulating
 Connecting tissues to one another.

1.special characteristics

 made up of living cells plus non-living extracellular matrix

o -blasts are immature cells that secrete matrix (e.g., fibroblasts,
chondroblasts, osteoblasts)
o -cytes are mature cells that help maintain matrix (e.g.,
chondrocytes, osteocytes)
o other cell types include macrophages, plasma cells (secrete
antibodies), mast cells (store chemicals that help fight invaders)
o matrix consists of protein fibers embedded in ground substance
(polysaccharides and proteins); supports cells structurally and
functionally
o fibers include collagen (strong, flexible), elastin (strong, very
stretchy), reticular fibers (collagen with coating of glycoprotein,
forms branching networks that support tissues and organs)

 has nerve supply, except cartilage

 most highly vascular, except cartilage which is avascular, and

tendons/ligaments which have a low supply
 functions - support, protection, binding

2. Types of Connective Tissue

 CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER

LOOSE CONNECTIVE Structure Function Location

TISSUE

1. Areolar Connective - Fine network of - Loose packing - Widely distributed

Tissue fibers (mostly throughout the
collagens fibers - Support body
with elastic - Substance on
fibers) which epithelial
- With spaces - Nourishment for the basement
between the structures with membranes rest
fibers which it is - Packing between
- Fibroblasts, associated glands, muscles,
macrophages and nerves
& lymphocytes - Attaches the skin
are in the to underlying
spaces tissues

- Fibroblasts (cellular components responsible for the matrix)

- Plasma cells, adipocytes, mast cells (other cellular components)
- Basement membranes of epithelia (rest on connective tissues thereby providing strength,
elasticity & support

2. Adipose - Little - Packing materials - Predominantly in

Connective Tissue extracellular - Thermal insulator subcutaneous
matrix - Energy storage areas
- Adipocytes or - Protection of - Mesenteries
fat cells are so organs (against - Renal pelvis
full of lipid injury from being - Around kidneys
(cytoplasm is bumped or jarred) - Attached to the
pushed to the surface of the
periphery of the colon
cell) - Mammary glands
- Loose connective
tissue that
penetrate spaces
and crevices

- Adipose tissues consist of adipocytes or fat cells

- Reduces heat loss and provides a great amount of energy reserve, support, and protection
- Composed of large cells and small amount of matrix (consists of loosely arranged collagen and
reticular fibers with some scattered elastic fibers
- Individual cells (large and closely packed together)
- Pads and protect the parts of the body
- Act as thermal insulator

3. Reticular - Fine network of - Provides a - Within the lymph

Connective Tissue reticular fibers superstructure for nodes
- Irregularly lymphatic & - Spleen
arranged hemopoietic tissues - Bone marrow

- Reticular fibers and reticular cells (specialized fibroblasts)

- Forms the framework of lymphatic tissue in the spleen and lymph nodes as well as in bone
marrow and liver

DENSE STRUCTURE FUNCTION LOCATION

CONNECTIVE
TISSUE

1. Dense - Matrix composed of - Withstand great - Tendons

Regular collagen fibers pulling forces on the (attach muscle
Collagenous - Same direction in direction of fiber to bone)
Connective tendons and ligaments orientation due to - Ligaments
Tissue - Collagen fibers run in great tensile (attach bones
several directions in the strength and stretch to each other)
dermis of the skin and resilience - Dermis of the
in organ capsules skin
- Organ
capsules
- Outer layer of
many blood
vessels

2. Dense - Matrix composed of - Capable of - Elastic

Regular collagen fibers and stretching ligaments
Elastic elastic fibers - Recoiling like a (between the
Connective - Same direction in rubber band vertebrae &
Tissue elastic ligaments - Strength in the along dorsal
- Elastic fibers run in direction of fiber aspect of the
connective tissue of orientation neck (nucha))
blood vessel walls - Vocal cords
- Elastic tissue
of connective
 tissue of blood
vessel walls

- Has abundant elastic fibers among all its collagen fibers

- Allows stretching of various organs (lungs, arterial walls, trachea, bronchial tubes, vocal cords,
and ligaments

SUPPORTING CONNECTIVE TISSUE

CARTILAGE STRUCTURE FUNCTION LOCATION

1. Hyaline - Collagen fibers are - Allows growth of long - Growing long bones
Cartilage small and evenly bones - Cartilage rings of
dispersed in the - Provides rigidity with the respiratory
matrix some flexibility in the system
- Making the matrix trachea, bronchi, ribs & - Coastal cartilage of
appear transparent nose ribs
- Chondrocytes are - Forms strong, smooth, - Nasal cartilage
found in spaces or yet flexible articulating - Articulating surface
lacunae within the surfaces of bone and
firm - Forms the embryonic embryonic skeleton
- Flexible matrix skeleton

- Embryonic and fetal skeleton (made up of cartilage that eventually develops into a bone
- In bones, HYALENES (made up of chondrocytes and collagen fibers)
- Forms a layer sustainable to bear certain amount of compression
- Can be found in the end of long bones, the ribs, nose, larynx, trachea, and bronchial tubes

2. Fibro - Collagen fibers (like - Somewhat flexible - Intervertebral disks

Cartilage those in hyaline
cartilage) - Capable of - Pubic symphysis
- Fibers are more withstanding
numerous than in considerable pressure
other cartilages - Articular disk
- Arranged in thick (knees and
bundles - Connects structures temporomandibular
subjected to great jaw & joints)
pressure

- Consists differentiated fibroblasts and collagen fibers

- Has more collagen than hyaline that helps withstand pulling and tearing forces
- Provide support in joining structures

3. Elastic - Similar to hyaline - Provides rigidity - External ears

Cartilage cartilage - More flexibility than - Epiglottis
- Matrix also contains hyaline cartilage - Auditory tubes
elastic fibers - Return to their original
shape after being
stretched

- Contains chondrocytes but more elastic fibers

- Elastic fibers appeared as coiled fibers among bundles of collagen fibers
- Able to recoil to its original shape when bent

BONE STRUCTURE FUNCTION LOCATION

1. Bone - Hard - Provides great - All bones of the

- Bony matrix strength body
- Many osteocytes - Support
(located: lacunae) - Protects internal
- Matrix is organized into organs
layers (lamellae) - Provides
attachment sites
for muscle and
ligaments
- Allow movements
(joints of bones)
  MUSCLE TISSUES
- generates force, movement, generates heat
- three types - skeletal, cardiac, smooth
- type of tissue that generates the physical force needed to make body structures
move.

 Types of Muscle Tissues
  

TYPESOF STRUCTURE FUNCTION LOCATION

MUSCLE TISSUE

1. Skeletal - Cells or fibers appear - Movement of - Bone

Muscle striated (bundle) the body - Other
Tissue - Cells are large, long, - Voluntary connective
and cylindrical control tissue
- Many nuclei
 - Group of multi-nucleated cells w/ striations (due to arrangement of contractile proteins)
- Helps in generation of force (during voluntary command)
- The nervous system can cause the skeletal system to contract without conscious
involvement
- During reflex movement and maintenance of muscle tone

2. Cardiac - Cylindrical cells - Pumps the - Heart

Muscle - Intermediate-sized cells blood
Tissue - Connected to one
another by cell junction - Involuntary
(intercalated disc) control
- Intercalated discs
contain specialized gap
junction (helps in
coordinating
contractions
- Has striations
- Contracts involuntarily

3. Smooth - Tapered at each end - Regulates - Hallow

Muscle - Not striated the size of organs
Tissue - Have single nucleus the organs
- Forces fluid Such as:
through tubes - Stomach
- Controls the - Intestine
amount of - Skin; and
light entering - Eyes
the eye
- Produces
‘goose
bumps’ in the
skin
- Involuntary
control

- Contain group of cells but one nucleus (capable of stretching)

- Has no striations and moves involuntarily

 NERVOUS TISSUE
- initiates and transmits electrical signals
- detects changes inside and outside the body and generates transmits nerve
impulses that coordinate body activities to help maintain homeostasis.

1. neurons and neuroglia (support cells)

 Action Potential Homeostatic Control

2. found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves

3. stimulates muscle contraction, creates an awareness

Neuron Anatomy

 Three principal parts

 Dendrites
 Cell body
 Axon

NERVOUS TISSUE STRUCTURE FUNCTION LOCATION

1. Neuron Tissue - Consists of dendrites, - transmit - Brain

cell body, and long information (action - Spinal cord
axon potential) - Ganglia
 - Neuroglia or support - Store information
cells surround the - Integrate and
neurons evaluate data
- Neuroglia support
- Protect
- Form specialized
sheaths around
axons

 Glial Cell