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The Relationship Between Heavy Alcohol Consumption and Workplace Performance of Working-Class Adults in Barangay Poblacion I
The Relationship Between Heavy Alcohol Consumption and Workplace Performance of Working-Class Adults in Barangay Poblacion I
The Relationship Between Heavy Alcohol Consumption and Workplace Performance of Working-Class Adults in Barangay Poblacion I
Researchers:
Deeply ingrained in Philippine culture, alcohol has a lasting presence among its
population. Throughout history, alcohol consumption has played a significant role in social
gatherings, religious ceremonies, and everyday life for many Filipinos.
Pascual (2019) explored alcohol's origins in the nation, shedding light on the extensive
works of Arturo G. Pacho, who delved into the rich history of winemaking in the country.
Pacho's findings indicate that winemaking traditions in the Philippines date back long before the
era of Spanish rule. The indigenous peoples of the archipelago had already discovered and
refined the art of winemaking, utilizing local resources and indigenous techniques.
This fusion of indigenous practices and foreign influences contributed to the diverse
range of alcoholic beverages found in the country today. The International Wine and Spirits
Research group has also identified the Philippines as one of the fastest growing alcohol markets
in the world and housing the largest gin market of all countries, forecasting that the country will
hold 1.4 percent of the global alcohol market by 2023 (Ichimura, 2019).
Labajo (2010) identified Filipinos as quintessential drinkers, having also studied their
drinking patterns and the structure of the alcohol industry of the country. While acknowledging
that alcohol has been both the root and fruit of many contributions and traditions – it has also
been identified to cause a wide plethora of socio-economic and health issues that continue to
plague them. Such was emphasized by the relevance of non-communicable diseases caused by
heavy drinking, along with cases of drunken driving and alcoholism.
Heavy alcohol consumption had also been linked to a myriad of social and health issues.
In Global Status Report on Alcohol and Health, the World Health Organization (2018)
determined alcohol as a significant risk factor in a variety of difficulties, leading to inadvertent
injuries such as road traffic accidents; and deliberate injuries, including suicide and interpersonal
violence. In further support of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals, WHO also
emphasized mitigating alcoholism as a means to lessen its effect on other fields.
Maisto et al. (2016) suggested that heavy alcohol consumption can affect other aspects of
daily life functioning, including social relationships and financial stability. In addition, they
stated that heavy alcohol consumption was associated with lower social support, increased
financial difficulties, and lower levels of overall well-being. Moreover, heavy alcohol
consumption had been linked to higher rates of depression and anxiety, which can further affect
daily life functioning and social relationships of drinkers.
Anderson (2010) suggests that alcohol use among people of working age may have its
impact on productivity through the development of human capital through education, the stage of
life at which alcohol use results in poor health and early death, and the significance of alcohol
use among working-age people in relation to other risk factors for poor health and early death.
Stuckler et al., as cited by Anderson (2010), discovered that suicide rates among those
under the age of 65, possible excess death, and an increase in deaths from "alcohol abuse" were
all related to unemployment rates of more than 3%. In addition, heavy alcohol consumption was
found to have substantial effects on a person's daily functioning, including work productivity,
social interactions, and general quality of life.
Given that it may have significance on the daily life functioning of working-class adults,
the researchers found an opportunity in investigating its relationship with heavy alcohol
consumption among the working class. By doing so, livelihood improvement of working-class
adults can be guaranteed through the conduct of this paper, contributing to a healthier and more
productive workforce.
This study aimed to determine the relationship between a working class adult’s heavy
alcohol consumption to their performance in the workplace in the context of Barangay Poblacion
I, San Jose del Monte, Bulacan. To achieve the purpose of this study, the following questions
need to be addressed:
1. How does heavy alcohol consumption affect a person's performance in the workplace?
2. How does heavy alcohol consumption influence a person’s ability to perform their daily
work routine?
3. What is the relationship of heavy alcohol consumption to workplace performance in
terms of the age and occupation of the respondents?
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
The factors that influence heavy alcohol consumption of the respondents and their
relationship to workplace performance can then be determined. The researchers at this point will
be able to identify how the work performance of the individual may be affected with their
alcohol use. They can then concentrate on inquiring about the respondents, who identify as heavy
drinkers, with regards to their consumption and the effects of heavy alcohol drinking that they
have experienced in the workplace.
The outcome and findings of this study are beneficial to the following:
Employers. This study may help employers understand the impact of heavy alcohol
consumption on their employees' performance and productivity in the workplace.
Local Government Units. The findings of this study may inform the development of policies
and programs aimed at addressing heavy alcohol consumption and its impacts on individuals and
communities.
Future researchers. They can use this study as a guide or reference for their study related to the
topic of this research.
Heavy Alcohol Consumers. This study can raise awareness and encourage alcohol consumers
of all levels to reflect on their drinking habits. It may serve as a catalyst for individuals to seek
help, make positive changes, and access appropriate resources or treatment options to address
their alcohol use and improve their overall functioning in the workplace.
RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
Ha: There is a relationship between heavy alcohol consumption and the workplace performance
of working-class adults in Barangay Poblacion I.
This research aims to determine the relationship between heavy alcohol consumption and
the work performance of working class adults in Barangay Poblacion I, located in San Jose Del
Monte, Bulacan.
Conduct of this study is exclusive to working-class ages 20-60 years old within the
barangay. To better understand the impacts of their extensive alcohol use on a local level and its
impacts on the participants’ performance at work, the researchers have limited the study within
the area of the barangay with consideration of time, reach, and capabilities of the student-
researchers.
The study will be limited to finding out the effects and relation of heavy alcohol
consumption to their work performance and the initial and ongoing factors that push them to
heavily consume alcohol. This can provide comprehensive understanding of the factors that
influence heavy alcohol consumption among working-class individuals and its impact on
workplace performance.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Absenteeism - the practice of regularly staying away from work or school without good reason.
Abstinence - the fact or practice of restraining oneself from indulging in something, typically
alcohol.
Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) - a 10-item screening tool developed by
the World Health Organization which assesses alcohol consumption, drinking behaviors, and
alcohol-related problems.
Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) - the amount of alcohol in the bloodstream or on one’s
breath. BAC can be measured by breath, blood, or urine tests.
Blue Collar Worker - a working class person who performs manual labor. Blue-collar work
may involve skilled or unskilled labor.
Contextual Performance - refers to the behaviors and efforts that are not directly related to their
work, including organizational citizenship behavior and prosocial behavior.
Daily Routine - refers to the regular set of activities, tasks, and behaviors that an individual
typically engages in on a daily basis. It encompasses the actions and responsibilities that are part
of one's everyday life, such as waking up, getting ready, household chores, work-related tasks,
personal hygiene, meal preparation, leisure activities, and other habitual behaviors.
Department of Health of the Philippines (DOH) - the Philippines’ primary health agency that
ensures all Filipinos have access to basic and quality public health services.
Heavy Alcohol Consumption - heavy alcohol consumption generally refers to the regular and
excessive consumption of alcohol that exceeds recommended limits. It is typically defined as
consuming more than 14 standard drinks per week for men and more than 7 standard drinks per
week for women.
National Institute of Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism (NIAAA) - a part of the U.S. National
Institutes of Health, supports and conducts biomedical and behavioral research on the causes,
consequences, treatment, and prevention of alcoholism and alcohol-related problems.
Rehabilitation - the action of restoring someone to health or normal life through training and
therapy after imprisonment, addiction, or illness.
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) - an agency within
the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) that leads public health efforts to
advance behavioral health and improve the lives of individuals living with mental and substance
use disorders, and their families.
Task Performance - describes the core job responsibilities of an employee, reflected in specific
work outcomes and deliverables as well as their quality and quantity.
Working Class - a social group composed of people who make little money, frequently being
compensated just for the hours or days worked.
World Health Organization (WHO) - governing body of the United Nations concerned with
health issues all around the world.
CHAPTER 2
Along with Pascual (2019) and Labajo (2010), Apolinario (2018) had observed that while
drinking has ties with socialization and bondage among peers, it was reminded that it should be
taken in moderation; Canlas (2018) further supports this notion, having delved deeper on the
problems that can come about with heavy drinking.
Labajo (2010) had presented a rundown of alcohol-drinking among Filipinos with data
from WHO and the Department of Health of the Philippines, of which the total recorded per
capita consumption of Filipinos was 3.75 liters of pure alcohol. At the time of the conduct of her
study, this record increases by 10% every year. 38.9% of Filipinos have been said to be drinking
occasionally, while 11.1% do so regularly and 4.8% drink heavily.
Having cited findings from the World Health Organization and the Department of Health
of the Philippines, 78.5% of Filipino drinkers were identified as well by Labajo (2010) to
consume beer, while 70.6% prefer liquors such as rum, gin, whisky, and lambanog; 42.4% of the
population prefer wine, tuba, sangria, and sherry. 45.5% of Filipinos in the same study have also
been described to drink for socialization; 23.8% drink for stress relief and releasing burdens; and
17.5% consume alcohol as means to gaining pleasure.
WHO (2018) studied The Philippines in their Global Status Report, with recorded alcohol
per capita consumption having increased since the sixties. Contrary to Labajo (2010) on the type
of alcoholic beverage consumed, 27% of Filipinos have been found to consume beer, second
only to 72% of those who prefer spirits. Heavy episodic drinking was tallied by prevalence
towards the total population at the time, with males demonstrating higher percentages than
females.
Gonzales (2021) later described a mobile survey conducted by the DOH focused on risk
factors for non-communicable diseases (NCDs), finding that 4 in 10 Filipino adults have turned
to alcohol in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic. In the same survey, one in three adult
Filipinos (33.1 percent) were found to consume six or more glasses in a single drinking occasion,
with men also demonstrating higher rates of heavy drinking occasions compared to women.
No matter the size of the employees’ business, drinking habits can affect the company’s
goals and objectives. Employees who struggle with alcohol usage do not only affect the
individual but also cause significant financial strain on the employers. Companies in the United
States have spent between $33 billion to $68 billion annually due to employee alcohol
consumption factors. These include absenteeism, health issues, workplace injuries, and other
productivity losses that arise in the professional workplace (Galbicsek, 2022).
Alcohol consumption increases workplace accidents and injuries that lead to jeopardizing
work efficiency and safety. Additionally, it increases the workplace absenteeism, reduced
cognitive function, and poor decision-making resulting in lower quality and quantity of work
(Alcohol Think Again, 2022).
Harris (1991) also determined that the impact of alcohol use on work performance and
productivity can be both direct and indirect. Direct effects of alcohol intake on work
performance and productivity include decreased cognitive function, impaired judgment, and
increased risk-taking behavior. Indirect effects, on the other hand, include Absenteeism,
presenteeism, and workplace accidents and injuries.
The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration or SAMHSA, which
conducts the annual National Survey on Drug Use and Health in the United States, defines binge
drinking as 5 or more drinks for males and 4 or more drinks for females on the same occasion on
at least one day in the past month. This can be marked as at the same time or within a couple of
hours of each other. Meanwhile, heavy alcohol use as defined by said administration as binge
drinking on 5 or more days in the past month.
A standard drink is defined by the NIAAA as generally including 10 grams of pure
alcohol. This definition is comparable to about 330 ml (12 oz) of regular beer with 5% ABV, 150
ml (5 oz) of wine with 12% ABV, or 45 ml (1.5 oz) of distilled spirits or liquor with 40% ABV.
This classification is utilized in a number of countries across the world, providing a consistent
metric for evaluating and comparing alcohol consumption among populations.
Heavy alcohol consumption can result in various detrimental effects on the human body,
which can range from temporary and immediate impacts to long-term effects that can have far-
reaching consequences on an individual's physical and mental health along with decreased
quality of life.
These effects can range from impaired motor skills, slurred speech, slowed reaction time,
memory loss, mood changes, and increased risk of accidents and injuries. Moreover, prolonged
and heavy alcohol use can lead to chronic health problems, such as heart disease, high blood
pressure, liver cirrhosis and mental health disorders. In 2019, Liver Cirrhosis was the 11th
leading cause of death, accounting for 2.4% of all fatalities globally. The Philippines recorded
7076 fatalities, or 1.05% of total deaths, owing to liver cirrhosis (Ornos et al. 2023).
Washington & Lee University’s health library (n.d.) has listed various risks of alcohol
amongst users, among which being blackouts, poisoning, overdose and death; addiction; damage
to vital organs; inability to learn and remember information; and psychological problems
including depression, psychosis, and severe anxiety.
As females weigh less than males on average, having less water in their body, they tend
to reach higher peak BAC levels and as such appear to have more risk. These blackouts
commonly stem from binge drinking, which can increase a person’s BAC to 0.08% or higher.
Engaging in high-intensity drinking behavior - defined as drinking at levels that are at least twice
as high as the binge-drinking thresholds - increases the risk of blacking out.
METHODOLOGY
This chapter of the paper expounds the research design, sampling technique, locale,
instruments and data gathering procedure utilized in the conduct of this study.
RESEARCH DESIGN
A mixed method approach was used to determine the relationship between the
respondents’ work performance and heavy alcohol consumption. This was done through
incorporating the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test or AUDIT and Koopman’s
Individual Work Performance Questionnaire or IWPQ, along with a semi-structured interview
with the respondents for thematic analysis.
RESEARCH SAMPLE
Ten working class residents of Barangay Poblacion I, aged 20 to 60, were the sole
participants of the research conducted. The said population was determined through snowball
sampling, a form of non-probability sampling chosen by the researchers to better access and
identify the subjects of the study with the target characteristics.
Conduct of the semi-structured interview was done face-to-face with respect to COVID-
19 health protocols and the given time frame permitted by the researchers’ institution. Statement
of consent was first elaborated by the researchers to the respondents before conducting surveys
and interviews properly. Participants eligible to participate in the study must be permanent
residents of Barangay Poblacion 1
RESEARCH LOCALE
The City of San Jose del Monte, Bulacan will be the sole locale for the conduct of this
study. Here, the researchers will be able to limit the reach of participants while also clementing
the extent of contact beyond the area of Barangay Poblacion I itself. This would provide
convenience in identifying the effects of heavy alcohol consumption and explore its effects in
their work performance and daily life functioning, provided that the respondents have brought
proper details and identification of their residence.
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
The first quantitative instrument of this study was the online version of the Alcohol Use
Disorders Identification Test, or AUDIT, developed and validated by the WHO across genders
and in a wide range of racial and ethnic groups. It was also found to be well suited for use in
primary care settings (Donovan et al., 2006; Neumann et al., 2009; Plackett et al., 2015).
With the addition of semi-structured interview questions that will supply for qualitative
data needed for the study, the AUDIT questionnaire and interview instruments were checked by
the researchers’ subject teacher for Inquiries, Investigation & Immersion prior to the data
gathering process. IWPQ was added only after having been advised to quantify workplace
performance.
Participants were asked only for approval over including collected data solely for the
purpose of this research. The researchers first distributed the AUDIT questionnaire for the
respondents to accomplish, also explaining the purpose and conduct of this study before
proceeding to interviews. The interviewees were guaranteed complete anonymity, in compliance
with the option to withdraw from the inquest under any circumstances should such occur.
The semi-structured interview then allowed the researchers to inquire over the set of
questions included in the interview tool, as answered by the participants. This helped the
participants to also further elaborate their responses, which were then recorded and transcripted,
with thematic analysis done after from data gathered from the semi-structured interviews.
Once approved, the IWPQ questionnaire was distributed about a week later to the same
respondents, accomplished through the usage of Google Forms. Incorporating the online
application was decided for its convenience in gathering already-digitized quantifiable data,
along with its remote distribution. Approximately two separate days was implemented for the
entire data gathering process.
STATISTICAL METHOD
The AUDIT official website detailed instructions over its scoring, where the range of
possible scores, 0 to 40, was explained. 0 indicates an abstainer, who may have never had any
problems from alcohol; 1 to 7 suggests low-risk consumption according to WHO guidelines; 8 to
14 suggest hazardous or harmful alcohol consumption; and a score of 15 or more indicates the
likelihood of alcohol dependence.
The term “drink” in questions 2 and 3, as per the results from the WHO’s original study
on AUDIT, showed that it encompassed amounts of alcohol ranging from 8 grams to 13 grams.
Where a standard drink is defined as an amount outside this range (e.g. 20 grams), it was
recommended that the response categories were modified accordingly.
IWPQ was consisted of three sections: the Task Performance Scale, which consisted of
five questions and a total score of 20; Contextual Performance Scale, which consisted of eight
questions and a total score of 32; and the Counterproductive Work Behavior Scale, which
consisted of five questions and a total score of 20.
Specified in IWPQ’s usage, the respondents were to recall their respective performance
and behavior in the past three months prior to answering the questionnaire. On a Likert-type
scale of 1 to 4, the respondents were asked to gauge how much each question statement best fits
them.
The probability value or p-value using two-tailed test for paired variance was then
derived, of which correlation is significant at the level of 0.01. This determines if there is
significant correlation between the AUDIT test scores and the respective scores of each IWPQ
section. All calculations were accomplished through the use of an electronic spreadsheet.
CHAPTER 4
I. AUDIT Results
Demographic Profile and Scores
Participant Age Occupation AUDIT Interpretation
No. Score
1 25 Construction Worker 27
3 22 Construction 18
4 26 Job Order 27
All participants exhibits
5 25 Secretary 29 high alcohol dependence
6 28 Marketing 30
7 45 IT 35
8 31 Teacher 21
9 40 Maintenance 23
10 30 Telecommunications 21
Table 1.1. Demographic Profile, AUDIT Scores & Interpretation of Participants
Figure 2. AUDIT Score Interpretation Comparison Graph.
Table 1.1 showed the respondents, occupation, age and AUDIT score. All respondents
exhibited likelihood of high alcohol dependence in the AUDIT test, showing that the respondents
were alcohol-dependent and prone to heavy alcohol consumption. Participant 7, aged 45, had the
highest score of 35 while Participant 3, aged 22, exhibited the lowest score of 18. To put on view
a comparison of their levels, Figure 2 was created to demonstrate its extent.|
2. Have you noticed any changes in your productivity, focus, or ability to meet deadlines
due to heavy alcohol consumption?
3. Can you share any specific incidents or situations at work where heavy alcohol
consumption affected your performance?
Table 2.3. Incidents that have affected Work Performance due to Heavy Alcohol Consumption
The table presented found a significant data that cause an accident, loss of occupation,
forced leave of absence due to hangover and heavy alcohol consumption, while on the other hand
ther are part of the population that doesn't have issues or accidents when drinking heavily taht
affected their work.
4. Have you noticed any changes towards your work attendance, such as been late, made
a mistake, had accident or taken a sick leave due to heavy alcohol consumption?
5. What were the initial factors that pushed you to consume alcohol heavily?
6. What are the ongoing factors that prolonged your heavy consumption of alcohol?
7. Have you arrived at work with a Hangover? How does this affect your performance at
work?
8. How do you typically cope with the challenges that heavy alcohol consumption may
pose to your daily routines and workplace performance?
Table 2.8. Coping Mechanism of challenges faced due to Heavy Alcohol Consumption
Table 2.8 highlighted the various coping mechanisms employed by heavy alcohol
consumers to manage the challenges associated with their drinking, including focusing on work
responsibilities, mitigating hangovers, taking time off work, avoiding alcohol influences, and
getting used to coping with the challenges.
9. Are you aware of the negative effects on a person's health brought on by the heavy
consumption of alcohol? Such as liver disease and other health conditions?
P10: Yes. Actually, dati Participant 10 was familiar Aware of the negative effects of
lang siya, pero ngayon with the consequences of heavy alcohol consumption,
medyo okay naman na. drinking, having opted to be chose to lessen his drinking, and
Nag-iistop na kasi. Wala. more moderate as he proper mind on abstinence.
Talagang ah finocus ko observed his heavy drinking
lang yung mind ko na, had halted since. He also
kapag hindi naman emphasized that the only way
reasonable yung pag-inom to get through was having a
ko ng alak, ‘di na ako
iinom… Kasi, ahh, actually
kahit anong program yung proper mindset and the will to
puntahan mo kung yung abstain, acknowledging that
personality mo eh ayaw programs will not be
naman umalis dun, wala sufficient if the person would
ka ‘ding mapapala. Wala choose to continue their habit
ka- Hindi rin- Hindi ka rin still.
makakaalis dun sa lugar
kasi ikaw mismo, ayaw mo.
Table 2.9. Awareness of Heavy Alcohol Consumption
Data gathered from question 9 indicated that all respondents were aware of the negative
effects of heavy alcohol consumption, but 8 out of 10 respondents disregarded these effects for
various reasons, such as a "You Only Live Once" mindset, considering it a part of their daily life
and for relaxation. However, 2 out of 10 respondents reduced their alcohol consumption due to
health issues brought on by heavy drinking.
10. In your experience, what forms of support or programs that you think may help heavy
alcohol consumers to reduce or quit their consumption of alcohol?
r P-Value (T-Test)
-
0.068247346
94 0.00001686571821
Table 3.1. Correlated AUDIT Scores & Task Performance Scale Scores
Table 3.1 and Figure 3.1 showed a weak negative correlation between the x & y values, in
that as the value of one variable would increase, the other would decrease and vice versa. This
relationship may or may not represent immediate causation between the two variables, but it
does still describe an observable pattern that AUDIT Scores increased as IWPQ scores for Task
Performance decreased.
Figure 3.1 Task Performance Scale
The P-Value of 1.687 × 10-4, however, was not significant at 0.01. This would mean that
there is no significant relationship between heavy alcohol consumption and the workplace
performance of the working-class adults interviewed in Barangay Poblacion I, objecting the
hypothesis.
r P-Value (T-Test)
0.139599092
2 0.0261867482
Table 3.2. Correlated AUDIT Scores & Contextual Performance Scale Scores
Table 3.2 and Figure 3.2, on the other hand, showed a weak yet positive correlation
between the x & y values, in that as the value of one variable would increase, the other would
also increase. As with the previous data, this may or may not represent immediate causation
between the two variables, but still describe an observable pattern that as the AUDIT Scores
increased, the IWPQ scores for Context Performance also increased.
r P-Value (T-Test)
0.251346810
5 0.00003601132758
Table 3.3. Correlated AUDIT Scores & Counterproductive Work Behavior Scale Scores
Lastly, Table 3.3 and Figure 3.3, showed a weak yet positive correlation between the x &
y values, in that as the value of one variable would increase, the other would also increase. This
may or may not represent immediate causation between the two variables, as with the other two
sections, but still describe an observable pattern that as the AUDIT Scores increased, the IWPQ
scores for Context Performance increased.
Figure 3.3 Counterproductive Work Behavior Scale
The P-Value of 3.6× 10-4 was not significant at 0.01. This would mean that there is no
significant relationship between heavy alcohol consumption and the workplace performance of
the working-class adults interviewed in Barangay Poblacion I.
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION
With the findings of our study, heavy alcohol consumption was determined to not have
significant relationships with task performance and counterproductive work behavior, but did
have a significant relationship on contextual performance of the individual participant. It does
not mean, however, that the findings included in the literature review must be undermined.
The conduct of the study itself gave the researchers insight still on how to better approach
working-class individuals who might be confronting heavy alcohol dependence, especially with
gaining an understanding of their routines throughout the interview process. Most notably, the
answers of Participants 9 and 10, acknowledged that alcohol dependence can not be confronted
simply by programs if the individual themself would relapse.
The researchers were also given a glimpse as to why some of the participants would still
opt with drinking alcohol, with responses emphasizing that peer pressure, managing stress, and
pressures with different issues becoming factors towards their drinking Some have even noted
that drinking alcohol had not necessarily affected their work performance altogether, despite
being aware of the health issues marked by heavy alcohol consumption.
Still, the notion of alcohol dependence continues to be a challenge itself that must be
faced to mitigate its potential dangers. Such attempts to understand its relationship to workplace
performance and other fields must still be open for further discussion, along with the
campaigning and dissemination of information over the dangers of heavy alcohol consumption.
Should it be so that surges of high alcohol dependence would make its rise amongst the
working class and other sectors that may be affected, the researchers hope that this paper would
provide ideas for other potential studies on how to better correlate workplace performance to
heavy alcohol consumption.
RECOMMENDATIONS
In light of the findings presented in this study on heavy alcohol consumption and its
relationship with workplace performance, it is essential for the researchers to provide
recommendations that may capitalize on the opportunities discovered. The following section
offers areas of study based on the findings that may be relevant for stakeholders and future
researchers.
● Assumptions and larger sample size of this study must be better considered.
● Use of other similar instruments.
● Consideration of a single workplace environment.
● Consideration if the worker may have experienced alcohol relapse.
● Studies on alcohol rehabilitation, teetotalers, and abstinence within local communities.
● Further Studies on Counterproductive Work Behavior & Contextual Performance Scales.
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