Engineering Mathematics-I

Lecture 7 : Applications of Derivatives and Multivariable Calculus

Panchatcharam Mariappan

Assistant Professor
Department of Mathematics and Statistics
IIT Tirupati, Tirupati
Recall

1
Recall
• Mathematical Model - Motivation
• Sets, Relations, Functions
• Sequence and limits, Convergence
• Limit of a function
• Continuity
• Derivatives

2
Applications of
Derivatives

3
Absolute extreme values
Let f be a function with domain D. Then
• f has an absolute maximum on D at c if

f (x) ≤ f (c) ∀x∈D

• f has an absolute minimum on D at c if

f (x) ≥ f (c) ∀x∈D

Extreme value theorem

If f is continuous on a closed interval [a, b], then f attains both an absolute
maximum value and an absolute minimum value in [a, b].

4
Absolute Maximum and Minimum

Figure 1: Source: Thomas’ Calculus

5
 a x2 b a b
0m0
Maximum and minimum
at endpoints
Visualization of (xextreme
, m) values 1
Maximum and minimum
at interior points

y = f (x)

y = f (x)
M M

m
m
x x
a x2 b a x1 b
Maximum at interior point, Minimum at interior point,
Figure 2:
minimum at endpoint Source: Thomas’maximum
Calculus
at endpoint

Figure 4.3  Some possibilities for a continuous function’s maximum and

minimum on a closed interval 3a, b4.

need not hold. Example 1 shows that an absolute extreme value may not exist if the inter-
val fails to be both closed and finite. The exponential function y = ex over (- q, q) 6
Local (relative) extreme values
Definition 1 (Local Maximum and Local Minimum)
Let f be a function with domain D. Then
• f has a local maximum at c ∈ D if f (x) ≤ f (c) for all x in some open
interval I ⊂ D containing c
• f has a local minimum at c ∈ D if f (x) ≥ f (c) for all x in some open
interval I ⊂ D containing c

Theorem 1 (First Derivative Theorem for Local Extreme Values)

f has a local maximum or local minimum at an interior point c of its domain
and if f ′ is defined at c, then
f ′ (c) = 0

Definition 2 (Critical Point)

An interior point of the domain of a function f where f ′ is zero or undefined is
a critical point of f . 7
 Identify Maxima and Minima
of Derivatives

Absolute maximum
No greater value of f anywhere.
Local maximum Also a local maximum.
No greater value of
f nearby.
Local minimum
y = f (x)
No smaller value
of f nearby.
Absolute minimum
No smaller value of Local minimum
f anywhere. Also a No smaller value of
local minimum. f nearby.
x
a c e d b

Figure 4.5  How to identify

Figure 3:types of maxima
Source: and minima
Thomas’ for a function with domain
Calculus
a … x … b.

An absolute maximum is also a local maximum. Being the largest value overall, it is 8
 x 1.
−1 0 1
2.
Critical points that do not correspond to
3.
−1
extreme values The
(a) 4.1  Extre

y Theorem 2 says that ay function’s first derivative is

y= x3 where the function has a local extreme value and the deriv
1 1 are intervals or unions of se
all the domains we consider
where a function ƒ can possibly y=have
x13 an extreme value (lo
Thu
x 1. interior points where ƒ′ = 0, x At x = c and
−1 0 1 −1 0 1 poin
2. interior points where ƒ′ is undefined, At x = dfunc
in
3. endpoints of the domain
−1
of ƒ. At x = ainst
and
−1
neit
The following definition helps us to summarize these resu
of in
(a) (b)
Figure 4: Source: Thomas’ Calculus Figure 5: Source: Thomas’ Calculus
Figure 4.7  Critical points without con
Definition  An interior point of the domain of a
y extreme values. (a) y′ = 3x2 is 0 at x = 0, 9exis
Finding absolute extreme values
Steps to find absolute extreme values of a continuous function on a finite
closed interval:
• Evaluate the function at all critical points and endpoints.
• Take the largest and smallest of these values.

Example: Find the absolute extreme values of f (x) = 10x(2 − ln x) on the

interval [1, e2 ]

Critical Points: f ′ (x) = 10(1 − ln x) = 0 =⇒ x = e

Note: f (1) = 20, f (e) = 10e, f (e2 ) = 0.
Absolute maximum is 10e at e and absolute minimum is 0 at e2 .

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Rolles’ Theorem

Theorem 2 (Rolle’s
Theorem)
Suppose y = f (x) is continu-
ous over a closed interval [a, b]
and differentiable on the inter-
val’s interior (a, b). If f (a) =
f (b), then there is at least one
number c in (a, b) at which
f ′ (c) = 0.
Figure 6: Source: Thomas’ Calculus

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 The Mean
The Mean Value Theorem
The Mean V
version of R
is a point w
Theorem 3 (Mean Value Tangent parallel to secant
y
Theorem)
Suppose y = f (x) is continu- Slope f ′(c) B
ous over a closed interval [a, b] THEOREM
and differentiable on the inter- f (b) − f (a) over a
Slope
val’s interior (a, b). Then there b−a Then th
is at least one point c in (a, b) at A
which x
0 a c b
f (b) − f (a) y = f (x)
= f ′ (c)
b−a Figure
Figure7: 4.13 
Source: Thomas’ Calculus
Geometrically, the Mean
Value Theorem says that somewhere
Proof  W
between a and b the curve has at least one
B(b, ƒ(b)).
tangent parallel to the secant joining A and B.
12

Two consequences of the mean value theorem
• If f ′ (x) = 0 for any x ∈ (a, b) then f (x) = C for all x ∈ (a, b), where C is a
constant.
Given any x1 and x2 in (a, b) with x1 < x2 , then the MVT asserts that there
exists c ∈ [x1 , x2 ] such that

f (x2 ) − f (x1 )
= f ′ (c)
x2 − x1

But f ′ (c) = 0 =⇒ f (x2 ) = f (x1 ).

• If f ′ (x) = g ′ (x) for any x ∈ (a, b) then f (x) = g(x) + C for all x ∈ (a, b),
where C is a constant.
Put h(x) = f (x) − g(x) and apply the previous item.

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Monotonic functions
A function f defined on an interval I is called increasing if for any
x1 ∈ I, x2 ∈ I with x1 < x2 , we must have f (x1 ) ≤ f (x2 )

A function f defined on an interval I is called decreasing if for any

x1 ∈ I, x2 ∈ I with x1 < x2 , we must have f (x1 ) ≥ f (x2 )

A function f defined on an interval I is called monotonic if it is either

increasing or decreasing.

Suppose f is continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on (a, b).

• If f ′ (x) > 0 at each x ∈ (a, b), then f is increasing on [a, b].
• If f ′ (x) < 0 at each x ∈ (a, b), then f is decreasing on [a, b].

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Visualization for monotonicity

Figure 8: Increasing Figure 9: Decreasing Figure 10: Neither

function function
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First Derivative Test for Local Extrema
Suppose that c is a critical point of a continuous function f , and that f is
differentiable at every point in some interval containing c except possibly at c
itself. Moving across this interval from left to right,
• if f ′ changes from negative to positive at c, then f has a local minimum
at c;
• if f ′ changes from positive to negative at c, then f has a local maximum
at c;
• if f ′ does not change sign at c (that is, f ′ is positive on both sides of c or
negative on both sides), then f has no local extremum at c.

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 consider.) Thus, the function is decreasing on the left of the minimum value and it is
increasing on its right. Similarly, at the points where ƒ has a maximum value, ƒ′ 7 0
Visualization of first derivative test
immediately to the left and ƒ′ 6 0 immediately to the right. Thus, the function is increas-
ing on the left of the maximum value and decreasing on its right. In summary, at a local
extreme point, the sign of ƒ′(x) changes.

Absolute max
f ′ undefined
Local max
f′ = 0 y = f(x) No extremum
f′ = 0
No extremum f′ < 0
f′ = 0 f′ > 0 f′ > 0 f′ < 0
f′ < 0

Local min Local min

f′ > 0 f′ = 0
Absolute min
x
a c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 b

FIGURE 4.21 The criticalFigure 11:a Source:

points of Thomas’
function locate wherecalculus
it is increasing and where it is decreasing. The
first derivative changes sign at a critical point where a local extremum occurs.
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Concave Up and Concave Down

Definition 3 (Concave Up and Concave Down)

The graph of a differentiable function y = f (x) is
1. Concave up on an open interval I if f ′ is increasing on I.
2. Concave down on an open interval I if f ′ is decreasing on I

Theorem 4 (The Second Derivative Test of Concavity)

Let y = f (x) be twice differentiable on an interval I
1. If f ′′ > 0 on I, the graph of f over I is concave up
2. If f ′′ < 0 on I, the graph of f over I is concave down

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Inflection Point

Definition 4 (Points of Inflection)

A point (c, f (c)) where the graph of a function has a tangent line and where the
concavity changes is a point of inflection.
At a point of inflection (c, f (c)), either f ′′ (c) = 0 or f ′′ (c) fails to exist.

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Second derivative test for local extrema
Suppose f ′′ is continuous on an open interval that contains x = c.
• If f ′ (c) = 0 and f ′′ (c) < 0, then f has a local maximum at x = c.
• If f ′ (c) = 0 and f ′′ (c) > 0, then f has a local minimum at x = c.
• If f ′ (c) = 0 and f ′′ (c) = 0, then the test fails. The function f may have a
local maximum, a local minimum, or neither.

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An example
Use the second derivative test to find
the local extreme values of y The general sh
f (x) = x4 − 4x3 + 10 y = x 4 − 4x 3 + 10
decr
20

f ′ (x) = 4x3 − 12x2 = 0 =⇒ x = 0 or 15

(0, 10)
conc
up
Inflection 10
x = 3. point 0
5
x
f ′′ (x) = 12x2 − 24x. So f (0) = 0 and −1 0 1 2 3 4 in
poi
−5 Inflection (2, −6)
f (3) > 0. point (e) Plot the cu
−10
any local e
−15
So the 2nd derivative test fails at 0 and (3, −17)
the curve.
−20
there is a local minimum at 3. Local
The steps
minimum
Asymptotes we
FIGURE 4.30 The graph of ƒ(x) =
Figure 12: 3Source: Thomas’ Calculusand the method
x - 4x + 10 (Example 7).
4

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Procedur
Functions of Several
Variables

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Functions of Several Variables

Definition 5 (Functions of Several Variables)

Suppose D ⊆ Rn is a set of n-tuples of real numbers (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ). A real
valued function f on D is a rule that assigns a unique real number

w = f (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn )

to each element of D.
• The set D is called the domain of f
• The set of w-values taken on by f is the function’s range.
• The symbol w is the dependent variable of f , and f is said to be a
function of the n independent variables x1 to xn .
• We also call the xj ’s the function’s input variables and call w the
function’s output variable.
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 Thanks
Doubts and Suggestions
panch.m@iittp.ac.in

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 Engineering Mathematics-I
Lecture 7 : Applications of Derivatives and Multivariable Calculus

Panchatcharam Mariappan

Assistant Professor
Department of Mathematics and Statistics
IIT Tirupati, Tirupati

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