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AC Generator Part1
AC Generator Part1
EE 422
DC & AC MACHINERY
AC Generators
AC Generator Types
AC generators, also known as alternators, are devices that convert
mechanical energy into electrical energy. They are widely used in power plants,
as well as in various industrial and commercial applications, such as backup
power systems and portable generators.
AC Generator Types
2. Rotating field AC Generator
The rotating field AC generator is by far the most
widely used generator. In this type of generator,
direct current from a separate source is passed
through windings on the rotor by means of slip
rings and brushes. This maintains a rotating
electromagnetic field of fixed polarity (similar to a
rotating bar magnet). The advantage in this type of
construction is that larger amounts of currents
can be handled because there are no sliding
contacts and the whole output circuit is
continuously insulated. Slip rings and brushes are
adequate for the DC field supply because the
current level in the field is much smaller than in
the armature circuit.
3.) The sliding contacts are transferred to the low voltage, low
power dc field circuit which can, therefore easily insulated.
5.) The armature winding is cooled more because the stator case
core can be made large enough and with many air passages or air
ducts for force air circulation.
6.) The armature winding is more complex than the field and can be
constructed more easily on stationary armature.
AC Generator Types
Types of generator (according to principle of operation):
1. Synchronous Generator
designed to produce electrical power with a constant frequency and voltage. The generator
operates by converting mechanical energy into electrical energy, using a rotating magnetic
field in the stator to induce a current in the armature.
In a synchronous generator, the rotor rotates at the same speed as the rotating magnetic
field in the stator, hence the name synchronous.
The rotor of the generator is equipped with a set of field windings that are supplied with
direct current (DC) to create a magnetic field that interacts with the magnetic field of the
stator.
Synchronous generators are commonly used in power plants, where they are connected to a
power grid to supply electrical power to consumers. They are also used in backup power
systems and emergency generators, where a reliable and constant source of electrical
power is required.
AC Generator Types
Types of generator (according to principle of operation):
2. Induction Generator
also known as an asynchronous generator is a type of AC electrical generator that operates
based on the principle of induction.
In an induction generator, the rotor is not equipped with any field windings, but instead
consists of a set of conducting bars or plates that are short-circuited together. When the
rotor rotates within the magnetic field of the stator, an electrical current is induced in the
rotor bars by the principle of electromagnetic induction. This current creates a magnetic
field that interacts with the magnetic field of the stator, generating electrical power.
The generator is designed to operate at a speed slightly higher than the synchronous speed,
which causes the rotor to act as a motor and drive the generator. This phenomenon is
known as slip, and the difference between the synchronous speed and the actual operating
speed of the generator is called the slip speed.
Induction generators are commonly used in wind turbines, where they are connected to a
power grid to supply electrical power to consumers. They are also used in hydroelectric
power plants, where the water flow drives the generator and the grid provides the
magnetizing current to the stator.
AC Generator Types
Types of generator (according to number of phase):
AC Generator Types
Three-Phase continuation…
Simplified Three-Phase AC
Generator
AC Generator Parts
Stator
AC Generator Parts
STATOR FRAME
In DC machines, the outer frame (or the yoke)
serves to carry the magnetic flux, but in alternator, it
is not meant for that purpose. Hence, it is useful for
hiding the armature stampings and windings in
position. Low speed large diameter alternators have
frames which because of ease of manufacture, are
cast in sections. Ventilation is maintained with help of
the holes cast in the frame itself. The provision of
radial ventilating spaces in the stampings assists in
cooling the machine.
STATOR CORE
The armature core is supported by the stator frame and is built up of laminations of special
magnetic iron or steel alloy. The core is laminates to minimize loss due to eddy currents. The
laminations are stamped out in complete rings (for small machines). The laminations are
insulated from each other and have spaces between them for allowing the cooling air to pass
through. The slots for housing the armature conductor lie along the inner periphery of the
core and are stamped out at the same time when laminations are formed.
AC Generator Parts
ROTOR TYPES:
SALIENT POLE
• In salient pole type of rotor consist of large number of projected poles (salient poles)
mounted on a magnetic wheel. The projected poles are made up from laminations of steel.
The rotor winding is provided on these poles and it is supported by pole shoes.
• have large diameter and shorter axial length.
• generally used in lower speed electrical
machines, say 100 RPM to 1500 RPM.
NON-SALIENT POLE
• cylindrical in shape having parallel slots on it
to place rotor windings. It is made up of solid
steel. Sometimes, they are also called as
drum rotor.
• smaller in diameter but having longer axial
length.
• used in high speed electrical machines,
usually 1500 RPM to 3000 RPM.
AC Generator Parts
ARMATURE - This is where voltage is generated.
TYPES OF ARMATURE SLOTS
1. WIDE OPEN - Wide open type slot (also used in DC machines) has the advantage of
permitting easy installation of form wound coils and their easy removal in case of repair. But it has
a disadvantage of distributing the air gap flux into bunches or tufts that produce riffles in the wave
of generated emf.
2. SEMI – CLOSED - Semi – closed type flux is better in this respect, but do not allow the use
of form- wound coils.
3. WHOLLY CLOSED - Wholly closed type slots or tunnels do not disturb the air gap flux but (i)
they tend to increase the inductance of the windings (ii). The armature conductors have to be
threaded through, thereby increasing initial labor and cost of winding and (iii). They present a
complicated problem of end connections hence they are rarely used .
Sample
3. Calculate the pitch factors for the following windings:
a.) 36 slots, four poles, span 1 to 8;
b.) 72 slots, six poles, span 1 to 10
c.) 96 slots, four pole, span 1 to 12
Where; 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑡
𝑛=
kd= distribution factor 𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑒 ∗ 𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒
n= number of slots per pole per phase 180
d°= number of electrical degrees between adjacent slots 𝑑 =
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒
Sample
4. Calculate the distribution factor for a 36 slots, four pole three phase winding alternator.
5. A three phase alternator has 6 slots per pole per phase. Determine the distribution factor.
1. Engine
All generators have engines, no matter what their external source, be it diesel or hydrogen. It’s the
engine that supplies energy to the generator. The more powerful the engine, the more electricity a
generator can provide. The main components of a diesel engine – or more accurately, the parts of a
generator engine –also include:
1.a Fuel system: In this case, diesel is the external source, or mechanical energy. A tank will hold your
fuel, which in a large generator, permanently install, is typically a separate structure. The fuel tank for
smaller, portable units is usually held within the generator. Pipes will take the fuel to the engine, similar to
a fuel pump in a vehicle. A fuel filter will remove contaminants from reaching the engine, and a fuel
injector pushes the fuel into the combustion chamber.
1.b Cooling and exhaust systems: Generators need cooling systems to regulate the heat and prevent
overheating. Coolant fluid absorbs the heat and is then run through a heat exchanger, which sends the heat
into the air or into another coolant fluid.
How much ventilation does a generator need? Exhaust gases should be channeled away from the
engine and people, and are usually directed through pipes and vented into the external air. Follow the
manufacturer’s guidelines regarding how much clear space is needed around the generator, which will vary
by machine.
1.c Lubrication system: Generators are comprised of small, moving components. As such, they
need lubricating with engine oil to enable smooth operation while protecting them from excessive wear
and tear.
4. Battery charger
Just as your car relies on a battery to start, so does a generator. The battery can be charged
by either the generator output itself or a separate charger.
5. Control panel
The generator is operated by the control panel, and covers everything from start and shut
down to engine speed to AC power frequency.
To prevent loss of residual magnetism, use the generator from time to time, even if you don’t
need backup power. Be sure that you’re not using any plugged-in loads when you turn it off
and finally, keep the generator plugged into something unless you’re about to power it down.
15kVA Diesel
Generator
DC vs AC Generator