M6t s6 Iueéng tiép can bai todn chimg minh thing hang Chuyén aé MOT SO HUONG TIEP CAN BAI TOAN CHUNG MINH BA DIEM THANG HANG PHANI KHAI QUAT CHUNG Bai ton ching minh thing hang 1a mét dang toan kha quen thudc, nhat la trong céc dé thi hoc sinh gidi, Nhung khi gap dang toan nay, nhiéu hoc sinh to ra rit ling ting. Dé loai bo sir hing ting Ay, 6 chuyén dé sau day, toi da théng ké mot 86 hudng co ban dé gitip hoc sinh tiép can bai toan ching minh thing hang, kem theo 1a mét s6 vi du minh hoa. St phan loai cdc phwrong phép trong chuyén dé chi mang tinh c4 nhan, M6t s6 hung tiép can co ban khi gap bai ton ching minh thing hang: 1. Hieéng 1: Sit dung géc ba 2. Hiréng 2: Sit dung tinh chat cia hinh binh hanh 3. Hiréng 3: Sit dung tién dé vé durong thing song song 4. Huong 4: Sit dung céc tinh chat cia dung tron 5. Hirong 5: Sit dung 2 tia tring nhau hoac déi nhau 6. Huong 6: Thém diém 7. Hiréng 7: Sit dung dinh ly Mé-né-la-uyt Déi trong dé day béi dong chuyén dé nay 1a cdc em hoc sinh kha, gidi toan 6p 9, chu yéu la céc hoc sinh trong 46i tuyén hoe sinh gidi toan 9. Dy kién chuyén dé s8 durge bdi durdng trong 3 budi, véi théi luong 9 tiét. Tran Van Quang — THCS Ly Tw Trong - BX - VP ‘ThuVienDeThi.comM6t s6 Iueéng tiép can bai todn chimg minh thing hang PHAN II PHUONG PHAP CU THE VA Vi DU MINH HOA +Néuc6 4Bx+xBC =180° thi 3 diém A, B, C thing hang theo thir ty 46. + Téng quat: Néu quay xung quanh diém A céc tia AB), AB,..., AB, lan hrgt theo thir ty dy ma 8,48, +B, 4B, +...+B,,4B, =180° thi 3 diém B,; A; B, thing hang. Vidui Cho tam giée ABC cé cae géc B va C nhon, dung cao AH. Dung ra phia ngoai tam giée ABC cac tam giéc vudng cin ABD, ACE (BAD = C4E = 90°). Goi M Li trung diém cia DE. Chimg minh ring H, A, M thing hing. Dung hinh binh hanh AEFD = M [a trung diém cia AF (/c hinh binh hanh) va EF = DA = BA Mat khac EA = CA (gt); AEF = C4B (Cing bi voi D4E) = AEFA = AABC (c-g-c) => 4,=C, (Hai géc tong ting) Ma 4,+€, = 90° => 4+4, =90° => 4,+4, +4, =180° Hay FAH =180°=> M, A, H thang hang. Vidu2 Cho AABC nhon, ndi tiép dtrang tron (O), diém M bat ky trén cung nho BC. E, F thi tw 1a cdc diém déi xtmg cia M qua AB, AC, goi Hla truc tim AABC. ‘Chimg minh ring E, H, F thing hang. Gidi Goi B’ 1a giao diém cla BH va AC; Tran Van Quéng — THCS Lj Te Trong — BX- VP ‘ThuVienDeThi.comM6t s6 Iueéng tiép can bai todn chimg minh thing hang A’ li giao diém ciia AH va BC Tit gide HA’CB’ néi tiép = BCA=BMA= BEA > A=4'C (ve doi ximg truc) => Tit giac AHBE ni tiép => EHB = EAB = MAB Tuong tu ta cé: 4'HC = ABC,CHF = MAC => EHB+H,+A'HC+CHF = MAB+ ACB+ ABC +MAC = ACB + ABC + BAC =180° > £HF =180° > E, H, F thing hang. * Duéng thang di qua 3 diém E, H, F noi trén c6 tén léc duéng thing Steiner img voi diém M. * Viée ching minh cdc diém E, H, F noi trén thing hang ciing dirac dé cap trong dé thi Olympic Japan 1996: Cho tam gidc ABC, M la diém trén dudng tron (ABC). Goi K, P, Q lin hugt la cae diém d6i ximg cia M qua BC, CA, AD. Ching minh P, K, Q nim trén mot dong thing va lu6n di qua mét diém cé din, khéng phy thuéc vao diém M thay déi trén during tron (ABC). (Olympia Japan 1996). C6 thé sir dung tinh chat : hai duéng chéo ctia hinh binh hanh cét nhau tai trung diém méi duréng. Do dé, néu chimg minh duoc tit gide ABCD la hinh binh hanh va O la trung diém ctia AC thi B,O,D thang hang. Vidu3 Cho AABC cé tre tm H ndi tiép (O) dirdng kinh CM, goi I li trung diém cita AB. Chitng minh ring H, I, M thing hang. . MB 1 BC, AH 1 BC (suy tir gia thiét) M, = MB // AH.M6t s6 Iueéng tiép can bai todn chimg minh thing hang Ma MA // BH (cing vudng géc vi AC) = AMBH Ii hinh binh hanh. = AB cdt MH tai trung diém I cia AB va MH_(t/c hinh binh hanh) => H, I, M thing hang. Vidu4 Cho AABC va diém M bat ky trong tam gidc. Goi Ai, By, C; thir tr la cac diém déi xing cia M qua cac trung diém ctia cdc canh BC, CA, AB. Goi O la giao diém cia BB; va CC;. Ching minh cac diém A, O, A; thing hang. Gidi Goi D, E, F thtr ty 1a trung diém BC, CA, AB = EF la duréng trung binh cia AABC va AMB,C; (suy tir gia thiét). = EF =13c=125¢, va EF // BC // B.C; = BC // B,C, va BC = B,C, => BCB,C; la hinh binh hanh = O la tung diém ctia BB, va CC, (vc hinh binh hanh) + Tuong ty ta c6: ABA,B, la hinh binh hanh. => AA, cat BB, tai O 1a trung diém ctia BB, va AA; = A, 0, A; thing hang. Tien 48 Gclit: Qua mot diém 6 ngodi mot dudng thing chi ké duoc duy nhdt mét diréng thing song song v6i duéng thing da cho. Do dé, néu qua diém A ta ké duge AB va AC cing song song voi mot diréng thing d néo dé thi A, B, C théng hang. Tran Van Quéng — THCS Lj Te Trong — BX- VP ‘ThuVienDeThi.comM6t s6 Iueéng tiép can bai todn chimg minh thing hang Vidus Chimg minh ring: cac trung diém cia hai canh bén va hai duéng chéo cia ‘mét hinh thang lu6n thang hang. 7 2 V6i hinh thang ABCD (AB // CD) va M,N, P, Q thir ty 1a trung diém D, ciia AD, BC, BD, AC. Can chtmg minh M, N, P, Q thang hang. Tit (gt) > MN, MP, MQ thit tr 18 dung trung binh cia hinh thang ABCD, AABD, AACD. => MN // AB; MP // AB; MQ// CD hay MQ// AB. > M,N, P, Q thing hang (theo tign dé Gclit) Vidus Cho AABC nhon, cac duéng cao AH, BD va CE. Goi M, N, P, Q thit ty la hinh chiéu cia H trén AB, BD, CE va AC. Ching minh M, N, P, Q thing hang. Giai " BM _ 5 " % ‘ ICE; NH // AC >= 52 == (4j + Tit (gt) > MH //CE; NH // AC => 24-27 -F (dinh ly Talét) =>MN//ED (1) (dinh ky Talét dio) + Chitg minh twong ty ta c6: PQ // ED (2) ~ Ap dung h@ thie rong trong tam gide vung HAG va HAB ta c6: P=AQ.AC=AM.AB eee AM AC AC AE (vi ADAB » AEAC (g.g)) 342-4? hay 42-4. vosiep aM o4E 4D CAE (dinh ly Talét dao) Két hop véi (1), (2) ta c6 Tran Van Quang — THCS Ly Tw Trong - BX - VP ‘ThuVienDeThi.comM6t s6 Iueéng tiép can bai todn chimg minh thing hang M,N, Q thing hing va M, Q. P thing hing (tién 48 Gelit). Do dé M,N, P, Q thing hang. Khi B la tam ctia dang trén durang kinh AC, hodc cdc dong trén tam A va dirong tron tam C tiép xtic nhau tai B thi 3 diém A, B, C thang hang theo thir ne do. Vi du 7. Cho () dung kinh AB. Diém M chuyén ddng tén (O), M4 A; MB. Ké MH vudng géc véi AB. V8 durdng tron (O;) duong kinh MH cit during thing MA va MB tai C va D. Ching minh ring: a) C, D, O, thing hang. b) ABDC ndi tiep. a) Ta cé AMB = 90° (géc néi tiép chan nita (O)) =>CMD=90° => CD 1a dung kinh cia (O,) = C,D, O, thing hang. b) MCHD 1a hinh chit nhat ndi tiép (O,). => MCD = MHD (2 géc néi tiép cing chin MD) Ma MCD = B= MCD+ ACD = B+ ACD =180° = ABDC néi tiép. Vidus Cho during trén (O) va day cung AB. Lay I thuge doan AB sao cho IA > IB. Goi D li diém chinh gitta cung nh6 AB, DI cat (O) tai diém thit hai C. Tiép tuyén v6i (O) tai C cat AB tai K. Lay diém E sao cho KE=KI=41E,£C cit (O) tai F. ‘Ching minh ring D, O, F thing hang. Gidi Tran Van Quéng — THCS Lj Te Trong — BX- VP ‘ThuVienDeThi.comM6t s6 Iueéng tiép can bai todn chimg minh thing hang Tacé i,=4(sd8C+sd 4D) Ma AD=DB (gt) >i => = ICK =< sd DBC => AKIC cain tai K => KI= KC 1 ma KI=KE JE (gt) =i Ke= IK =KE=1E 3 CIE vubng tai C. > DCF =90° = DF la during kinh cita (0) = D; O; F thing hang Néu 2 tia MA, MB tring nhau hodc déi nhau thi 3 diém M, A, B théng hang. Vidu9 Cho (O) duong kinh AB. Trén (O) lay diém D bat ky (khac A, B). Lay diem CC bat ky trong doan AB, ké CH L AD (#¢ 4D). Phin gidc cia 24D cit (O) tai E, cat CH tai F. Duong thing DF cit (O) tai N. Chtmg minh N, C, E thing hang. Giai (gt) = HC // DB (cling vudng géc véi AD) => ¢,=B, (2 goc dong vi) Ma 2,=N, (2 gc ni tiép chin 4D) > N,=¢, = Tit gide AFCN néi tiép. => 4=N, (2 géc ngitiép chin FC) Hay 4,=FNCma 4, = 4, (gt)M6t s6 Iueéng tiép can bai todn chimg minh thing hang (2 goc ndi tiép chin DE) => FNC =FNE ma NC va NE cing thudc mira mat phing bs DN = 2 tia NC & NE tring nhau > N, C, E thing hang. Vi dy 10 Cho AABC, during trén bang tigp trong géc A tiép xtic véi tia AB tai N. Ké dung kinh MN. Trén tia déi cia tia AB lay diém K sao cho AK = BN. Chimg minh rang K, C, M thing hang. Gidi Goi I, J thir ty la tam dung tron bang tiép trong géc A, géc B cla AABC. () tiép xtc véi BC va AC thit nr tai P va H (J) tiép xtic voi BC va BA thit ty tai Q va K” Ta co: CA+CB-AB =CA+CP+PB-AB =CA + CH +NB- AB = AH+NB- AB = AN + NB - AB = 2NB (t/c tiép tuyén) = CA +CB-AB-2NB. Tuong ty ta c6: CA + CB- AB = 2AK’ = AK=AK’=BN=>K’=K. Mat khac APIC déng dang AQIC (g.g) ma CIM =CJK (2 géc so le trong ca MN // JK) => AICM déng dang AJCK (c.g.c) = ICM =JCK = 2 tia CK va CM d6i nhau Tran Van Quang — THCS Ly Tw Trong - BX - VP ‘ThuVienDeThi.comM6t s6 Iueéng tiép can bai todn chimg minh thing hang =>K,C,M thing hang. Dé ching minh 3 diém A, B, C thang hang cé thé xac dinh thém diém D khéc A, B, C sau dé ching minh hai trong ba bé 3 diém A, B, D; A, C, D; B, C, D thang hang. Vi dy il Cho hinh chit nhat ABCD cé O 1a giao diém 2 duong chéo. Diém M trén doan OB, lay E adi xing voi A qua M; H Ia hinh chiéu ctia diém E trén BC, vé hinh chit nhat EHCF. Ching minh M, H, F thing hang. Giai Goi I la giao diém cua HF va CE => |; F thing hang (*) (vc hinh cht nhat) Can chimg minh: M, I, F thing hang. 1 Ma= ME =+AE(gt) vi 04-00 =4.4C (ve hinh chit nhat) = OM [a durong trung binh cia AACE => OM // CE > oDC=iCF (2 géc dong vi) Ma ODC=O0CD&ICF = IFC (vi AOCD can tai O, AICF can tai I, ve hinh chit nhat) => OCD = IFC = IF //AC ma IM //AC (do IM 1a dung trung binh AACE) = M1, F thing hang (tién dé Gclit) Két hop vi (*) ta cé: M, H, F thing hang. Vidy 12 Cho tit gifc ABCD néi tiép durong tron (0). Goi E a giao diém cia AB va CD. Goi F la giao diém cia AC va BD. Cac tiép tuyén voi (O) tai B va C cit nhau tai M. Chitng minh ring E, M, F thing hang. ii Tran Van Quéng — THCS Lj Te Trong — BX- VP ‘ThuVienDeThi.comM6t s6 Iueéng tiép can bai todn chimg minh thing hang Goi K la giao diém ciia during tron (B, D, E) va dung tron (F, D, C), (K khong tring D). Ta ching minh K, E, M thang hang va K, F, M thang hang. Tit gic BKDE va DKFC néi tigp (suy tir gt) => BKC = BKD- DKC =180° - AED- DFC (*) Mat khac : AED + DFC=4(sd 4D- sd. BC)+4(sd 4B +84 CD) = 4 (sd aapc-sdBc) = auc => AED +DFC = BMC két hop vdi (*) ta c6: BKC + BMC =180° = Tit gic BKCM noi tiép > Kar = BCM (2 g6c noi tiép chin Br) Ma Bc = BDE (cing bing 4+s4.8C) va BDE = BKE (2 géc nGi tiép chin BE) => BKM =8KE = 2 tia KE va KM tring nhau = K, E, M thing hang a Tuong ty ta cé: CKF =CKM = 2 tia KF va KM tring nhau. => K, F, M thing hang. Két hgp voi (1) ta cé E, M, F thing hang. Dinh ly Ménélauyt: Cho AABC va 3 diém A’,B’, C’ lan luot nam trén cdc dong thing BC; CA, AB sao cho ching déu ném trén phan kéo dai ciia ca 3 canh cia Tran Van Quéng — THCS Lj Te Trong — BX- VP ‘ThuVienDeThi.com