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Principles of Lifting Machines
Principles of Lifting Machines
C H A P T E R
10 Principles of
Lifting Machines
Contents
1. Introduction.
2. Simple Machine.
3. Compound Machine.
4. Lifting Machine.
5. Mechanical Advantage.
6. Input of a Machine.
7. Output of a Machine.
8. Efficiency of a Machine.
9. Ideal Machine.
10. Velocity Ratio.
11. Relation Between
Efficiency, Mechanical
Advantage and Velocity
Ratio of a Lifting Machine.
12. Reversibility of a Machine.
13. Condition for the
Reversibility of a Machine.
14. Self-locking Machine.
15. Friction in a Machine.
16. Law of a Machine. 10.1. INTRODUCTION
17. Maximum Mechanical In olden times, thousands of slaves had to be
Advantage of a Lifting arranged, whenever a heavy load had to be lifted or
Machine. dragged. Even today, in the absence of a suitable
18. Maximum Efficiency of a device, many people have to be arranged to lift a motor
Lifting Machine. car so that its tyres can be changed. In order to
overcome such difficulties, a few simple machines were
invented, which could save the man power i.e., a single
man can do the same work as many could do, though
at a lesser speed.
Before entering into the details of simple
machines and their working, following terms should
be clearly understood at this stage :
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* As a matter of fact, a machine will work only when the input is more than the machine friction.
When the machine has to work in the reverse order (as per condition of a reversible machine) its
output (which will act as an input, P = 0) should be more than the machine friction.
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∴ W
P – P′ = P –
V.R.
We know that (P – P') is the friction, if expressed in terms of effort.
W
∴ F(effort) = P – ...(iv)
V.R.
Now the effort (P) will lift a load (W') if the mchine friction is neglected and the same effort
will lift a load (W) if the machine friction is considered. Therefore substituting W' for W (considering
the machine to be ideal, i.e., neglecting the machine friction) in equation (ii),
W′
= V.R. or W' = P × V.R.
P
∴ W' – W = (P × V.R.) – W
We know that (W' – W) is the friction, if expressed in terms of load.
∴ F(load) = (P × V.R.) – W ...(v)
Example 10.4. In a certain machine, an effort of 100 N is just able to lift a load of 840 N,
Calculate efficiency and friction both on effort and load side, if the velocity ratio of the machine is 10.
Solution. Given: Effort (P) = 100 N ; Load (W) = 840 N and velocity ratio (V.R.) = 10.
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EXERCISE 10.1
1. A load of 120 N is raised by means of a certain weight lifting machine through a distance
of 200 mm. If the effort applied is 20 N and has moved through a distance of 1.5 m, find
the efficiency of the machine. [Ans. 80%]
2. In a weight lifting machine, an effort of 50 N is required to lift a load (W). The distances
moved by the load and effort are 20 mm and 500 mm respectively. Determine the magnitude
of the load (W), if the efficiency of the machine is 80%. [Ans. 1 kN]
3. In a weight lifting machine, whose velocity ratio is 20, a weight of 1 kN can be raised by
an effort of 80 N. If the effort is removed, show that the machine can work in the reverse
direction.
Hint. M.A. = W/P = 1000/80 = 12.5
and η = M.A./V.R. = 12.5/20 = 0.625 = 62.5%.
Since efficiency is more than 50%, therefore the machine can work in the reverse direction.
Ans.
4. In a certain weight lifting machine, an effort of 25 N can lift a load of 315 N. If the
velocity ratio of the machine is 14, find the effort lost in friction and the frictional load.
[Ans. 2.5 N; 3.5 N]
10.16. LAW OF A MACHINE
The term ‘law of a machine’ may be defined as relationship between the effort applied and the
load lifted. Thus for any machine, if we record the various efforts required to raise the corresponding
loads, and plot a graph between effort and load, we shall get a straight line AB as shown in Fig. 10.2.
We also know that the intercept OA represents the amount of friction offered by the machine.
Or in other words, this is the effort required by the machine to
overcome the friction, before it can lift any load.
Mathematically, the law of a lifting machine is given by
the relation :
P = mW + C
where P = Effort applied to lift the load,
m = A constant (called coefficient of
friction) which is equal to the
slope of the line AB, Fig. 10.2.
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Solution. Given: Law of machine P = 0.04 W + 7.5 ; Load (W) = 2 kN = 2000 N and velocity
ratio (V.R.) = 40.
* In this example, the value of m = 0.04 and C = 7.5 as the law of the machine is given by the relation
P = mW + C.
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Fig. 10.3.
Now consider two points 1 and 5 (having maximum distance between them), which lie on the
straight line AB. From the geometry of these two points, we find that the slope of the line AB,
142.5 – 42.5 100
m= = = 0.08
1500 – 250 1250
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EXERCISE 10.2
1. In a certain weight lifting machine, an effort of 15 N can lift a load of 300 N and an effort
of 20 N can lift a load of 500 N. Find the law of the machine. Also find the effort required
to lift a load of 880 N. [Ans. P = 0.025 W + 7.5 ; 29.5 N]
2. In a weight lifting machine, an effort of 40 N can lift a load of 1000 N and an effort of
55 N can lift a load of 1500 N. Find the law of the machine. Also find maximum
mechanical advantage and maximum efficiency of the machine. Take velocity ratio of the
machine as 48. [Ans. P = 0.03 W + 10 ; 33.3 ; 69.4%]
3. The following results were obtained from a test on a certain weight lifting machine having
a velocity ratio of 20 :
Load in N (W) 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Effort in N (P) 85 100 115 135 145 160 175
Plot the graph showing load and effort. From the graph, determine the law of the
machine. [Ans. P = 0.15 W + 2.5]
Hint. All the points, except 4, will lie on the straight line. Therefore ignore this point
and now study the law of the machine from any two remaining points.
QUESTIONS
1. What is a machine ? Explain the difference between a simple machine and a compound
machine.
2. Define mechanical advantage of a machine.
3. What is an ideal machine ?
4. Define velocity ratio of a machine.
5. Derive the relation between mechanical advantage, velocity ratio and efficiency of a machine.
6. Explain how the efficiency of a simple machine is determined ?
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ANSWERS
1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (c) 7. (d)
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