Rationale of the problem

-pertains to the reasons why the study must be conducted.

1. Existing Literature
- a background on what researches have already been done about the given subject.
2. Relevance to Local/Global Context
- situational interconnectedness of individuals or things in varying perspectives.
3. Critical Background/Contextual Information
- circumstances forming a background of an event, idea or subject, that enables the readers to
understand the nature of the problem.
4. Research Gap
- problems, issues or questions that have not been addressed or are yet to be understood.
5. Proof of Urgency
- an urgent need to solve the existing problem.
6. Research Goal/Objective
- the purpose why there is a need for the proposed study to be conducted.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM (RESEARCH QUESTIONS)

-Sets the direction as to where your study will go
-States what you want to accomplish or achieve in your study

2 parts
1. GENERAL PROBLEM-pertains to the opening paragraph that gives specific details on other
essential elements which are the purpose, major variables, participants, setting, and time
coverage of the study. The said elements serve as a guide in order to properly formulate the
general problem.
- Written in a declarative form
A. The general problem should clearly state the main task/s of the researcher.
B. The general problem should present the major variable/s related to the
a. phenomenon to be investigated.
C. The general problem should identify the participants of the study.
D. The general problem should state the research setting as well as the time period
a. of the study.
E. The general problem may indicate the intended output of the study such as an
a. intervention program, module, policies, etc.
2. SPECIFIC PROBLEM- stated as questions
a) Non- researchable Questions- non- researchable questions are questions of value,
answerable by yes or no. “(Dr. Amadeo Pangilinan Cristobal) thus these kinds of
questions should be avoided in making the statement of the problem.
b) Researchable questions are questions of value, opinions or policy raised to gather
data.
-use Who, What, When, Where, Why, How
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION
the section where you define the broader parameters and boundaries of your research
Scope of research -it commonly refers to the depth your research area or parameters. This
includes restriction of the target population, research local, specified duration, design, procedure,
and instrument used.

1.Population –According to Majid (2018), this stands for the entire pool from which the sample is
drawn.
2. Research Locale – It refers to the particular location where the study is conducted.
3. Specific Duration. This stands for the exclusive time frame when the research is conducted.
4. Research Method – This refers to the systematic plan for conducting research which includes
strategies, process, techniques, and procedures for collecting and analyzing data (MacDonald and
Headlam 2008). Here are the four (4) most commonly used qualitative designs that you can use.
5. Protocols Followed. This refers to the standard procedure, system, or rules that
you follow in gathering data. It can be the permission in the conduct of the
study, communication letter to the respondents, or agreement on the conduct
of interview.
6. Data Gathering Procedure. This refers to the step-by-step procedures that you employ before and
during the data gathering.
7. Instrument. These are measurement devices that you use in your research. It can be in a form of
test, survey, questionnaire, and the like. However, in qualitative research, you as the researcher is
the instrument, and your interview guide serve as a tool in gathering the data (Bahrami, Soleimani,
Yaghoobzadeh, & Ranjbar, 2016).
8. Data Analysis. These are the systematical processes you employ to describe or interpret your
data. It can be thematic network analysis, dendogramming, structural analysis, text analysis, and
Collaizi procedure.
Delimitation- it refers to choices made by researcher that serves as boundary (Simon 2011). This
includes research objectives, questions, variables, theoretical objectives you adopted, target
samples, and justifications that limits the scope of the study.
Note: In some researches, instead of scope and delimitation, they use scope and limitation. The
term limitation is about the external and internal influences that researcher has no control of.
They can be shortcomings, conditions or influences that cannot be avoided due to the limitation of
the study. Thus, these limitations is a declaration of the possible influences to the result of the
study.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
-The contribution and impact of a study on a research field.
It should apparently identify the purpose that the research will serve and how it will contribute to
the society, the country, the government, the institution or agency concerned, and the research
community.
-the valuable contribution of the study to a particular body of knowledge or area of specialization.
Beneficiaries- who will directly gain from the results of the study.
a) Academic Beneficiaries- include educational staff, teachers, students and researchers,
b) Non- academic Beneficiaries - stakeholders, policymakers, agencies and organizations.
Benefits- an advantage or profit gained from something
-refer to all advantages to be obtained by those directly involved especially the researchers and
research users.
a) EDUCATIONAL
•Learning about issues and methods in the chosen field
•Furthering creative and scholastic achievement
•Applying concepts from courses to real-life situations
•Sharpening problem-solving skills
b) PROFESSIONAL
•Exploring potential careers
•Learning new specialized techniques and skills
 •Enhancing professional communication skills
•Networking same interests with others
c) PERSONAL
•Building confidence and independence
•Promoting critical and thinking
•Enhancing awareness

PLAGIARISM
Plagiarism is often committed when you use words and ideas without making credit
to the person who formulated it, making those words and ideas your own (Sulaiman,
2018).
-Presenting work or ideas from another source as your own, with or without consent of the original
author, by incorporating it into your work without full acknowledgement.
Common Types of Plagiarism
1. Direct Plagiarism. This type of plagiarism is committed when you copy word-forword a section of
others’ works without quotation marks (Roig, 2002).
1. Self-Plagiarism. This plagiarism is often committed when you mix your previous works to come
up with new article without proper citation and permission to the teacher you previously submitted
the work (Helgesson & Eriksson, 2014; Plagiarism.org, 2011).
2. Mosaic Plagiarism. It is committed when you take phrases from a source without using quotation
marks or citation; thus, you just find synonyms to the authors’ words while keeping the same
though as it is in the original (Roka, 2017).
3. Accidental Plagiarism. This is committed when unintentionally neglected to cite a source or
quoted by using similar words or sentence structure. This can be avoided through responsible
writing and running your work in an initial plagiarism test available in internet (Learning Services
Writing Center, 2018).
APA CITATION
American Psychological Association (APA) referencing style is the most commonly used referencing
style in the field of education. It is also known as “author-date referencing”.
 a reference citation that is made within the body of the text or essay (Waikato Institute of
Technology, 2010).
 we use in-text citations every time we quote, summarize, and paraphrase statements,
information, and ideas that came from others.
 a scholarly acknowledgment through giving credit who stipulated the ideas and concepts.
In-text citation with single author used in the beginning
Fernandez (2020), stressed that proper citation has to be observed among novice
researchers.

In-text citation with single author used at the end

Proper usage of citation styles promotes integrity among novice researchers (Fernandez,
2020).

How about if the writer wanted to indicate the title of the source? Of course, you can do it.
However, title has to be in quotation marks.

In-text citation with article title

In Fernandez’s (2020) article, “Plagiarism: Writers’ Crime”, stressed that proper citation has
to be observed among novice researchers.
In some cases, the title of book, articles,proceedings, journal articles and the like are italicized.
However, when you italicized the title, omit the quotation marks.

In-text citation without quotation

In Fernandez’s (2020) book, The Secrets of Plagiarism, discussed on ways plagiarism can be
avoided.

In-text citation in the middle of the statement

Fernandez (2020) attested that citation can be used only at the beginning and end of the
sentence, whereas Munez (2020) claimed otherwise.

When do we use “et al.” in our citation? “Et al.” is a Latin term for “et alia” which means “and
others”. This is used when you have multiple authors. Multiple authorship is authorship
composed of six (6) or more authors. Thus, when you have less than six authors, you need to write
their surname. If you use in-text citation at the beginning, just connect their surname with a
comma and “and”. However, if it is at the end of the statement, you connect the authors’ surname
with the use of comma and ampersand.

In-text citation with three (3) authors (beginning)

Fernandez, Munez, and Valencia (2020), attested that citation can be used only at the
beginning and end of the statement.

In-text citation with three (3) authors (end)

It was attested that citation can be used only at the beginning and end of the statement
(Fernandez, Munez, & Valencia, 2020).

In-text citation with six (6) or more authors

Fernandez et al. (2020), attested that citation can be used only at the beginning and end of
the statement.

In-text citation with six (6) authors (end)

It was attested that citation can be used only at the beginning and end of the statement
(Fernandez, et al., 2020).

Literature Review
According to Morgan-Rallis (2018), there are guidelines that researchers need to ponder in crafting
their literature review.
1. Identify your variables. This is to determine what are your variables in your research. In short,
you should know your topic (Minch, 2018). For example, your research title is like this:
Example
Lived experiences of PWD Students Engaged Community Services in a Rural Area
What are your variables here? Or simply, what is your topic all about? If you will be labeling it, you
will come up with this result.
a) PWD students
b) PWD students and community services
c) PWD students in a rural area
d) PWD engaged in community services
So, you can search for literature: journal articles, published articles from credible websites,
magazines, newspapers related to the following. The question is how many literature are you going
to search and what is the time frame? Some schools require ten (10) to twenty (20) literature
conducted within five (5) years. Some just acknowledge ten (10) from credible and scientific
sources. Nonetheless, because the research you are conducting is a novice research with the aim
just for research appreciation, ten (10) literature from scientific sources are enough.
2. Use online or library sources. Literature review requires reading. If there is a
nearby school or public libraries, you can go there to read their books related
to your study. However, if there is none, internet is the best way to do it. It is
just one click away.

3. Analyzing the literature. On this part of literature review, you need to analyze
what you have read. It requires you to evaluate the findings of the research.
You just need to identify what the literature has to say on the variable that
you have considered.
4. Summarizing what you read by highlighting important things. On this part, you need to
summarize the literature you read. There are many ways of summarizing it. However, you can
consider my way of summarizing literature
through tables.