Grammar - rules of a 

language governing the sounds, words, sentences, and other elements, as

well as their combination and interpretation.
Gerund - a gerund is a word (in modern English, ending in -ing) which derives from a verb and has
some verb-like properties but also some noun-like properties. For example, in ‘Eating your dinner noisily
is impolite’ the gerund eating functions like a noun in that it is the subject of the sentence, but is similar
to a verb in that it takes a direct object (your dinner) and is modified by an adverb (noisily).
Infinitive - the infinitive form of a verb is the basic form, unmarked for tense, person, or number. In
English, the infinitive is often preceded by to (in which case it is sometimes called a to-infinitive), as in
these examples: I want to leave. To err is human; to forgive, divine.
1. Inflection - in some languages, the form of a word varies according to its grammatical function (e.g.
whether a noun is singular or plural, or whether a verb is in the present or past tense). These forms
are called inflections, and a word which possesses such forms is said to be inflected. For example, in
English the word walked  is inflected, showing the past tense form of walk; the suffix -ed  is
an inflectional suffix.
2.  Verb - a verb is intransitive when it does not take a direct object. An intransitive verb may stand
alone, or it may take a complement (for example, a prepositional phrase, adverb, or adjective).
A verb is transitive when it takes a direct object: a noun, pronoun, phrase, or clause which typically
refers to the person or thing affected by the action of the verb.
3. Mood - the mood of a verb refers to whether the clause in which it occurs expresses a fact,
command, hypothesis, etc. For example, the indicative is used to express fact or strong belief,
the imperative to make commands, the interrogative to indicate questions, and the subjunctive to
express hypothesis or non-factuality.
4. Morpheme - a morpheme is a unit of language that cannot be analysed into smaller units. English
morphemes include prefixes, suffixes, word stems, and combining forms. For
example,  misspellings contains four morphemes: the prefix mis-, the stem spell, and two suffixes, -
ing and the plural suffix -s. Words can also consist of a single morpheme, such as know, residue,
and over.
5. Non-finite verb - a non-finite verb form is not marked for tense. In English, infinitives (such as to
eat) and participles (such as eating and eaten) are non-finite. They are often used in combination
with finite verbs: for example, in ‘The children were eating’, the verb phrase were eating is made up
of the finite verb were (which is the past tense plural form of be) and the non-finite
verb eating (the present participle of eat).
6. Noun - a noun is a word which can function as the  subject or  object of a  verb, or as the object of
a  preposition, and which typically denotes a person, place, or thing: tomato,
happiness, manager, and London are all examples of nouns in English. Nouns can generally be
modified by determiners or  adjectives, and can often be used in the plural.
7. Part of speech - a part of speech is a category to which words are assigned based on their similar
grammatical functions. The eight major parts of speech used in the OED
are noun (n.), adjective (adj.), pronoun (pron.), verb (v.), adverb (adv.), preposition (prep.), conjunct
ion (conj.), and interjection (int.).
8. Participle - a participle is a form of a verb used with auxiliary verbs in complex constructions or
alone in non-finite clauses. There are two types of participle in English, past and present.
9. Phrase - a phrase is a group of words expressing a single notion or acting together as a unit.
10. Predicate - the predicate of a sentence or clause is the part which is not the subject: it typically
contains a verb and any objects, complements, and adverbials. For example, in ‘we ate
breakfast’, we is the subject and ate breakfast is the predicate; in ‘sarcasm is the lowest form of
wit’, sarcasm is the subject and is the lowest form of wit is the predicate.
11. Prefix - a prefix is an element added to the beginning of a word or stem to form a new word. The
main function of a prefix is to change the meaning of the word it attaches to.
12. Tense - the tense of a verb indicates the time at which something is viewed as happening or existing,
in relation to the time of the utterance.In many grammatical models, tense specifically refers to the set
of inflected verb forms which indicate the time at which something is viewed as happening or
 existing. In English, there are only two tenses expressed by inflection: the present tense (for
example, changes in ‘Everything changes’) and the past tense (for example, changed in ‘Everything
changed’). This is the way that the term tense is usually used in the OED.In other grammatical
models, tense has a broader meaning covering other categories of verb constructions used to express
time, such as those used in English to express future time. In English, future time is indicated not by
means of inflections but by other constructions such as the use of the auxiliary verb will in sentences
like ‘The train will leave at 9 o’clock.’
13. Verb - a verb is a word which typically describes what a person or thing does, or what happens: be,
make, build, remember, occur, and seem are all examples of verbs in English. Verbs are generally
essential to the structure of a sentence, and they can be inflected to show features such
as tense, number, and person: for example, the verb remember can be put in the past
tense form remembered or the third person present singular form remembers. In English, verbs
are transitive or intransitive.
14. Subject - the subject of a sentence or clause is the part which:
– is usually what the sentence or clause is about;
– often denotes the person or thing that performs the action expressed by the verb;
– usually comes before the verb;
– agrees grammatically with the verb.
The subject is usually a noun, noun phrase, or pronoun.
15. Case - a case is an inflected form of a noun, pronoun, or adjective which expresses its grammatical
relationship with other words. For example, the fact that a noun is in the nominative case indicates
that it is the subject of the verb.
16. Subjunctive mood - The subjunctive is a grammatical mood used to express hypothesis,
conditionality, or non-factuality. Contrasted with indicative.
In modern English the subjunctive mood is distinctive only in the third person singular of the present
tense (where the -s ending is absent) and in the verb to be (where the present subjunctive form
is be and the past subjunctive form is were). In the following, the underlined verbs are in the
subjunctive:
‘I recommended that he write and apologize‘ (the indicative forms would be writes and apologizes);
‘If that be the case, our position is indefensible’ (the indicative form would be is);
‘If I were you, I’d own up’ (the indicative form would be was).
17. Gender – in some languages, nouns, pronouns, and related words are classified into categories
called genders, which are distinguished by particular inflections. Grammatical genders
include masculine, feminine, and neuter, but they are usually only loosely associated with particular
sexes, and many words have a grammatical gender which does not correspond to the sex of the
referent. 
18. Base form - the base form of a verb is the form without any inflections: for example, walk  is the
base form, and the inflected forms are walked, walks, and walking.
19.
Allomorph - is a variant phonetic form of a morpheme, or, a unit of meaning that varies in
sound and spelling without changing the meaning. Ex.: the ending -s, indicating plural in
“cats,” “dogs,” the -es in “dishes,” and the -en of “oxen” are all allomorphs of the plural
morpheme. 
Root - is the core of a word that is irreducible into more meaningful elements