COLEGIO DE SAN JOSE DEL MONTE, INC.

Genesis, Poblacion 1, City of San Jose del Monte, Bulacan

“The Relationship between Heavy Alcohol Consumption and

Workplace Performance of Working-Class Adults in Barangay
Poblacion I”

Researchers:

Ebue, Kean Andrei

Española, Dharyll
Magdaong, Reinhart Dizon
Mitra, Joyce Anne
Patulan, Arrianne Claire

Ms. Angelica D. Caracas

CHAPTER 1
 INTRODUCTION

Alcohol consumption is a widespread habit among adults worldwide, and its

consequences on their ability to perform their daily routine are a growing concern. Heavy
alcohol consumption has been linked to various health problems, including liver disease, high
blood pressure, and mental health disorders.

It may also affect a person's performance, especially in the workplace. Working-class

adults, who form the backbone of most economies worldwide, are particularly at risk of heavy
alcohol consumption, which can hinder their daily life functioning and adversely impact the
economy. Thus, exploring the relationship between heavy alcohol consumption and daily life
functioning of working-class adults may prove crucial in forming intervention.

Human health is negatively impacted by alcohol intake. In addition, accidents brought on

by alcohol consumption have economic repercussions, which contribute to a reduction in
society's well-being and an increase in the direct cost of healthcare, among other things (Sawicki
and Szostak, 2020) Alcohol is a well-known cause of accidents in both the economy and the
construction sector (John et. al, 2018). Construction workers lead all occupations with a high rate
of alcoholics in terms of alcohol misuse (Roche et. al., 2020; Strickland et. al., 2017).

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Deeply ingrained in Philippine culture, alcohol has a lasting presence among its
population. Throughout history, alcohol consumption has played a significant role in social
gatherings, religious ceremonies, and everyday life for many Filipinos.

Pascual (2019) explored alcohol's origins in the nation, shedding light on the extensive
research conducted by Arturo G. Pacho, who delved into the rich history of winemaking in the
country. Pacho's findings indicate that winemaking traditions in the Philippines date back long
before the era of Spanish rule. The indigenous peoples of the archipelago had already discovered
and refined the art of winemaking, utilizing local resources and indigenous techniques.

As the centuries unfolded, the practice of winemaking continued to evolve, adapting to

the changing cultural and technological landscape. Pacho highlighted the influence of external
factors on the development of winemaking in the Philippines. With the arrival of the Spanish
colonizers, new grape varieties and winemaking methods were introduced, further shaping the
local wine production.

This fusion of indigenous practices and foreign influences contributed to the diverse
range of alcoholic beverages found in the country today. The International Wine and Spirits
Research group had also identified The Philippines as one of the fastest growing alcohol markets
in the world and housing the largest gin market of all countries, forecasting that the country will
hold 1.4 percent of the global alcohol market by 2023 (Ichimura, 2019).

Labajo (2010) identified Filipinos as quintessential drinkers, having also studied their
drinking patterns and the structure of the alcohol industry of the country. While acknowleding
that alcohol have been both the root and fruit of many contributions and traditions – it had also
been identified to cause a wide plethora of socio-economic and health issues that continue to
plague them. Such was emphasized by the relevance of non-communicable diseases caused by
heavy drinking, along with cases of drunken driving and alcoholism.

Ames and Janes (1998) explored the impact of alcohol consumption on work outcomes
among blue-collar workers. The study determined that heavy alcohol consumption was
associated with lower job performance, increased absenteeism, and workplace accidents.
Additionally, workers who drank heavily were more likely to quit their jobs, leading to higher
costs for employers due to recruitment and training of new workers. Frone (1998) further
supported this idea, with heavy alcohol consumption being associated with higher rates of work-
related injuries.

Heavy alcohol consumption had also been linked to a myriad of social and health issues.
In its Global Status Report on Alcohol and Health, the World Health Organization (2018)
determined alcohol as a significant risk factor in a variety of difficulties, leading to inadvertent
injuries such as road traffic accidents; and deliberate injuries, including suicide and interpersonal
violence. In further support of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals, WHO also
emphasized mitigating alcoholism as a means to lessen its effect on other fields.

Research suggests that heavy alcohol consumption can affect other aspects of daily life
functioning, including social relationships and financial stability. Maisto et al. (2016) stated that
heavy alcohol consumption was associated with lower social support, increased financial
difficulties, and lower levels of overall well-being. Moreover, heavy alcohol consumption had
been linked to higher rates of depression and anxiety, which can further affect daily life
functioning and social relationships of drinkers.

Anderson (2010) suggests that alcohol use among people of working age may have its
impact on productivity through the development of human capital through education, the stage of
life at which alcohol use results in poor health and early death, and the significance of alcohol
use among working-age people in relation to other risk factors for poor health and early death.

Stuckler et al., as cited by Anderson (2010), discovered that suicide rates among those
under the age of 65, possible excess death, and an increase in deaths from "alcohol abuse" were
all related to unemployment rates of more than 3%. In addition, heavy alcohol consumption was
found to have substantial effects on a person's daily functioning, including work productivity,
social interactions, and general quality of life.

Working-class individuals have been stated to be prone to the detrimental effects of

heavy alcohol consumption, being susceptible to additional pressures associated with their work
and financial circumstances. Virtanen, mentioned by Carmichael (2015), found that working
more than 48 hours a week was associated with the increase of alcohol use. People who
overwork are about 11% more likely to become heavy drinkers than those who worked normal
hours. In addition, overwork was reportedly associated with higher risk of alcohol usage, with 14
drinks per week for women and 21 drinks per week for men (Anderson, 2010).

As such, understanding the relationship between heavy alcohol consumption among

working-class adults would help identify further factors and suggestions towards addressing this
problem. Exploring this relationship would serve crucial to determining the magnitude of its
impact and develop targeted interventions to reduce its prevalence, along with opening further
room for creating solutions.

Given that it may have its significance, the researchers found an opportunity in
investigating its relationship with heavy alcohol consumption among the working class. By
doing so, livelihood improvement of working-class adults can be guaranteed through the conduct
of this paper, contributing to a healthier and more productive workforce

Socio-economic issues such as low income, job insecurity, and lack of social support can
thus be determined as factors that increase the likelihood of heavy alcohol consumption.
Individual factors - such as stress, anxiety, and depression - are just some that contribute to this,
and identifying these factors and developing targeted interventions to address them may help
reduce heavy alcohol consumption among working-class adults.

As such, understanding the relationship between heavy alcohol consumption and daily
life functioning among working-class adults would help identify further factors and suggestions
towards addressing this problem. Exploring this relationship would serve crucial to determining
the magnitude of its impact and develop targeted interventions to reduce its prevalence, along
with opening further room for creating solutions.

Given that it may have significance on the daily life functioning of working-class adults,
the researchers found an opportunity in investigating its relationship with heavy alcohol
consumption among the working class. By doing so, livelihood improvement of working-class
adults can be guaranteed through the conduct of this paper, contributing to a healthier and more
productive workforce.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

 This study aimed to determine the relationship between a working class adult’s heavy
alcohol consumption to their performance in the workplace in the context of Barangay Poblacion
I, San Jose del Monte, Bulacan. To achieve the purpose of this study, the following questions
need to be addressed:

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

a. Age
b. Occupation
2. How does heavy alcohol consumption affect a person's performance in the workplace?
3. How does heavy alcohol consumption influence a person’s ability to perform their daily
work routine?
4. What is the relationship of heavy alcohol consumption to workplace performance in
terms of the age and occupation of the respondents?

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework

The figure above describes the flow of the study, which the researchers will follow. The
figure above will help the researchers determine the relationship between a working-class adult’s
heavy consumption of alcohol and their performance in the workplace.

Understanding the demographic profile of working-class respondents who drink alcohol

would lead to identifying factors that may contribute to alcohol consumption and their respective
level of consumption. The workplace performance of heavy consumers of alcohol can then be
determined. To evaluate whether the respondents fall under the working class, the researchers
will first identify the respondents by their age and occupation.
 Following the identification of the respondents, the researchers will now ascertain the
initial and ongoing factors that influence the workers’ consumption of alcohol. The researchers
can then determine what category the respondents may fall onto with regard to their alcohol use.
They will then concentrate on inquiring heavy drinkers towards distinguishing the effects of
heavy alcohol consumption to the workers’ performance in the workplace.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The outcome and findings of this study are beneficial to the following:

Employers: This study may help employers understand the impact of heavy alcohol
consumption on their employees' performance and productivity in the workplace.

Local Government Units: The findings of this study may inform the development of policies
and programs aimed at addressing heavy alcohol consumption and its impacts on individuals and
communities.

Future researchers: They can use this study as a guide or reference for their study related to the
topic of this research.

Heavy Alcohol Consumers: This study can raise awareness and encourage alcohol consumers
of all levels to reflect on their drinking habits. It may serve as a catalyst for individuals to seek
help, make positive changes, and access appropriate resources or treatment options to address
their alcohol use and improve their overall functioning in the workplace.

RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

1. Ha: There is a relationship between heavy alcohol consumption and the

workplace performance of working-class adults in Barangay Poblacion I.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

This research aims to determine the relationship between heavy alcohol consumption and
the work performance of working class adults in Barangay Poblacion I, located in San Jose Del
Monte, Bulacan.

Conduct of this study is exclusive to working-class ages 25-60 years old within the
barangay. The researchers have selected the working class of San Jose del Monte to better
understand the effects of their heavy alcohol consumption and whether excessive alcohol
consumption disrupts their performance in the workplace.
 The study will be limited to finding out the effects and relation of heavy alcohol
consumption to their work performance and the initial and ongoing factors that push them to
heavily consume alcohol. This can provide comprehensive understanding of the factors that
influence heavy alcohol consumption among working-class individuals and its impact on
workplace performance.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Absenteeism. The practice of regularly staying away from work or school without good reason.

Alcohol By Volume (ABV). A measure of the concentration of alcohol in an alcoholic beverage

Alcohol Consumption. Orally ingesting beverages containing ethanol or ethyl alcohol.

Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). A 10-item screening tool developed by
the World Health Organization which assesses alcohol consumption, drinking behaviors, and
alcohol-related problems.

Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC). The amount of alcohol in the bloodstream or on one’s
breath. BAC can be measured by breath, blood, or urine tests.

Blue Collar Worker. A working class person who performs manual labor. Blue-collar work
may involve skilled or unskilled labor.

Daily Routine. Refers to the regular set of activities, tasks, and behaviors that an individual
typically engages in on a daily basis. It encompasses the actions and responsibilities that are part
of one's everyday life, such as waking up, getting ready, household chores, work-related tasks,
personal hygiene, meal preparation, leisure activities, and other habitual behaviors.

Department of Health of the Philippines (DOH). The Philippines’ primary health agency that
ensures all Filipinos have access to basic and quality public health services.

Heavy Alcohol Consumption. Heavy alcohol consumption generally refers to the regular and
excessive consumption of alcohol that exceeds recommended limits. It is typically defined as

consuming more than 14 standard drinks per week for men and more than 7 standard drinks per
week for women.

Individual Work Performance Questionnaire (IWPQ). An 18-item scale designed to assess

the three key aspects of job performance: task performance, contextual performance, and
counterproductive work behavior.
National Institute of Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism (NIAAA). A part of the U.S. National
Institutes of Health, supports and conducts biomedical and behavioral research on the causes,
consequences, treatment, and prevention of alcoholism and alcohol-related problems.

San Jose Del Monte (SJDM). A landlocked city in the province of Bulacan that is subdivided
into 59 Barangays, one of which being the locale of the study: Barangay Poblacion I.

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). An agency

within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) that leads public health efforts
to advance behavioral health and improve the lives of individuals living with mental and
substance use disorders, and their families.

Working Class. A social group composed of people who make little money, frequently being
compensated just for the hours or days worked.

World Health Organization (WHO). Governing body of the United Nations concerned with
health issues all around the world.
 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Drinking Patterns of The Philippines

Along with Pascual (2019) and Labajo (2010), Apolinario (2018) had observed that while
drinking has ties with socialization and bondage among peers, it was reminded that it should be
taken in moderation; Canlas (2018) further supports this notion, having delved deeper on the
problems that can come about with heavy drinking.

Labajo (2010) had presented a rundown of alcohol-drinking among Filipinos with data
from WHO and the Department of Health of the Philippines, of which the total recorded per
capita consumption of Filipinos was 3.75 liters of pure alcohol. At the time of the conduct of her
study, this record increases by 10% every year. 38.9% of Filipinos have been said to be drinking
occasionally, while 11.1% do so regularly and 4.8% drink heavily.

78.5% of Filipino drinkers were identified as well by Labajo (2010) to consume beer,
while 70.6% prefer liquors such as rum, gin, whisky, and lambanog; 42.4% of the population
prefer wine, tuba, sangria, and sherry. 45.5% of Filipinos in the same study have also been
described to drink for socialization; 23.8% drink for stress relief and releasing burdens; and
17.5% consume alcohol as means to gaining pleasure.

WHO (2018) studied The Philippines in their Global Status Report, with recorded alcohol
per capita consumption having increased since the sixties. Contrary to Labajo (2010) on the type
of alcoholic beverage consumed, 27% of Filipinos have been found to consume beer, second
only to 72% of those who prefer spirits. Heavy episodic drinking was tallied by prevalence
towards the total population at the time, with males demonstrating higher percentages than
females.

Gonzales (2021) later described a mobile survey conducted by the DOH focused on risk
factors for non-communicable diseases (NCDs), finding that 4 in 10 Filipino adults have turned
to alcohol in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic. In the same survey, one in three adult
Filipinos (33.1 percent) were found to consume six or more glasses in a single drinking occasion,
with men also demonstrating higher rates of heavy drinking occasions compared to women.

Alcoholism in Professional Settings

Alcohol is often used as a means to unwind after a long shift at work. However, issues
can occur when alcoholism takes place in a professional context. Data provided by Galbicsek
(2022) states 123 million Americans work full-time, and approximately 65% of adults in this age
group consume alcohol. Meanwhile, 53% of unemployed adults do the same.

No matter the size of the employees’ business, drinking habits can affect the company’s
goals and objectives. Employees who struggle with alcohol usage do not only affect the
individual but also cause significant financial strain on the employers. Companies in the United
States have spent between $33 billion to $68 billion annually due to employee alcohol
consumption factors. These include absenteeism, health issues, workplace injuries, and other
productivity losses that arise in the professional workplace (Galbicsek, 2022).

Alcohol consumption increases workplace accidents and injuries that lead to jeopardizing
work efficiency and safety. Additionally, it increases the workplace absenteeism, reduced
cognitive function, and poor decision-making resulting in lower quality and quantity of work
(Alcohol Think Again, 2022).

Harris (1991) also determined that the impact of alcohol use on work performance and
productivity can be both direct and indirect. Direct effects of alcohol intake on work
performance and productivity include decreased cognitive function, impaired judgment, and
increased risk-taking behavior. Indirect effects, on the other hand, include Absenteeism,
presenteeism, and workplace accidents and injuries.

Determining Heavy Alcohol Consumers

In order to determine heavy alcohol consumers, it is important to first understand what

constitutes heavy alcohol use. The National Institute of Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism defines
binge drinking as consuming 5 or more alcoholic drinks for adult males and 4 or more drinks for
adult females, both being in about 2 hours. This brings blood alcohol concentration, or BAC, to
0.08 percent - or 0.08 grams of alcohol per deciliter - or higher. For heavy alcohol use, NIAAA
expounds consuming more than 4 drinks on any day or more than 14 drinks per week for males;
and consuming more than 3 drinks on any day or more than 7 drinks per week for females.

The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration or SAMHSA, which
conducts the annual National Survey on Drug Use and Health in the United States, defines binge
drinking as 5 or more drinks for males and 4 or more drinks for females on the same occasion on
at least one day in the past month. This can be marked as at the same time or within a couple of
hours of each other. Meanwhile, heavy alcohol use as defined by said administration as binge
drinking on 5 or more days in the past month.

A standard drink is defined by the NIAAA as generally including 10 grams of pure

alcohol. This definition is comparable to about 330 ml (12 oz) of regular beer with 5% ABV, 150
ml (5 oz) of wine with 12% ABV, or 45 ml (1.5 oz) of distilled spirits or liquor with 40% ABV.
This classification is utilized in a number of countries across the world, providing a consistent
metric for evaluating and comparing alcohol consumption among populations.

Health Consequences of Heavy Alcohol Consumption

Heavy alcohol consumption can result in various detrimental effects on the human body,
which can range from temporary and immediate impacts to long-term effects that can have far-
reaching consequences on an individual's physical and mental health along with decreased
quality of life.

These effects can range from impaired motor skills, slurred speech, slowed reaction time,
memory loss, mood changes, and increased risk of accidents and injuries. Moreover, prolonged
and heavy alcohol use can lead to chronic health problems, such as heart disease, high blood
pressure, liver cirrhosis and mental health disorders. In 2019, Liver Cirrhosis was the 11th
leading cause of death, accounting for 2.4% of all fatalities globally. The Philippines recorded
7076 fatalities, or 1.05% of total deaths, owing to liver cirrhosis (Ornos et al. 2023).

Washington & Lee University’s health library (n.d.) has listed various risks of alcohol
amongst users, among which being blackouts, poisoning, overdose and death; addiction; damage
to vital organs; inability to learn and remember information; and psychological problems
including depression, psychosis, and severe anxiety.

Alcohol-induced blackouts can be frequent among heavy alcohol consumers. NIAAA

describe these as gaps in a person’s memory for events that occur while intoxicated, of which
can range from fragmentary blackout to complete amnesia. It is more likely to occur when
alcohol enters the bloodstream quickly, such as when consuming large amounts of alcohol in a
short amount of time.

As females weigh less than males on average, having less water in their body, they tend
to reach higher peak BAC levels and as such appear to have more risk. These blackouts
commonly stem from binge drinking, which can increase a person’s BAC to 0.08% or higher.
Engaging in high-intensity drinking behavior - defined as drinking at levels that are at least twice
as high as the binge-drinking thresholds - increases the risk of blacking out.

While it may be common to identify heavy alcohol consumers as among those

experiencing alcohol use disorders or alcohol abuse, it must be noted that it never immediately
pertains that all heavy alcohol-consuming individuals are necessarily such. Thus, as agreed upon
by the researchers of this study, this notion must be reminded and stated at this point of the paper
- in hopes of responsibly avoiding any form of miscommunication or stigma regarding users.
 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter of the paper expounds the research design, sampling technique, locale,
instruments and data gathering procedure utilized in the conduct of this study.

RESEARCH DESIGN

A mixed method approach of both quantitative and qualitative analysis was used to
determine the relationship between the respondents’ work performance and heavy alcohol
consumption. This was done through incorporating the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test
or AUDIT and Koopman’s Individual Work Performance Questionnaire or IWPQ, along with a
semi-structured interview with the respondents for thematic analysis.

RESEARCH SAMPLE

Ten working class residents of Barangay Poblacion I, aged 20 to 60, were the sole
participants of the research conducted. The said population was determined through snowball
sampling, a form of non-probability sampling chosen by the researchers to better access and
identify the subjects of the study with the target characteristics.

The researchers gradually found further participants by asking surveyed respondents of

contacts of whom may be recommended in terms of the needs of the study. This helped identify
other potential participants that may be qualified with the demographic profile needed for the
target sample of this research,

Conduct of the semi-structured interview was done face-to-face with respect to COVID-
19 health protocols and the given time frame permitted by the researchers’ institution. Statement
of consent was first elaborated by the researchers to the respondents before conducting surveys
and interviews properly. Participants eligible to participate in the study must be permanent
residents of Barangay Poblacion 1

RESEARCH LOCALE

The City of San Jose del Monte, Bulacan will be the sole locale for the conduct of this
study. Here, the researchers will be able to limit the reach of participants while also clementing
the extent of contact beyond the area of Barangay Poblacion I itself. This would provide
convenience in identifying the effects of heavy alcohol consumption and explore its effects in
their work performance and daily life functioning, provided that the respondents have brought
proper details and identification of their residence.
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

The first quantitative instrument of this study was the online version of the Alcohol Use
Disorders Identification Test, or AUDIT, developed and validated by the WHO across genders
and in a wide range of racial and ethnic groups. It was also found to be well suited for use in
primary care settings (Donovan et al., 2006; Neumann et al., 2009; Plackett et al., 2015).

Koopman’s Individual Work Performance Questionnaire, or IWPQ, was the second

quantitative instrument of the study, which assessed the work performance of the respondents.
The IWPQ had been proven by several studies in providing a reliable and valid measure of an
individual’s work performance in various sectors, among which being employees in various
industries sectors and between those with health issues (Bernaards et. al., 2014).

With the addition of semi-structured interview questions that will supply for qualitative
data needed for the study, the AUDIT questionnaire and interview instruments were checked by
the researchers’ subject teacher for Inquiries, Investigation & Immersion prior to the data
gathering process. IWPQ was added only after having been advised to quantify workplace
performance.

Altogether, the AUDIT questionnaire, semi-structured interview questions, and

Koopman’s IWPQ were utilized to determine the relationship between heavy alcohol consumers
and workplace performance. Ten questions were from AUDIT itself; eighteen questions were
from Koopman’s IWPQ; and ten comprised the interview questions.

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

Participants were asked only for approval over including collected data solely for the
purpose of this research. The researchers first distributed the AUDIT questionnaire for the
respondents to accomplish, also explaining the purpose and conduct of this study before
proceeding to interviews. The interviewees were guaranteed complete anonymity, in compliance
with the option to withdraw from the inquest under any circumstances should such occur.

The semi-structured interview then allowed the researchers to inquire over the set of
questions included in the interview tool, as answered by the participants. This helped the
participants to also further elaborate their responses, which were then recorded and transcripted,
with thematic analysis done after from data gathered from the semi-structured interviews.

Once approved, the IWPQ questionnaire was distributed about a week later to the same
respondents, accomplished through the usage of Google Forms. Incorporating the online
application was decided for its convenience in gathering already-digitized quantifiable data,
along with its remote distribution. Approximately two separate days was implemented for the
entire data gathering process.

STATISTICAL METHOD

The AUDIT official website detailed instructions over its scoring, where the range of
possible scores, 0 to 40, was explained. 0 indicates an abstainer, who may have never had any
problems from alcohol; 1 to 7 suggests low-risk consumption according to WHO guidelines; 8 to
14 suggest hazardous or harmful alcohol consumption; and a score of 15 or more indicates the
likelihood of alcohol dependence.

The term “drink” in questions 2 and 3, as per the results from the WHO’s original study
on AUDIT, showed that it encompassed amounts of alcohol ranging from 8 grams to 13 grams.
Where a standard drink is defined as an amount outside this range (e.g. 20 grams), it was
recommended that the response categories were modified accordingly.

IWPQ was consisted of three sections: the Task Performance Scale, which consisted of
five questions and a total score of 20; Contextual Performance Scale, which consisted of eight
questions and a total score of 32; and the Counterproductive Work Behavior Scale, which
consisted of five questions and a total score of 20.

Specified in IWPQ’s usage, the respondents were to recall their respective performance
and behavior in the past three months prior to answering the questionnaire. On a Likert-type
scale of 1 to 4, the respondents were asked to gauge how much each question statement best fits
them.

To identify heavy alcohol consumption’s relationship to the respondents’ workplace

performance, Pearson’s correlation coefficients r was determined through the equation shown
above. The coefficient r is obtained with the equation through computing the respondents’
AUDIT score x to the total score of each section in their respective IWPQ response y.

The probability value or p-value using two-tailed test for paired variance was then
derived, of which correlation is significant at the level of 0.01. This determines if there is
significant correlation between the AUDIT test scores and the respective scores of each IWPQ
section. All calculations were accomplished through the use of an electronic spreadsheet.

CHAPTER 4
 DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

I. AUDIT Results
Demographic Profile and Scores

Participant Age Occupation AUDIT Interpretation

No. Score

1 25 Construction Worker 27

2 21 Call Center Agent 27

3 22 Construction 18

4 26 Job Order 27
All participants exhibits
5 25 Secretary 29 high alcohol dependence

6 28 Marketing 30

7 45 IT 35

8 31 Teacher 21

9 40 Maintenance 23

10 30 Telecommunications 21
Table 1.1. Demographic Profile, AUDIT Scores & Interpretation of Participants
 Figure 2. AUDIT Score Interpretation Comparison Graph.
Table 1.1 showed the respondents, occupation, age and AUDIT score. All respondents
exhibited likelihood of high alcohol dependence in the AUDIT test, showing that the respondents
were alcohol-dependent and prone to heavy alcohol consumption. Participant 7, aged 45, had the
highest score of 35 while Participant 3, aged 22, exhibited the lowest score of 18. To put on view
a comparison of their levels, Figure 2 was created to demonstrate its extent.|

II. Thematic Analysis (Interview Tool)

1. How does heavy alcohol consumption influence your performance in the workplace?

Responses Meaning Emergent Themes

P4: I can’t concentrate on
my job. Mabigat yung ulo Participant 4 states he can not
Hangover (There is influence).
ko kasi nga may hangover do work due to hangover.
ako eh.
P9: Di naman
Participant 9 he does not feel
naapektuhan.
that his alcohol consumption No influence.
Nakakapagtrabaho pa
affects his work performance.
naman tayo eh. Maayos.
P10: …kapag on alcohol Participant 10 acknowledges Performance and outputs (There
exposure ka, mawawala that alcohol consumption had is influence).
yung focus mo kasi affected heavily on his work
masakit sa ulo, mahirap performance, along with
yung pakiramdam, outputs with his team.
 mabigat; na-affect yung
work mo, na-affect yung
performance mo. At the
same time pati yung ah
nagiging output ng
company na kasama ka sa
team, na-apektuhan.

Table 2.1. Heavy Alcohol Consumption’s Influence in the Workplace

The study's findings, presented in Table 2.1, indicated that a majority of the respondents
have reported a significant negative impact of heavy alcohol consumption on their work
performance. This included experiencing hangovers, decreased output, and overall reduced
performance. However, a portion of the population interviewed reported no significant influence
on their work performance.

2. Have you noticed any changes in your productivity, focus, or ability to meet deadlines
due to heavy alcohol consumption?

Responses Meaning Emergent Themes

P4: Yes, I noticed that I’m Participant 4 emphasized that
getting slow to pick up he have trouble moving fast
some things. Ahh, I'm like & meeting deadlines, having
Slower pacing during work.
a snail can’t catch up also made mistakes still in
things.; I have some circumstances that they do
mistakes meet them.
Participant 9 states that he
P9: Meron. Bihira lang Seldom productivity changes
only seldom experiences
yun. only.
changes in his productivity.
P10: Mayron siyempre Participant 10 states the Unfocused, unable to meet
yung katawan mo may effects of alcohol in his body deadlines.
effect kasi yung alkohol sa and how it affects his focus
katawan mo; kelangan mo in meeting the work
ng pahinga kasi nakainom deadlines.
ka. Pangalawa, masakit
yung ulo mo kasi hindi ka
makapag-focus; once na
sinabi mong deadline, may
mini-meet kang target.
May spam time lang na
hindi mo kailangan
makagawa ng ibang
bagay, ‘di mo kailangan
gumawa ng ibang bagay
 para ma-meet mo yung
deadline.

Table 2.2. Changes in Work Productivity due to Heavy Alcohol Consumption

Table 2.2 deepened the findings of the previous table, illustrating clearly that heavy
alcohol consumption had led to changes in work productivity, ultimately affecting overall
performance.

3. Can you share any specific incidents or situations at work where heavy alcohol
consumption affected your performance?

Responses Meaning Emergent Themes

P5: I mess up some all of
my codes…in programing.
syempre may hangover ka,
kumbaga nagugulo kasi
iniisip mo yung masakit
Participant 5 has trouble with
yung ulo mo, may
his job due to bearing
nararamdaman ka, suka ka
headaches and spew while Headaches & Vomiting,
nang suka so ‘di mo
working, of which it it had interrupting normal work
kumabaga maayos.‘Di
been observed and process.
naman yun yung usually
reprimanded by her senior at
mo routine mo eh ‘di ka
times.
naman nag memess up
kapag wala kang hang
over.

Participant 9 disclosed that

P9: Ah wala. Dire-diretso
they have he had no problems No problems at work.
trabaho.
working after heavy drinking.
P10: Personally yung
tardiness kasi mahirap
gumising ng maaga, which
affects your individual Participant 10 admits having
performance throughout trouble with keeping up with
Trouble with being early at
your attitude kasi. Yun ang call-times, with waking up
work.
pinakamalaking ano kasi, and going to work early
mahirap gumising ng becoming its own challenge.
maaga, eh maaga yung
gising, maaga yung pasok.

Table 2.3. Incidents that have affected Work Performance due to Heavy Alcohol Consumption
 The table presented found a significant data that cause an accident, loss of occupation,
forced leave of absence due to hangover and heavy alcohol consumption, while on the other hand
ther are part of the population that doesn't have issues or accidents when drinking heavily taht
affected their work.

4. Have you noticed any changes towards your work attendance, such as been late, made
a mistake, had accident or taken a sick leave due to heavy alcohol consumption?

Responses Meaning Emergent Themes

P5: Ahhh I had an
accident last 2 years. I had
a motorcycle accident ah
bale bumaga kami sa…
Participant 5 stated he was
apat na poste bali so yung
involved in an accident due to
paglalakd ko ngayon is…
his heavy alcohol
di na normal. Heavy consumption caused
consumption. Because of this,
Pandemic nun eh trip-trip accident, leave & loss of
he lost his job due to the long
lang namin uminom kahit occupation.
process of the accident
bawal.; Madalas yun nga
having also taken a long
yung siyempre nawala ‘ko
leave due to this.
sa trabaho kasi nga
sobrang tagal nung
process nung na-aksidente
ako.
P9: Wala pa rin.. Wala Participant 9 observed no
pong nararanas sa akin issues nor leaves for work No issues.
ang mga ganyan. despite heavy drinking.
P10: Just like I said
kanina, yung malaking
effect talaga… Yung ahh
Participant 10 followed from
pagpasok ng maaga or…
his response from the
kung talagang malakas
previous question, Severe hangover causes call for
yung hangover mo,
emphasizing that he would leave.
talagang hindi ka
need to call in sick should his
makakapasok.
hangover be severe.

Table 2.4. Effects of Work Attendance due to Heavy Alcohol Consumption

The table highlighted significant data related to accidents, loss of occupation, and forced
leave of absence due to hangovers and heavy alcohol consumption. While a portion of the
population did not report any negative impacts on their work as a result of heavy drinking, the
data suggested that heavy alcohol consumption can have serious consequences for work-related
outcomes

5. What were the initial factors that pushed you to consume alcohol heavily?

Responses Meaning Emergent Themes

P6: Hmm clients, uhmm Participant 6 stated factors
ano pa ba uhmm, boss that pushed him into drinking Multiple pressures have been
ahmm workmates, yung alcohol included clients, reasons for consuming alcohol
mga ganon uhmm heavy workmates, boss, and heavy heavily.
task. Yun lang. tasks.
P9: O ang dahilan? Para
makatanggal pagod.; Participant 9 drinks heavily
Stress relief.
Siyempre pagod ka sa ano to relieve stress.
eh. Edi, ayun.
P10: Ah peer pressure.
Yung mga friends na
nakapaligid sa’yo is,
malaking pressure para…
ahh… malaking effect, Participant 10 states offers
malaking… ano sa’yo para from peers can lead him to Peer pressure.
tumikim ka, and suddenly: join drinking sessions.
magustuhan mo and,
patuloy na ginagawa mo
pa rin.

Table 2.5. Initial driving factors of Heavy Alcohol Use

Data gathered from question 5 revealed that there were various factors that have driven
respondents to consume alcohol in heavy amounts, including peer pressure and environmental
stressors.

6. What are the ongoing factors that prolonged your heavy consumption of alcohol?

Responses Meaning Emergent Themes

Participant 4 states that work
P4: Since stress from work stress and personal issues
and some personal have played and prolonged Stress and personal issues.
issues… yun lang. his heavy consumption of
alcohol.
P9: Parang ano ko lang
Participant 4 acknowledged
‘yan yung, libangan na
drinking as a daily stress Daily stress relief.
lang ba yung ano yung…
reliever.
Pang-araw-araw ko lang
 na ano… Kasiyahan… sa
buhay.
P10: Yun nga, yung mga
kaibigan mong mag-
aaya… Una yun. Ahh then
Participant 4 followed his
occasionally, kapag ka-
previous response along with
may mga ahh ismol
the notion of small successes Friends & small successes.
victories, ismol sa-ah
serving a cause to get
achievements, yun. Yun,
drinking.
naman. Yun lang naman
yung nagiging reason.

Table 2.6. Ongoing Factors for Extensive Heavy Alcohol Consumption

The table illustrated the factors that contributed to the prolongation of heavy drinking
habits, with a majority of respondents citing stress and work-related factors as the primary
drivers. These findings suggested that addressing stress and work-related issues may be key in
reducing heavy alcohol consumption among the population.

7. Have you arrived at work with a Hangover? How does this affect your performance at
work?

Responses Meaning Emergent Themes

P4: Yes a lot of times I Participant 4 states hangovers
can't catch up in a affect his work by being Hangovers caused
meetings; Ahm absent unable to catch up on unavailability, absent-
yung mind mo at ‘di ka… meetings, along with absent- mindedness, inability to
nakaka.., ‘Di ka mindedness, halting him from complete tasks, and losing
nakasusunod sa task, out following and focusing on focus.
of focus ka, oo. tasks.
P9: : Ay oo, pumasok na
Participant 9 stated that he at
ako. Meron na ako nito.;
times had gone to work with
Wala dire-diretso lang, Hangovers were experienced but
hangovers, albeit these said
ang sakin lang eh kahit handled & treated easily through
hangovers were mitigated
may hangover trabaho moving.
immediately when moving
para pagpawisan.
around to perspirate.
P10: Participant 10 mentioned Difficulty concentrating,
Yes. Ahh… Nawawala difficulty concentrating, uneasiness, headaches, frequent
yung focus mo. Yun yung uneasiness, headaches, rehydration; co-workers
pinaka-importante kase frequent rehydration, and that observing signs and symptoms.
while you’re working heavy drinking is not part of
nawawala yung focus mo. proper work ethic. Also noted
Ahh… Mahalata naman was that co-workers would
kase kapag ka- iba yung also be able to identify should
 effect ng hangover sa
katawan eh. Talagang ’di
ka mapakali, masakit ulo
mo, inom ka ng inom ng
tubig na malamig, para
mawala siya and… Ahh
hindi siya kasama sa work he be acting differently than
ethics kasi talaga. So… usual due to his hangovers.
talagang kahit- kahit hindi
superior mo kahit ibang
tao na nakapaligid sa’yo
mase-sense yun na parang
may mali sa’yo.

Table 2.7. Hangover and its Effects in Work Performance

Table 2.7 revealed that a portion of the population arrived at work with a hangover,
which resulted in various effects on work performance, including absent-mindedness, headaches,
inability to focus, sleepiness, and an inability to complete tasks.
However, one respondent reported treating their hangover by frequently moving, and this
did not negatively affect their performance at work. These findings suggest that hangovers can
have a significant impact on work performance, but there may be individual strategies that can
help mitigate these effects.

8. How do you typically cope with the challenges that heavy alcohol consumption may
pose to your daily routines and workplace performance?

Responses Meaning Emergent Themes

P4: Ahh just thinking of my Participant 4 was able to cope
bills ahh… iniisip ko na with the challenges of heavy Managing challenges associated
lang yung mga.. Kelangan alcohol consumption by with heavy alcohol consumption
ko talagang gawin kasi thinking of her bills and her included framing the mindset on
syempre trabaho ko yun responsibilities, needing to do responsibility of work and bills.
eh. so because of her occupation.
P9: Wala. Pagka medyo
nagtrabaho na ako, Participant 4, as he had
medyo… Pinagpawisan na mentioned previously, Working and sweating helped
o ano, ayun mawawala na overcame challenges by with mitigating hangovers
hangover ko. perspirating during work.

P10: Participant 10 would file Leave of absence is necessary

Ahhm… talagang leave of absence to rest when a hangover strikes.
kailangan mong mag- should his hangover be too
leave. Kailangan mong strong to handle.
ipahinga yung heavy h-
 angover… Yung…
Maraming dosage nung
alcohol sa katawan mo…
Kase… mahirap talaga
siyang itayo. Mahirap
siyang i-ano.

Table 2.8. Coping Mechanism of challenges faced due to Heavy Alcohol Consumption
Table 2.8 highlighted the various coping mechanisms employed by heavy alcohol
consumers to manage the challenges associated with their drinking, including focusing on work
responsibilities, mitigating hangovers, taking time off work, avoiding alcohol influences, and
getting used to coping with the challenges.

9. Are you aware of the negative effects on a person's health brought on by the heavy
consumption of alcohol? Such as liver disease and other health conditions?

Responses Meaning Emergent Themes

P5:Yes but you only live
once. Ahh.. Syempre ano Participant 5 was aware of
kumbaga.. Yung yung the negative effects of heavy
pinaka.. Ano ng ngayon alcohol consumption, yet Disregards the negative effects
eh… mga.. Ng generation chose to consume alcohol of heavy alcohol consumption;
ngayon eh parang social heavily because of two socialization, and carpe diem.
ano kumbaga yun yung reasons: “you only leave
inaano nila yung .. dun sila once” and socialization.
nag bo-bonding ganon
P9:: Oo. Maraming kasa-
ano… sakit. Katulad ng
mga… ano, mga… ubo
mga ganyan, ‘di mo rin Participant 9 was aware of
masasabi ‘yan na ganyan.; the negative effects and
Parang na anuhan ko na illnesses from heavy alcohol Also disregards. Part of Daily
yun nakasanayan ko nang consumption, but had still life.
sa… buhay ko ba. chosen to do so as it had
become his daily habit.

P10: Yes. Actually, dati Participant 10 was familiar Aware of the negative effects of
lang siya, pero ngayon with the consequences of heavy alcohol consumption,
medyo okay naman na. drinking, having opted to be chose to lessen his drinking, and
Nag-iistop na kasi. Wala. more moderate as he proper mind on abstinence.
Talagang ah finocus ko observed his heavy drinking
 lang yung mind ko na,
kapag hindi naman
reasonable yung pag-inom had halted since. He also
ko ng alak, ‘di na ako emphasized that the only way
iinom… Kasi, ahh, actually to get through was having a
kahit anong program yung proper mindset and the will to
puntahan mo kung yung abstain, acknowledging that
personality mo eh ayaw programs will not be
naman umalis dun, wala sufficient if the person would
ka ‘ding mapapala. Wala choose to continue their habit
ka- Hindi rin- Hindi ka rin still.
makakaalis dun sa lugar
kasi ikaw mismo, ayaw mo.
Table 2.9. Awareness of Heavy Alcohol Consumption
Data gathered from question 9 indicateed that all respondents were aware of the negative
effects of heavy alcohol consumption, but 8 out of 10 respondents disregarded these effects for
various reasons, such as a "You Only Live Once" mindset, considering it a part of their daily life
and for relaxation. However, 2 out of 10 respondents reduced their alcohol consumption due to
health issues brought on by heavy drinking.

10. In your experience, what forms of support or programs that you think may help heavy
alcohol consumers to reduce or quit their consumption of alcohol?

Responses Meaning Emergent Themes

P6: Do some workouts;
Participant 6 indicated that
kasi nag- ano ka ng time
workouts were effective to
para mag workout then… Workout helped with dealing
reduce the consumption of
naka.. na-enhance mo with heavy alcohol
heavy alcohol and it
yung focus mo sa goal mo consumption.
enhanced his focus on his life
sa buhay.
goals.
P9: Ahh siguro kung wala
Participant 9 stated that not
nang pambili. Di ba?
having the sufficient money Having not enough money to
Matatanggal na yan.; Ang
to purchase may hinder the purchase alcohol may help
problema, mambuburaot ka
heavy alcohol consumption. reduce heavy alcohol intake, but
na lang dun sa ka-inuman
However, encountering a will never guarantee full
mo. E ‘di ba? Edi
drinking buddy may provoke recovery.
mawawala pa rin.
to relapse.
P10: Ahhm… programs. Participant 10 stated that his Illness from consuming heavily
Siguro ah… Based on personal experience with alcohol changed view and
experience na lang, ‘di ako illness received from drinking practice towards moderate and
dumaan sa kahit anong alcohol, hospital bills, and contolled drinking.
programs. But, meron possible death made him
 akong naramdaman
something sa tiyan ko
which na… nakapag-
reduce nung, ahh nung
nagpacheck-up ako which
na sinabi na yu-yung
umiwas sa ganto, umiwas
sa ganyan. Ahh… siguro
yun yung naging, ahh, decide to reduce and control
unang push sa akin para his alcohol consumption,
mag- ahh mag-drink recomending to not wait for
moderately na lang, further illness to occur before
kaysa… magpagastos ako it would be too late to do so.
sa hospital or the worst,
kays:a sumakabilang ibayo
na ako. Siguro, ahh huwag
na lang din antaying
magkaroon ng sakit para
ano… para i-stop yung
mga ganung bisyo.

Table 2.10. Limiting and Elimination of Heavy Alcohol Consumption

Data from question 10 presented suggestions from respondents based on their personal
experiences for limiting or eliminating heavy alcohol consumption. Some of these suggested
working out and sweating to release stress instead of drinking, engaging in a hobby to keep busy,
and having a strong mindset to control the amount of alcohol consumed.

III. STATISTICAL TREATMENT

The AUDIT and IWPQ scores, per section, were calculated as shown by the tables
through Google Sheets. The scatter graphs of each table were also created to determine and
visualize the strength and degree of each correlation.
The results of Pearon’s r were as follows, estimated to the nearest hundredths: -0.07 for
the Task Performance Scale; 0.14 for the Context Performance Scale; and 0.25 for the
Counterproductive Work Performance Scale. The P-Value, also estimated to the nearest value,
were: 1.687 × 10-4 for the Task Performance Scale; 0.02 for the Context Performance Scale; and
3.6× 10-4 for the Counterproductive Work Behavior Scale.

Participant AUDIT IWPQ Score (y; (x- (y-

No. Score (x) Total = 20) x̄) ȳ) (x-x̄)*(y-ȳ) (x-x̄)^2 (y-ȳ)^2
1 27 11 1.2 0.4 0.48 1.44 0.16
2 27 6 1.2 - -5.52 1.44 21.16
 4.6
- -
3 18 8 7.8 2.6 20.28 60.84 6.76
4 27 12 1.2 1.4 1.68 1.44 1.96
-
5 29 10 3.2 0.6 -1.92 10.24 0.36
6 30 13 4.2 2.4 10.08 17.64 5.76
-
7 35 9 9.2 1.6 -14.72 84.64 2.56
-
8 21 13 4.8 2.4 -11.52 23.04 5.76
-
9 23 14 2.8 3.4 -9.52 7.84 11.56
- -
10 21 10 4.8 0.6 2.88 23.04 0.36

Sum or Σ (x- Sum (x- Sum(y-

Sum x (Σ x) Sum y (Σ y) x̄)*(y-ȳ) x̄)^2 ȳ)^2
258 106 -7.8 231.6 56.4
Mean x (x̄) Mean y (ȳ)
25.8 10.6

r P-Value (T-Test)
-
0.068247346
94 0.00001686571821
Table 3.1. Correlated AUDIT Scores & Task Performance Scale Scores
Table 3.1 and Figure 3.1 showed a weak negative correlation between the x & y values, in
that as the value of one variable would increase, the other would decrease and vice versa. This
relationship may or may not represent immediate causation between the two variables, but it
does still describe an observable pattern that AUDIT Scores increased as IWPQ scores for Task
Performance decreased.
 Figure 3.1 Task Performance Scale
The P-Value of 1.687 × 10-4, however, was not significant at 0.01. This would mean that
there is no significant relationship between heavy alcohol consumption and the workplace
performance of the working-class adults interviewed in Barangay Poblacion I, objecting the
hypothesis.

Participant AUDIT IWPQ Score (Y; (x- (y-

No. Score (X) Total = 32) x̄) ȳ) (x-x̄)*(y-ȳ) (x-x̄)^2 (y-ȳ)^2
1 27 20 1.2 0.5 0.6 1.44 0.25
-
10.
2 27 9 1.2 5 -12.6 1.44 110.25
-
- 11.
3 18 8 7.8 5 89.7 60.84 132.25
-
4 27 19 1.2 0.5 -0.6 1.44 0.25
5 29 21 3.2 1.5 4.8 10.24 2.25
6 30 24 4.2 4.5 18.9 17.64 20.25
7 35 20 9.2 0.5 4.6 84.64 0.25
-
8 21 27 4.8 7.5 -36 23.04 56.25
-
9 23 24 2.8 4.5 -12.6 7.84 20.25
 -
10 21 23 4.8 3.5 -16.8 23.04 12.25

Sum or Σ (x- Sum (x- Sum(y-

Sum x Sum y x̄)*(y-ȳ) x̄)^2 ȳ)^2
258 195 40 231.6 354.5
Mean x (x̄) Mean y (ȳ)
25.8 19.5

r P-Value (T-Test)
0.139599092
2 0.0261867482
Table 3.2. Correlated AUDIT Scores & Contextual Performance Scale Scores
Table 3.2 and Figure 3.2, on the other hand, showed a weak yet positive correlation
between the x & y values, in that as the value of one variable would increase, the other would
also increase. As with the previous data, this may or may not represent immediate causation
between the two variables, but still describe an observable pattern that as the AUDIT Scores
increased, the IWPQ scores for Context Performance also increased.

The P-Value of 0.02 was significant at 0.01. This would mean that the alternative
hypothesis of the study was met, in that there is significant relationship between heavy alcohol
consumption and the workplace performance of the working-class adults who have responded in
Barangay Poblacion I.

Participant AUDIT IWPQ Score (y; (x- (y- (x-x̄)*(y-ȳ) (x-x̄)^2 (y-ȳ)^2
 No. Score (x) Total = 20) x̄) ȳ)
-
1 27 12 1.2 1.2 -1.44 1.44 1.44
-
2 27 12 1.2 1.2 -1.44 1.44 1.44
- -
3 18 8 7.8 5.2 40.56 60.84 27.04
4 27 17 1.2 3.8 4.56 1.44 14.44
5 29 17 3.2 3.8 12.16 10.24 14.44
-
6 30 9 4.2 4.2 -17.64 17.64 17.64
7 35 15 9.2 1.8 16.56 84.64 3.24
-
8 21 15 4.8 1.8 -8.64 23.04 3.24
- -
9 23 11 2.8 2.2 6.16 7.84 4.84
-
10 21 16 4.8 2.8 -13.44 23.04 7.84

Sum or Σ (x- Sum (x- Sum(y-

Sum x Sum y x̄)*(y-ȳ) x̄)^2 ȳ)^2
258 132 37.4 231.6 95.6
Mean x (x̄) Mean y (ȳ)
25.8 13.2

r P-Value (T-Test)
0.251346810
5 0.00003601132758
Table 3.3. Correlated AUDIT Scores & Counterproductive Work Behavior Scale Scores
Lastly, Table 3.3 and Figure 3.3, showed a weak yet positive correlation between the x &
y values, in that as the value of one variable would increase, the other would also increase. This
may or may not represent immediate causation between the two variables, as with the other two
sections, but still describe an observable pattern that as the AUDIT Scores increased, the IWPQ
scores for Context Performance decreased.
 The P-Value of 3.6× 10-4 was not significant at 0.01. This would mean that there is no
significant relationship between heavy alcohol consumption and the workplace performance of
the working-class adults interviewed in Barangay Poblacion I.
 CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION
With the findings of our study, heavy alcohol consumption was determined to not have
significant relationships with task performance and counterproductive work behavior, but did
have a significant relationship on contextual performance of the individual participant. It does
not mean, however, that the findings included in the literature review must be undermined.

The conduct of the study itself gave the researchers insight still on how to better approach
working-class individuals who might be confronting heavy alcohol dependence, especially with
gaining an understanding of their routines throughout the interview process. Most notably, the
answers of Participants 9 and 10, acknowledged that alcohol dependence can not be confronted
simply by programs if the individual themself would relapse.

The researchers were also given a glimpse as to why some of the participants would still
opt with drinking alcohol, with responses emphasizing that offers from their peers, managing
stress, and pressures with different issues becoming factors towards their drinking Some have
even noted that drinking alcohol had not necessarily affected their work performance altogether,
despite being aware of the health issues marked by alcoholism.

Still, the notion of alcohol dependence continues to be a challenge itself that must be
faced to mitigate its potential dangers. Such attempts to understand its relationship to workplace
performance and other fields must still be open for further discussion, along with the
campaigning and dissemination of information over the dangers of alcoholism.

Should it be so that surges of high alcohol dependence would make its rise amongst the
working class and other sectors that may be affected, the researchers hope that this paper would
provide ideas for other potential studies on how to better correlate workplace performance to
heavy alcohol consumption.

RECOMMENDATIONS
● Assumptions and larger sample size of this study must be better considered.
● Use of other similar instruments.
● Consideration of a single workplace environment.
● Consideration if the worker may have experienced alcohol relapse.
● Studies on alcohol rehabilitation, teetotalers, and abstinence within local communities.
● Further Studies on Counterproductive Work Behavior & Contextual Performance Scale.
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